Chapter 11 10. On the Characteristics of the Revolutionary Base Areas in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Area

During the period of the Agrarian Revolution, the Communist Party of China led the establishment of more than a dozen revolutionary base areas, among which the Jinggangshan Base Area and the Central Base Area led by Mao Zedong and Zhu De were the most famous. They gradually combined armed struggle, agrarian revolution and base area construction, and explored a " encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing power by armed forces".During the struggle in the base areas, Mao Zedong summed up the fundamental reasons for the existence and development of the red regime in the base areas, and at the same time paid attention to the characteristics of each base area. In January 1930, Mao Zedong pointed out: "Zhu De Mao Zedong's, He Long's, Li Wenlin's, and Fang Zhimin's lines are based on the ground, build political power in a planned way, deepen the agrarian revolution, and expand the people's armed forces. Correct." This naturally attracted the attention of the academic circles, so there are many research results on the characteristics of the "Li Wenlin style" and "Fang Zhimin style" base areas, while the research on base areas in other areas is obviously weak.

The characteristics of the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas are less studied.The Shaanxi-Gansu border base area is a base area centered on Nanliang established by Communist Party members such as Liu Zhidan and Xie Zichang under the leadership of the Shaanxi-Gansu border people in the early 1930s. It is the earliest Soviet area in northern China.This base area was later connected with the northern Shaanxi base area and became a complete red area that was "the only surviving fruit" in the country in the late period of the Agrarian Revolutionary War. The Central Red Army provided the foothold of the Long March and the starting point of the Anti-Japanese War, and made great contributions to the historic turning point of the Chinese revolution.Therefore, the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area has an extremely important position in the history of the Communist Party of China and the military history of the People's Liberation Army, and its characteristics are worthy of further study.

Among the national revolutionary bases, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Base Area has a rare mobility, and it continues to grow during the flow. In 1936, Mao Zedong summed up the experience of the revolutionary war and wrote the article "Strategic Issues in China's Revolutionary War", in which he pointed out: "The revolutionary base areas are only villages and small cities. The area was very small at first, and later it was not very large. Moreover, the base areas are fluid and unstable; the Red Army has no truly solid base areas." "The instability of the battle line affects the instability of the territory of the base areas. It is often large, shrinking, and expanding, and it often happens. The fluidity of this kind of territory is entirely derived from the fluidity of war.” This discussion of the mobility of base areas is very typical in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas, and it is concentrated in the long-term and large-scale mobility.Specifically: the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area lasted six years, and experienced three stages of development with Sicunyuan, Zhaojin and Nanliang as the centers of activity, of which the two stages of Sicunyuan and Nanliang were in Gansu, The golden stage is in Shaanxi.

1. The stage of temple and village.After the failure of the Great Revolution, the Communist Party of China successively sent Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang and a large number of party members and progressive youths to carry out armed struggles such as "military movement" and "uprising" in the northwest region, but many efforts failed in the end.In this regard, Liu Zhidan believes that: "The most fundamental reason for the failure is that the military movement was not combined with the peasant movement, and a revolutionary base area was not established. If we are like Comrade Mao Zedong, relying on Jinggang Mountains, engaging in armed separatism, establishing a base area, and gradually developing Expanding the guerrilla zone, even if serious situations come, we still have a place to stand and room for maneuver. The most fundamental thing now is to have a base.”

In 1930, Liu Zhidan took advantage of his position as the cavalry battalion commander of the Longdong Militia Army to lead the "Taibai Shougun" and established a revolutionary armed force. After hard work, in September 1931, the Nanliang Guerrilla was established. In January 1932, the army was renamed the Northwest Anti-Imperialist Allied Army, and in February, it was also called the Shaanxi-Gansu Guerrillas of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.After the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas, they began to implement the action plan for guerrilla warfare. In April, the Red Guards and the Peasant Federation were formed in Sicunyuan, Zhengning County, and the red political power-the Revolutionary Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region was established.The Revolutionary Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region has 15 members and 7 members of the Standing Committee. Li Jiefu is the chairman, and there are land, anti-revolutionary, finance, and food committees under it.Although it failed to survive later, an important study and practice had a far-reaching impact and opened the prelude to the establishment of a revolutionary base by the Communist Party of China in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region.

