After 28 years of indomitable and arduous revolutionary struggles under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, especially after 22 years of revolutionary wars, the Chinese people finally overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism in China.The "ship" that the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people stand on the coast looking into the distance has docked, the "morning sun" that stands on the top of a mountain and looks at the radiant east has already spouted out to sea, and the "baby" restless in the mother's womb has matured. - New China was born.

On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong, on behalf of the Chinese people, solemnly declared on the Tiananmen Gate in Beijing: "The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China has been established today!" The founding ceremony to celebrate the founding of the People's Republic of China. The founding of the People's Republic of China marked the great victory of the Chinese people's revolutionary struggle, marked the entry of a new era in Chinese history, and ushered in a new era in Chinese history. The humiliated Chinese nation has since then stood proudly in the east of the world.

However, the founding of the People's Republic of China was only the first step in the Long March.The situation before the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people is still quite grim, and the tasks are still quite arduous.Due to long-term aggression and plunder by imperialist powers and the destruction of long-term wars, the whole of China is almost in ruins. In terms of economy, many factories stopped working, about half of the underdeveloped railway traffic was paralyzed, and agricultural natural disasters were serious.By the end of 1949, although the people's government had successively confiscated 2,858 bureaucratic capitalist enterprises accounting for 80% of the country's fixed assets, established a socialist state-owned economy, and controlled the country's economic lifeline; The old liberated areas with a large population underwent land reform.However, the level of industrial and agricultural production is very low.The annual per capita income is not only incomparable with the developed capitalist countries in the West, but also far below the average level of Asian countries. In 1949, the total output value of industry and agriculture was only 46.6 billion yuan (in 1955 new currency), and the annual output of major products was generally lower than the highest level in history.Historically, the highest annual output of steel, grain, and cotton were 920,000 tons, 277.4 billion jin, and 16.98 million dan, respectively. In 1949, the steel output was only 158,000 tons, the grain output was only 216.2 billion jin, and the cotton output was only 8.89 million tons, respectively equivalent to 17.1%, 77.9%, and 52.3% of the highest annual output in history.The industrial level is quite backward, there is no decent processing industry, and there is no machinery manufacturing industry. The industrial output value only accounts for about 10% of the total industrial and agricultural output value; some areas that account for 2/3 of the total rural population of the country have not yet been liberated, and the land reform that has been liberated It has not yet started; materials are scarce, prices are soaring, inflation is serious, the national fiscal deficit is huge, and there are serious financial and economic difficulties.

In terms of politics, the People's War of Liberation has not yet completely ended. All or most of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Xikang Provinces, and one part each of Shaanxi, Hunan, and Hubei, accounting for about 1/3 of the country, are still under investigation. Under the control of the Kuomintang reactionaries, there are still more than 1.4 million remaining Kuomintang troops, including the two main forces of Bai Chongxi and Hu Zongnan, who are stubbornly resisting in the above-mentioned areas and coastal islands. Forces, professional spies and counter-revolutionaries colluded with bandits and various reactionary forces to carry out various sabotage activities.The grassroots political power in the newly liberated areas has not yet been perfected, and those that have been established have not yet been consolidated.There are also millions of workers and intellectuals who are unemployed and so on.There are still many turbulent factors in politics.

In addition, the imperialists were not reconciled to their defeat in China, and resorted to economic blockade, military encirclement, diplomatic isolation, and political subversion in an attempt to strangle new China in its infancy. Mao Zedong pointed out at that time that we still have difficulties before us, and there are many difficulties. Faced with this severe economic and political situation, the Chinese people desperately need a peaceful international environment to heal the wounds of war, restore and develop the country's economy, culture, science, and education, and consolidate the people's democratic regime.At the same time, the Chinese people, who have suffered from long-term wars and disasters, know that peace is hard-won, and cherish and love peace very much. On September 29, 1949, the "Common Program" adopted by the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, representing the will of the Chinese people, clearly stipulated: "The principles of the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China are to protect the independence, freedom and territorial integrity of the country. Support international lasting peace and friendly cooperation among peoples of all countries, and oppose imperialist policies of aggression and war." At the end of 1949, Mao Zedong visited the Soviet Union, and when he had talks with Stalin and other Soviet leaders on December 16, Mao Zedong said at the beginning : The most important issue now is to defend peace.China needs a peaceful breathing period of three to five years, and use this time to restore the pre-war economic level and stabilize the national situation.Solving China's most important problems depends on the prospect of peace.