When the armed separatist regime of workers and peasants in the Shaanxi-Gansu border was initially formed, the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee criticized the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu Red Army guerrilla bases in the mountainous areas as "carrying out the right-leaning opportunist line" and asked the guerrillas to establish bases in plain areas with better natural conditions. In June 1932, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas withdrew from Sicunyuan and entered the Hancheng area of ​​Shaanxi Province eastward. After suffering setbacks, they returned to Sicunyuan. In late July, Shaanxi Province appointed Li Gen, member of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee, as political commissar of the guerrillas.After Li Gen joined the guerrillas, a large number of so-called "opportunist leaders" sent soldiers to distribute land in Wuhayuan before the masses were fully mobilized, and the distribution was completed within 20 days.In the face of the attack of the Kuomintang army, Li Gen interpreted the consolidation and expansion of the base area as military defense and reckless attack, which caused the guerrillas to lose one after another, and they were forced to evacuate from Sicun Yuan, and the base area was lost.

2. According to the gold stage.After the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas withdrew from Sicunyuan, they divided up their guerrilla troops, mobilized the masses, raised food, replenished their troops, and overcame the difficulties. In December 1932, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas marched to Zhuanjiao Town, Yijun County according to the instructions of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, and were reorganized into the Second Regiment of the 26th Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.Du Heng, the "Left" leader of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, presided over the reorganization. He vigorously criticized the "right opportunism" of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas, forced Xie Zichang, Yan Hongyan, etc. And the political commissar of the Second Red Regiment.After the establishment of the Second Red Regiment, it resolutely implemented the instructions of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, actively carried out guerrilla warfare, and shouldered the important task of creating a new base area centered on Zhaojin.From March to April of 1933, the Second Red Regiment won successive battles, and mass struggles flourished. The CPC Shaanxi-Gansu Border Area Special Committee and the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Guerrilla Headquarters were successively established. On April 5, the first Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region was held in Zhaojin, and the Revolutionary Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region was elected. Zhou Dongzhi was elected as the chairman, and Xi Zhongxun was the vice-chairman.Before and after this, the Red Army Hospital, Clothing Factory, and Equipment Repair Institute were also established.The Zhaojin base area was initially formed, "with Xuejiazhai as the center, Hujiaxiang and Gaoshanhuai in the east, Huanghuashan, Qijieshi and Malanchuan in the west, Duantouchuan and Wufangchuan in the north, and Taochuan in the south. Quyuan, Gaoeryuan, and Laoniupo straddle the boundaries of Yaoxian, Xunyi, and Chunhua counties, with a radius of tens of miles."

Just as the revolutionary situation was improving, Du Heng insisted on the wrong line, and in June 1933 forced the Second Red Regiment to go south to the Weihua area to establish a new base. As a result, they were chased and intercepted by the Kuomintang troops dozens of times larger than the Red Army. The army was annihilated, Du Heng was also arrested and rebelled, and the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee was destroyed.The Party and people in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region withstood this severe test. The newly established Fourth Red Regiment, the Third Detachment of Yaoxian County, and the Northwest People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army joined in and strengthened their military strength. In August, the Special Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region held an enlarged meeting in Chenjiapo to discuss the issue of reorganizing the main Red Army, and established the temporary general headquarters of the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region. In the first ten days of October, the general headquarters decided that the main force of the Red Army would go south and turn to outer lines to fight against the enemy's "encirclement and suppression". Gold fell with it.

3. Nanliang stage.In order to solve the difficulties faced by the revolution and clarify the strategic direction and course of action, the Special Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region and the Provisional General Headquarters of the Red Army held a joint meeting in Baojiazhaizi, Heshui County in January 1933 to sum up experiences and lessons, analyze the struggle situation, cancel the The temporary general headquarters of the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region resumed the Red Twenty-Sixth Army, and determined a series of correct strategic guidelines for building the party, army, and base areas, such as taking Nanliang as the center of revolutionary activities in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region, as proposed by Liu Zhidan several times. It revealed the basic pattern of the revolutionary struggle in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region.After the Baojiazhaizi meeting, the Party and the Red Army of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region immediately engaged in the struggle to establish a revolutionary base in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region with Nanliang as the center. In February 1934, the Revolutionary Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region was reestablished in Sihetai, Nanliang. Xi Zhongxun was elected as the chairman, and under it were land, labor, finance, food, anti-revolutionary, military, and cultural committees, which exercised the duties of the temporary regime in the base area.With the consolidation and expansion of the base areas, the conditions for the transformation of the temporary revolutionary regime into the Soviet regime gradually matured. In November, the Congress of Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region was held in Liyuanbao, Nanliang. The Soviet Government of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region, the Revolutionary Military Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region, and the General Command of the Red Guard Army of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region were officially elected. Xi Zhongxun was elected as the chairman of the government, and Liu Zhidan He served as the chairman of the Military Commission, and Zhu Zhiqing served as the commander-in-chief of the Red Guards.This marks the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area and is an important milestone in the history of revolutionary struggles in the Shaanxi-Gansu border and even in the Northwest.

In February 1935, under the development of the revolutionary situation, and at the same time in response to the "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang's heavy troops, the Special Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region of the Communist Party of China and the Special Committee of the Northern Shaanxi Province held a joint meeting in Zhoujiajian, Anding County, and established the Northwest Working Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Northwest The Military Commission officially unified the leadership of the party, government and army in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Base Area and the Northern Shaanxi Base Area.This brought the revolutionary struggle in the Shaanxi-Gansu area into a new stage of development, and soon won the victory in the struggle against "encirclement and suppression". Linzhen extends to Chunhua and Yaoxian in the south, Qingyang and Huanxian in the west, Dingbian and Jingbian in the north, with an area of ​​more than 30,000 square kilometers and a population of nearly 800,000; Administrative unit. The central area includes counties such as Huachi, Chi'an, Gyeongbuk, Heshui, Anding, and Ansai; the southern area governs Zhengning, Ningxian, Xunyi, Chunyao, and Sanyuan counties; , Fuxi and other counties".

On April 23, 1943, Yan'an's "Liberation Daily" pointed out: "Comrade Liu Zhidan is far away from the central government. He can understand the essence of Marxism-Leninism from the practice of revolution, and realize the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism in the Northwest. During the war, his principles and strategies were all firm, seeking truth from facts, and adhering to the party's correct line", making the base areas invincible.This made a high evaluation of the arduous journey of the Communists represented by Liu Zhidan to explore and establish the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area. As early as the autumn of 1931, Liu Zhidan and Ma Xiwu conducted extensive and in-depth social investigations in the Nanliang area in the middle section of the Qiaoshan Mountains. They believed that this was the weak link of the enemy's rule, and there were many favorable conditions for establishing a base area.However, under the wrong guidance of the "Left" leaning at that time, the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee insisted on going south to Guanzhong to establish a base in the plain area, and repeatedly vetoed Liu Zhidan's opinion. In June 1932, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas were defeated in the southward battle of Hancheng, and moved to Zhengning to rest and reorganize.When the leaders of the army discussed the direction of the next move, there were differences. Some advocated going south, while others advocated going north.Li Jiefu, a political commissar sent by the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, proposed: May those who go south follow them, and those who go north follow Liu Zhidan.This disagreement reflects the different opinions on the issue of establishing base areas, and if it is not handled properly, it may lead to division.Liu Zhidan, Yan Hongyan and other comrades all opposed the "separation", and finally decided to carry out guerrilla activities on the spot, waiting for opportunities to develop