According to the "Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference", the task of the Central People's Government is: "To overcome all difficulties throughout China, carry out large-scale economic construction and cultural construction, and sweep away the poverty and ignorance left by the old China. , gradually improve the people's material life and improve the people's cultural life. It will be the people's democratic dictatorship. It will command the People's Liberation Army to carry the revolutionary war to the end, wipe out the remaining enemy troops, liberate the territory of the whole country, and complete the great cause of unifying China. It will Lead the people of the whole country to defend the interests of the people and suppress the conspiracy activities of all counter-revolutionaries. It will strengthen the people's land, sea and air force, consolidate national defense, defend territorial integrity, and oppose the aggression of any imperialist country. It will unite all peace-loving Free countries, nations and peoples should first unite with the Soviet Union and the new democracies as their allies, jointly oppose the imperialists' conspiracy to instigate war, and strive for lasting peace in the world."

As soon as the Central People's Government was established, it led the Chinese people to carry out various tasks in accordance with the provisions of the "Common Program". From October 1949 to May 1950, he mainly led the Chinese people to continue to complete the tasks of the War of Liberation, unify the whole of China, and establish people's power in the newly liberated areas.By the end of May 1950, in eight months, more than 880,000 Kuomintang regular troops had been annihilated, and all regions of the country had been liberated except Tibet on the mainland and a few coastal islands such as Taiwan.Governments at all levels in the newly liberated areas have also been basically established.In addition, important achievements have been made in suppressing bandits in the newly liberated areas and suppressing counter-revolutionaries throughout the country; unified management and leadership of financial and economic work nationwide have been achieved, a basic balance of fiscal revenue and expenditure has been achieved, inflation has been basically curbed, and prices have been stabilized. ; Some work has also been done to rationally adjust industry and commerce, improve public-private relations and labor-management relations; establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries and some capitalist countries, and conclude the "Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance" with the Soviet Union, and so on.These have laid the groundwork for concentrating on the restoration of nation-building, but have not yet obtained the conditions for large-scale economic construction.

In this situation, the Communist Party of China held the third plenary session of the seventh Central Committee in Beijing from June 6 to 9, 1950.Mao Zedong made an important speech and a written report on "Struggling for a Fundamental Improvement of the National Financial and Economic Situation" at the meeting. Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yun, Zhou Enlai, and Nie Rongzhen made reports on land reform, financial work, diplomatic work, and military work respectively. The meeting focused on the fundamental improvement of the country's financial and economic situation.To determine the central task of the party is to strive to achieve a fundamental improvement in the country's financial and economic situation in about three years, and to create conditions for planned economic construction.The meeting held that "to achieve a fundamental improvement in the financial and economic situation, three conditions are required, namely: (1) the completion of land reform; (2) the rational adjustment of existing industry and commerce; (3) a large reduction in the funds required by state agencies. "

To this end, the meeting decided to do a good job in eight tasks including land reform, price stabilization, industrial and commercial adjustment, planned demobilization of part of the army, reform of old cultural and educational undertakings, elimination of counter-revolutionaries, and party consolidation. Mao Zedong particularly emphasized in his speech: "In the situation of great victory, we still have very complicated struggles and many difficulties ahead." "Our enemies are big enough." "We don't want to attack from all sides...we We must never make too many enemies. We must make concessions and relax on one side, and concentrate our forces on the other. We must do a good job so that the workers, peasants, and small handicraftsmen will support us, and the national bourgeoisie and the The vast majority of intellectuals do not oppose us." This is our policy, and this is our strategic policy.

In order to implement the spirit of this meeting, from June 14 to 23, the second meeting of the first National Committee of the Political Consultative Conference was held, focusing on the issue of land reform.Decided to carry out land reform step by step in the newly liberated areas in accordance with the provisions of the "Common Program". From the winter of 1950 to the spring of 1951, the land reform was completed in more than 300 counties in North China, Northwest China, East China, and Central South China, with an agricultural population of more than 100 million. , the rest of the areas that have not yet carried out land reform, most of them were completed in the winter of 1951, and some were completed in the winter of 1952, and the land reform in a small number of areas inhabited by ethnic minorities will be discussed later. On June 28, the Central People's Government Committee of the People's Republic of China passed the "Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China", and on June 30, Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central People's Government issued an order to announce its implementation.Other tasks to achieve a fundamental improvement in the country's finances and economy have also been vigorously carried out.