north and south, thus maintaining unity, which is of great significance to the consolidation and development of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas. The Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee has long adhered to the guiding ideology of opening up base areas in plain areas, which eventually brought great losses to the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region. In May 1933, Du Heng, the "Left" leader of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, ignored the opposition of Liu Zhidan and others, and forcibly made the decision to go south to Weihua.Before the troops crossed the Weihe River, Du Heng left the army in the name of reporting to the provincial party committee, and was later arrested and rebelled, which destroyed the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China.After crossing the Weihe River, the Second Red Regiment of the 26th Army of the Red Army, which was adapted from the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas, was in a dilemma. Some members of the regiment party committee advocated advancing, while others advocated retreating. Opinions were divided.Liu Zhidan finally said: "Du Heng is a bad guy. We built the team ourselves. He insisted on destroying it ourselves. Our only task is to try to keep the whole team. Now we have to move forward." The troops continued to move forward. But there was a huge disparity in numbers, and almost the entire army was wiped out.This failure once again pointed out the direction for the establishment of the base area from the negative side. At the same time, the destruction of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee also objectively ruled out the erroneous guidance of the "Left". It was decided to establish a base area centered on Nanliang, thus ushering in the heyday of the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area. In the process of establishing the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area, the Communists represented by Liu Zhidan implemented a set of correct policies inside and outside the base area by applying the universal principles of Marxism-Leninism according to the reality of the Shaanxi-Gansu border area.Especially under the siege of white terror, we can correctly treat social forces such as the Gelaohui, cigarette dealers, and militia groups, make full use of the contradictions in the enemy camp, and unite all forces that can be united. "A policy of fighting for the Gelaohui is adopted. Because there are many people in the Gelaohui in the Soviet area, most of them are loyal, have helped us a lot, and have a long-term relationship with us. If there are counter-revolutionaries among them, we must mobilize the masses to eliminate them, and do not directly intervene. ", "For fan clubs, red gun clubs, hard beans, soft fans and other sects, we adopt a policy of fighting for them. There are quite a lot of sects here in the Soviet area. Although they are superstitious, they all have the role of resisting the ruling class. This can transform them."Inspired by Liu Zhidan's education, the leaders of the Canggou Ge Laohui, Uncle Ma, Uncle Feng in Dongping, and Luo Liancheng, the head of the Xiaoshiyan militia, have done many good things for the revolution.Guo Baoshan, the former deputy commander of the Qinghai Provincial Military Region, was originally the "king" of Huanglong Mountain. After Liu Zhidan and other comrades worked in many ways, he was finally led to the road of revolution and made many military exploits.Some comrades did not understand the correct propositions of Liu Zhidan and others, and kept raising criticisms, and even attacked militia groups that had united front relations with the Red Army.Liu Zhidan patiently explained: "A revolution requires the establishment of a united front. The fewer enemies the better, the more friends the better. If we increase our strength, the enemy will lose a certain amount of strength." Regrettably, these criticisms and suspicions ultimately brought unnecessary losses to the revolutionary cause. In 1931, Liu Zhidan established the Nanliang Guerrilla on the basis of recruiting bandits and militia armed forces. In 1932, shortly after the Nanliang guerrillas and the northern Shaanxi guerrilla detachments were combined into the Northwest Anti-Imperialist Allied Army, some leaders of the army believed that the second detachment formed by the Nanliang guerrillas was impure and unstable, and handed over the second detachment. gun, disbanded the second detachment, and killed several people.This incident also caused some members of a team to flee in panic.Regarding this incident, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China forwarded the "Report on the Symposium on the History of the Northwest Red Army" in 1986. The method of surrendering the other part of the guns, especially when the two main leaders Liu and Xie did not reach a consensus, adopted the method of surrendering the guns, and even killed people. No matter who made the decision, it was wrong. , let alone completely correct. Fortunately, many comrades in this team put the overall situation first, persisted in revolution, and made important contributions to the Northwest Revolution and the development of the Red Army. Comrade Liu Zhidan is an outstanding representative of them.” The Party and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area not only focused on the overall situation when dealing with the wrong guidance of their superiors and internal disputes, but also took the overall situation into consideration when dealing with fraternal party organizations and friendly troops. In July 1934, Xie Zichang and Guo Hongtao led the main force of northern Shaanxi guerrillas to Nanliang, and the leaders of Shaanxi-Gansu border and northern Shaanxi held a joint meeting in Yanjiawazi, Nanliang.At the meeting, Xie Zichang read out two letters from the Shanghai Provisional Central Bureau and the representatives of the Central Committee stationed in the north to the 26th Red Army. ", "Shaoshan Doctrine" is wrong, saying that the composition of the troops has "a strong bandit color" and so on.Guo Hongtao also made a speech in support of these false accusations.In this regard, the participants in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region had some discussions, but considering that they were sent by the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee of the fraternal party organization, they felt that they were repeating the contents of the instruction letter of the representatives of the North and did not solve practical problems, so they did not start discussions .Yang Sen, the commander of the Red 42nd Division, Zhang Ce, a member of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee, and other comrades later approached Zhang Xiushan and Liu Zhidan, the secretaries of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee, and said: "Why does northern Shaanxi take care of the affairs of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border?" Chuck later He also recalled: "Although I didn't know the right and wrong at that time, I knew that since the destruction of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee in 1933, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee has not been led by a higher-level party, and during this period, the Central Committee and the North Even our neighbor, the Northern Shaanxi Special Committee, has not sent anyone here. So who and where did these criticisms come from? This is not surprising. Although it has received a lot of Despite criticism and accusations, the leading comrades of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee still donated a lot of gun funds in the spirit of revolutionary friendship. In particular, they gave up the position of the political commissar of the Red Forty-two Division. Some of the main force of the Red Third Regiment went to northern Shaanxi to assist in the battle." Although influenced by "Left" errors, under the overall situation of the Party and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area, the leading aspect of the Yanjiawazi meeting was still positive.The meeting strengthened the connection between the Party organizations and the Red Army in northern Shaanxi and the Shaanxi-Gansu border areas, and sent the Third Red Regiment to fight northward, which was helpful to the base areas in northern Shaanxi. Base.Guo Hongtao later said: The meeting decided that Xie Zichang would be the political commissar of the 42nd Red Division and send the 3rd Red Regiment to the north to work with the guerrillas in northern Shaanxi. It is indeed difficult to crush the enemy's "encirclement and suppression" by relying solely on the armed forces of northern Shaanxi without taking this decisive strategic measure." In short, during the difficult process of establishing the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas, due to the fact that the Party was still in its infancy and the guiding ideology within the party had several "Left" errors, the leaders of the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas tried to apply the principles of Marxism-Leninism in accordance with local realities, and encountered difficulties. There were erroneous guidance and disputes from superiors, internal parties, fraternal party organizations, and friendly armies. However, the party and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area focused on the overall situation of the revolutionary cause, obeyed party discipline, and maintained the unity of the party and the army. Dedicate yourself to discovering what is right and what is wrong.Zhou Enlai often said at that time: "Comrade Liu Zhidan is loyal to the party, very humble, and the most disciplined. He is a Communist Party member with real communist qualities." The overall situation, obey the discipline." After Liu Zhidan died, Mao Zedong once said at a meeting: "The contact with the masses must also be measured by objective criteria. For example, when a person dies and holds a memorial service, how the masses respond is a criterion for measurement. Some He is high on the top, has a great official position, and he is called the chief. It seems that the common people support him. In fact, this does not explain the problem. It depends on the conclusion of the final coffin and whether the common people will shed tears on the day of the memorial service. On the day of the memorial service, the common people will feel that it is a pity that he died, at least they will not feel that it is good to die, and can save Xiaomi. After the death of Comrade Liu Zhidan, the common people in northern Shaanxi were very sad, which shows that he is a real leader of the masses.” .This is not only a high evaluation of Liu Zhidan's contact with the masses, but also a recognition of the work of the masses in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas led by Liu Zhidan.The Shaanxi-Gansu border base area led by Liu Zhidan not only carried out the revolutionary struggle tenaciously and heroically on behalf of the interests of the people, but also closely linked with the masses to carry out the construction of the base area, thus gaining wide support from the masses. The land in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area is relatively concentrated.69.2% of the land in the Nanliang area is owned by landlords, and 67.1% of the farmers are tenants.There are more than 18,000 mu of land leased here, and the annual rent is four to five thousand shi. In 1930, there were more than 120 apportionment items in Huanxian County.It is unbelievable that the government even forced farmers to plant opium in order to levy "fines for tobacco acres", and levy "lazy