With the end of large-scale wars and adapting to the situation in the early days of the founding of New China, the functions and tasks of the Chinese People's Liberation Army have also undergone important changes.According to the provisions of the "Common Program", the functions of the People's Liberation Army are to defend China's independence and the integrity of its territorial sovereignty, and to defend the Chinese people's revolutionary achievements and all legitimate rights and interests.Its mission is, under the leadership of the Central People's Government, to carry the War of Liberation to the end, liberate all of China's territory, and complete the cause of unifying China; build a strong national defense force, strengthen a modern army, and build an air force and navy to consolidate national defense; Participate in agricultural and industrial production in a planned way under conditions that hinder military tasks, and help in the construction of the country. In order to achieve the tasks stipulated in the "Common Program" and ensure the recovery of the national economy, the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Second Session of the First National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference determined the following specific tasks for the People's Liberation Army: "The first is to prepare to march into Taiwan and Tibet and liberate the entire country." It is the will of the Chinese people and the will of the People's Liberation Army to liberate the entire land including Taiwan and Tibet and complete the great cause of reunification of the motherland.The People's Liberation Army still has major combat missions, and the liberation of Taiwan is the focus of the country's military work.We must complete all necessary preparations, overcome all possible difficulties, and make persistent efforts to achieve full success. "The second is to eliminate the remaining bandits and stabilize the local order." Although the People's Liberation Army has wiped out more than 580,000 bandits and Kuomintang irregular troops in the newly liberated areas since the founding of New China eight months ago, there are still more than 580,000 people in the southwest, central south, east and northwest regions. There are a large number of bandits scattered in remote places to harm the people.Suppressing these bandits remains one of the major tasks of the People's Liberation Army.Only by eradicating these bandits and eradicating the feudal forces on which they depend can the social order be stabilized. "The third is to participate in production and construction work." On December 5, 1949, the Central Military Commission issued "Instructions on the Army's Participation in Production and Construction Work in 1950", calling on the entire army "except for those who continue to fight and serve, Part of the production tasks should be undertaken so that the People's Liberation Army is not only a national defense force, but also a production force, so as to overcome the difficulties left by the long-term war with the people of the whole country and accelerate the economic construction of new democracy.Instructions "The heads of all military regions must guide their subordinates to participate in production and construction work from the spring of 1950, so as to improve their own lives and save part of the state's expenditure."Specific provisions are made on the implementation of production tasks.To carry out this instruction, the People's Liberation Army has undertaken certain production tasks, except for the units that undertake combat and duty tasks.The troops of the Northeast, North China, and Northwest Military Regions alone reclaimed more than 2.13 million mu of land, and invested a large number of troops in the construction of water conservancy projects and railway projects.Even the 13th Corps, which was transferred to the Central Plains for intensive training and served as a national defense mobile force, also participated in production and construction.The Corps has three armies. The main forces of the 38th and 39th Armies were put into production and construction after they were concentrated in early 1950. The 40th Army was resting in Guangdong after completing the Hainan Island campaign. Production tasks. "The fourth is to strengthen education and improve the cultural level of the troops." The commanders and combatants of the People's Liberation Army generally have a low level of education, and many are still illiterate.With the end of the large-scale war, in order to build a strong national defense force and complete the great task of defending and building the motherland, it is necessary to improve the cultural level of all commanders and combatants. On August 1, 1951, the Central Military Commission issued the "Instructions on the Implementation of Cultural Education in the Army", stating: "The Central Committee has decided that, in addition to performing specified combat and production tasks, the entire army must Emphasize the study of culture, with the improvement of culture as the primary task, make the army a huge school, organize the majority of commanders and combatants, especially cadres with low education levels, to participate in cultural studies." It officially started on January 1, 2011, and aims to make ordinary soldiers and cadres below the junior primary school level reach the level of senior primary schools within three years, and make cadres generally equivalent to senior primary school level reach the level of junior middle schools.The company spends 60% of its time on cultural education, 30% on military education, and 10% on political education. "The fifth is reorganization and demobilization work." By June 1950, the People's Liberation Army had reached a huge number of 5.5 million.With the end of the large-scale war and the restoration of the country's economic construction, such a large army is no longer necessary and is a great burden on the country's finances.Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize and demobilize the troops under the condition of ensuring that there are sufficient forces for liberating Taiwan and Tibet, consolidating national defense and suppressing counter-revolutionary activities.The Central Military Commission decided that in the second half of 1950, 1.5 million demobilized people would return to their hometowns to participate in production, leaving 4 million in the army.To this end, in May, the Central Demobilization Committee was established with Zhou Enlai as the director and Nie Rongzhen as the deputy director, and a staff meeting of the whole army was held to mobilize and deploy.All military regions have also made demobilization plans and started the first large-scale demobilization work in the country. The Central South Military Region alone plans to reorganize the existing 1.53 million people in the military region into 1 million people, of which the first step of reorganization and demobilization of 230,000 people was completed in June, and the second step of reorganization and demobilization of 300,000 people is planned to be completed by the end of November. In short, the Chinese people have begun to devote themselves to healing the wounds left by the long-term war, and have launched various tasks to restore the country's construction with the central task of striving for a fundamental improvement in the financial and economic situation.