money" for those who did not grow opium.What is even more special in the border areas is the suppression of red donations, that is, the suppression of the Red Army?As for the fee, "only in a few villages near Wangla (Lang) slope, in addition to providing food for 3,001 members of the Kuomintang army, 30 yuan is spent abroad every day."There are also exploitations such as hired labor and usury, coupled with the melee of warlords, soldiers and bandits, and the people in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area are overwhelmed. The Party and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area led by Liu Zhidan paid full attention to these phenomena. In 1932, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas issued a proclamation announcing their fundamental mission, the first of which was that "the army is the armed force of the poor workers and peasants themselves", to fight uncompromisingly against the Kuomintang under the leadership of the Communist Party and destroy the Kuomintang's rule; In addition, a lot of content related to the immediate interests of the people has been clarified, such as "The Kuomintang warlords gave all the exorbitant taxes, apportionment and extortion to the workers and peasants, and the generous (summary) work is invalid"; Grain property and land”; “Usury loans, debts, and contracts spoken orally in all languages ​​shall be declared invalid”; “Confiscate the armed forces of the White Army, militia, and police, and arm the Peasant Red Guards to protect their own interests” and so on. Power grows out of the barrel of a gun.With the victory of the military struggle, the political power in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas continued to improve, especially in the Nanliang area, where the district, township, and village Soviet regimes were gradually established. Mass organizations such as youth, women, and children have been established.On the basis of the establishment of a comprehensive government, the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area launched a vigorous agrarian revolutionary struggle.Li Shenghua, Chairman of the Land Committee of the Soviet Government of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region, recalled: "The earliest land distribution in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region was in Liyuanbao." Confiscate the leased part, that is, the long surplus land that they cannot cultivate themselves".Of course, in the early days of the Agrarian Revolution, due to the lack of experience and the influence of "Left" erroneous ideas in the base areas, there were some problems in the distribution of land that were unrealistic.With the deepening of the agrarian revolution, the Shaanxi-Gansu border area began to summarize the characteristics of the land revolution struggle in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area, which mainly include: "Because the Shaanxi-Gansu border area is vast and sparsely populated, and the land is barren, the history is that extensive planting and poor harvest, the pain suffered by farmers First of all, bandits, famines, usury, exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes. Therefore, when we carried out the Agrarian Revolution, the masses did not feel much interest in the distribution of land, but for the local tyrants, they distributed food, cattle, sheep and clothing, and did not pay for food. He Zuzi was very interested in it”, “Due to the concentration of land in the Nanliang area, the number of landowners is small, and the landlords live in Qingyang City”, the masses “have less urgent demands for land, which is exactly the same as that in northern Shaanxi. on the contrary".And from the Nanliang area?There are many households, "These migrant households settled in a foreign land, and had to accept extremely heavy usury exploitation, 'donkey roll', 'big plus one' with five cents of usury, so that these immigrants have been working as cattle and horses for generations. Therefore , in the agrarian revolution the peasants were more concerned with the abolishment of their debts than with the distribution of their land". On the basis of investigating the actual situation and grasping the characteristics, the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area began to form a set of mature land policies.In this regard, Xi Zhongxun, Chairman of the Soviet Government of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region, concluded: "Confiscate the land rented out by the rich peasants: the land, the landlord can divide the land if he participates in labor; the division of the Sichuan land does not divide the mountain area, because there are many mountain areas without people, and the Sichuan area is also planted. One year rests one year; land is divided in the central area, but not in the border areas. This is because the masses in the border areas cannot protect their own cattle and sheep, so they need no land. When the border area expands and becomes the central area, The land is still divided; the fields and pu are divided equally, because what farmers need most is the seedlings. If the fields are not divided, it will lower the mood of the farmers; Farm laborers, poor peasants, and middle peasants with little land and cattle and sheep; class division is determined according to the source of the household’s main means of subsistence, and the degree of exploitation and exploitation; to win and reform hooligans to participate in production; The priority of land distribution." In addition, "all debts (excluding debts between peasants) and usury are abolished". In response to the heavy burden on farmers, the Shanxi-Gansu border base area abolished all kinds of harsh taxes, apportionment and extortion. At the same time, for the supply of the army and the government, "the sources of wealth and food are mainly obtained from the gentry and localities, and they are taken from the enemy in a planned way." , and "do not mobilize grain for the masses, nor 'welcome' grain", so that there is no harm to the masses.The vast number of farmers in the Shaanxi-Gansu border region have been allocated land, but they have no burden. They wholeheartedly support the leadership of the Communist Party and are highly motivated to produce. Many farmers from other regions have also continued to defect. Nanliang area had bazaar trade before the Qing Dynasty, but the bazaar was stopped after the Hui people's uprising during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, and it has never resumed since then.People have to go to Ganquan and Ansai hundreds of miles away to buy things, so it is extremely inconvenient to travel.Therefore, for a long time, the masses can only maintain a backward, closed and self-sufficient natural economy, and the development of productive forces is greatly restricted.After the establishment of the regime in the Shanxi-Gansu Border Base Area, "bazaars were established to facilitate transactions, and bazaars were established in Baima Temple, Liyuanbao and other places", "to protect small businessmen and allow them to come to the Soviet area to do business." "When the Liyuanbao market was first established, there were three sessions per month, on the first day (the first day, the eleventh day, and the 21st day of the lunar new year). On the day of the market, merchants from the white area brought in blue and white cloth, powder and paper. Green and red paper, ink, salt, and other items are bought on the market for livestock and local specialties, and they take away opium and baiyang. The people in the base area mainly sell cooked rice, fine grains, horse feed, and shoes made of blue cloth. One piece of white ocean per pair." Almost every market day, Xi Zhongxun, chairman of the border region government, and others would go to the market to take a look, understand the market development, and take corresponding policies and measures in a timely manner to further promote the prosperity of the border region's economy.The government of the border region has no taxation system clearly stipulated, and does not collect taxes from merchants. On this basis, it adopts a preferential policy of concessions, selling local products such as mountain products, sheep, livestock, and skins in the Nanliang area to the merchants in the white area at low prices, encouraging They trafficked supplies in short supply in the border areas from the white areas, and the government came forward to protect their safety and interests. "In the beginning, there were fewer businessmen from the White Area who came to the Soviet Area. They were businessmen who used to come to this area to do business, or businessmen who had acquaintances in the Soviet Area. Later, they gradually increased. When they came, they carried salt and grain. (Fine grain), cloth, etc., and sell cattle, sheep, sage soil, etc. when they return. The enemy tried to blockade the border, but they couldn’t, and the migrants often came to the Soviet area to do business.” This greatly solved the difficulties of the border region government and facilitated Improve the lives of the masses and increase the income of the masses.At the same time, some people from the border area also went to the white area to sell goods. In the early days of the restoration of the bazaar, all the currency issued by the Kuomintang government circulated in the market.After the establishment of the Border Region Government, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Soviet Government Bank was established, and a mint was established to issue its own currency, which was used uniformly in the Border Region. The use of counterfeit currency of the Kuomintang was strictly prohibited, and an independent financial system was established.The currency of the border area is carved with wood, printed on white cloth, stamped with the seal of the border area government, and then coated with tung oil.There are four types of bills: red one-point, blue two-point, purple five-point, and black one-yuan.The masses call it "oil cloth ticket" or "soviet currency". "The value of the Soviet currency is stable and very valuable. Each yuan of the Soviet currency is equivalent to one yuan of Baiyang.This greatly facilitated the circulation of goods in the border area. The Shaanxi-Gansu border base area also worked hard to improve the lives of farmers through other means.For example, "At that time, there were a lot of people buying shoes for the army and cadres, and the supply in the market was in short supply. Later, in order to solve this problem, the government gave the people cloth to make shoes and set a reasonable handling fee, and the people rushed to make shoes." Another example, "The Nanliang government organized cooperatives at that time, and there were all districts in Huachi County. The Red Third Group also donated 60 to 70 yuan. The cooperative organized people to raise bees, pigs, and chickens. At that time, there were plans for these, and they were distributed to all districts and districts. Cadres? Communicated", but unfortunately due to frequent "encirclement and suppression" and counter-"encirclement and suppression" wars, some of them were not fully realized. Due to long-term poverty and backwardness in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area, farmers are basically illiterate.In this situation, the peasants turned to the Party and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas.There is an intuitive and interesting response when reporting the enemy's situation.In the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area surrounded by white, farmers all over the country have become a particularly important source of understanding the enemy's situation. "There are very few peasants who can read and write, and those who can write a letter are even more scarce. Even those who can write letters are mostly typos. Some letters are really difficult for us to understand. It takes a lot of effort to analyze and identify. You can only know the content of the letter by looking at the shape in pinyin." "Some people can't write, so they just use a piece of torn paper with a chicken feather stuck in it, and it has been passed on to our station in Nanliang through the hands of many people. Others use a piece of paper A piece of coal wrapped in torn paper, stuffed with chicken feathers, also spread to us, and after we read it, we can only know that it is bad news, that the enemy is coming." The government of the border region attaches great importance to solving the problem of the low cultural level of the army and the masses, and under the conditions of war, it still vigorously supports the development of cultural and educational undertakings.Xi Zhongxun, Chairman of the Soviet Government of the Shaanxi Border Region, pointed out: "At that time, a military and political school was established, Comrade Liu Zhidan served as the principal, and I served as the political commissar. education, eradication of illiteracy".The military and political school "mainly trains cadres above the platoon leader of the army", and has held three phases before and after, with a total of "more than 200 students".In Zhuanzuizi near Liyuanbao, Lenin Primary School, the first red school in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region, was established, with "nearly 60 students" and "all stationery for students and food for teachers are provided by the government."Since then, Lenin Primary Schools have been set up in various townships. Relying on the strong support of government departments and the masses, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border East Region "solved the shortage of textbooks and teachers. Qiaofuyu, Yanjiagou, Xiasiwan, Wangjia Lenin Primary Schools were set up successively in Ping, Xingzigoumen and other places.”The border region government also paid great attention to the cultural education of adults. In some villages, adult literacy and literacy classes were set up to carry out literacy activities. In the difficult war environment, they persisted in learning cultural knowledge and revolutionary principles.Due to backward development and low culture, there were still many superstitious and ignorant old customs and old habits in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area.In this regard, the government of the border area mobilized the masses to carry out extensive activities to break the stereotypes and bad habits and change customs. The "Six Persuasion" activities consisted of "persuading the breaking of superstition, admonishing gambling, advising opium smoking, advising the prohibition of buying and selling marriages, advising women to let their feet go, and advising men to cut their braids".Educate the masses with new ideas and new culture, and guide them to liberate them from the shackles of feudal ideology.The border area government advocates cultural and recreational activities, organizes performances at every conference or commemorative festival, publicizes heroes and models, commends good people and good deeds, and publicizes scientific common sense and progressive ideas. "In the beginning, we asked for handkerchiefs, cotton-padded clothes, hand towels, etc. to be given to the hired laborers, and some of the hired farmers were too lazy to work. Later, we stipulated that all hired farmers must work." Relief".In addition, they vigorously advocated equality between men and women, mobilized women to participate in production and work, and worked hard to build the base area into a model of revolutionary spiritual civilization and life civilization. It is worth mentioning that the Party and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area have always played an exemplary role in the activities of breaking down stereotypes and bad habits, advocating a hard and simple revolutionary life.At that time, Liu Zhidan "proposed to formulate a law that all officials of the party, government and army who had corrupted more than 10 yuan should be shot. Now it seems that this punishment is too severe, but at that time the common people hated corrupt officials the most, and hoped that they would be able to govern for the people." It is precisely because Comrade Liu Zhidan understands the mood of the masses that he formulated strict regulations to warn his comrades." "With this decree, no corruption incidents have occurred among cadres." To sum up, the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area has three distinct characteristics, namely, growing continuously in the process of movement, taking the overall situation into consideration while exploring bravely, and closely contacting the masses to carry out base area construction.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has also paid attention to the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu border base areas. In April 1932, it made the "Decision on the Work of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Guerrillas and the Creation of a New Soviet Area on the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Area", which was an important step for the Party and the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Base Areas. Development points the way.Only due to the historical conditions at that time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China did not know the specific development of the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area.陕甘边根据地主要依靠自己的探索和努力，在长期斗争中坚持下来，并与陕北根据地连成一片，成为土地革命战争后期全国“硕果仅存”的一块完整的红色区域，最终为党中央和中央红军提供了长征的落脚点和抗日战争的出发点。学术界对此也颇为关注，从西北地区偏远、刘志丹等的正确领导、中共中央的及时到达等方面探讨了“硕果仅存”的原因。这都忽略了这块根据地自身具备的特点，上述三个鲜明特点正是这块根据地能“硕果仅存”的重要原因，也正是区别于其他根据地模式的重要表现。