Chapter 28 2. Zhu Rongji kicked off the grain reform

The 98 New Grain Reform was launched in 1998, but its origin was a few years ago. The grain crisis in 1994 made the Chinese government and the Chinese people feel that China's grain circulation system has obviously lagged behind China's overall economic system reform, and has become a major obstacle to the development of China's grain production and the stability of China's grain market. .If we don't reform and improve the grain circulation system as soon as possible, then China's grain problems may not only be caused by grain production, but may also be caused by grain circulation.The past practice of only emphasizing production and not circulation clearly does not meet the requirements of a market economy.

After 1994, my country successively launched a series of reform measures such as the "rice bag" governor responsibility system, the "two-line operation" of state-owned grain enterprises, and the purchase of farmers' surplus grain at protective prices, which played a major role in the initial rationalization of the grain circulation system. The function became the prelude and prelude to the 98 new grain reform, paved the way for the 98 new grain reform, and removed some obstacles. However, the above-mentioned reforms are still relatively scattered partial reforms, lacking integrity and systemicity.At present, China's grain circulation system needs an overall reform, a comprehensive reform, and a thorough reform.Therefore, a new round of grain reform has begun to be brewed by the Party Central Committee and the State Council.

As early as October 1996, Zhu Rongji, then Vice Premier of the State Council, pointed out at a regional grain work conference held in Dalian that the grain circulation system had to be reformed, and it was time to go without reform. Since it must be changed, how should it be changed?has become a crucial issue.It is not difficult to see that it will be an arduous project to straighten out the current grain distribution system.Under the condition of transitioning to a market economy system, deepening grain reform is quite complicated: it involves a series of major issues in finance, price, taxation, management system and national macro-policy, as well as the adjustment of multi-faceted interest relations. As well as the relationship between the neighbors around the administrative division, it is also related to the three main bodies of grain production, grain management, and grain consumption.These are not easily resolved.

Therefore, in view of the problems existing in my country's grain circulation, the relevant departments have been striving for an ideal model for many years. The new system must be able to meet the requirements of the following aspects: the financial burden of the central and local governments can be reduced, and the grain Enterprises turn losses and increase efficiency, and the fundamental interests of farmers and urban consumers are guaranteed. After the Dalian Conference in 1996, the State Council established a grain reform leading group, which was specifically responsible for drafting, revising and formulating reform plans for the grain distribution system.In line with the guiding ideology of prudence, prudence and pragmatism, the leading group organized many discussions with people from all walks of life, extensively solicited opinions, and after hundreds of revisions, by the end of 1997, it had basically formed an The overall plan for the reform of the grain circulation system.

On March 19, 1998, Zhu Rongji, the new Premier of the State Council, officially launched the reform of the grain circulation system as the first reform of the new government's "five reforms" at a press conference at home and abroad. Since then, the reform of the grain distribution system has become the most eye-catching action of the new government, and it has started in full swing. From March 24th to 26th, Premier Zhu Rongji held a symposium in Changchun for major party and government officials in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia.Zhu Rongji pointed out at the meeting that my country's grain production has achieved bumper harvests year after year, which has played an important role in promoting national economic development and social stability. According to the requirements of the socialist market economy, the outstanding problems are that the transformation of the operating mechanism of state-owned grain enterprises is lagging behind, there are too many redundant personnel, poor management, the problem of misappropriation of purchase funds is very serious, and the financial losses of state-owned grain enterprises make the finance and banks unbearable. It is time to reform the grain distribution system.The direction of the reform can only be to completely hand over the overall management of the grain enterprises to the local government. In the future, the responsibilities of the central and local governments must be distinguished, and the big pot can no longer be eaten.

As for how each should take responsibility, Premier Zhu Rongji also put forward a specific idea: the central government is mainly responsible for the macro-control of grain and the management of special grain, and the local government should be fully responsible for the production and distribution of grain in the region.He pointed out that China is a large agricultural country, and a very important task for each region is to solve the food problem.The leaders of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities must shoulder this responsibility.To properly deal with the remaining problems in the purchase and sale of grain enterprises, we must implement the separation of government and enterprise, transform the operating mechanism of grain enterprises, reduce personnel and increase efficiency, rationalize prices, turn around losses and increase profits. In the future, grain enterprises will never be allowed to have new financial losses. The Agricultural Development Bank should strengthen the management of acquisition funds, effectively ensure the closed operation of funds, and prevent various embezzlement and misappropriation.

On April 21, the State Council invited some members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and special committees in Beijing to hold discussions on re-employment and grain circulation system work. Zhu Rongji and Wu Bangguo attended the meeting and listened to the opinions and suggestions of the members on the reform of the grain circulation system. From April 27th to 29th, the National Grain Circulation System Reform Working Conference was held in Beijing.This meeting is the first national work conference held after the formation of the new government.Premier Zhu Rongji of the State Council attended the meeting and delivered an important speech.Zhu Rongji pointed out: The reform of the grain circulation system has come to a time when it must be reformed, and no reform is necessary.He emphasized that the basic principle of the reform is "four separations and one improvement", that is, the separation of government and enterprises, the separation of reserves and operations, the separation of central and local responsibilities, the separation of new and old financial accounts, and the improvement of the grain price mechanism.He requested that all regions and relevant departments of the State Council should strengthen their leadership, make careful arrangements, organize carefully, implement them well, and do a good job in a down-to-earth manner.To ensure the smooth implementation of various reform measures, be sure to achieve the expected reform goals.

The high standard of this meeting is also rare. Leaders of the Party Central Committee and the State Council Li Lanqing, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Wu Yi, and Wang Zhongyu attended the meeting. Vice Premier Wen Jiabao made work on deepening the reform of the grain circulation system on behalf of the State Council. Report. The meeting discussed the speeches of the leaders of the State Council and the State Council's "Decision on Further Deepening the Reform of the Grain Circulation System" to be released soon.The meeting held that in recent years, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have formulated a series of policy measures to strengthen the basic position of agriculture and promote food production to a new level, which has achieved world-renowned achievements.At the same time, some progress has been made in the reform of the grain circulation system, mainly the establishment of a national special reserve system, the implementation of the grain purchase protection price policy, the establishment of a grain risk fund, and the implementation of the "rice bag" governor responsibility system. It has played a positive role in improving circulation, stabilizing grain prices, and ensuring grain supply.However, we must be soberly aware that the current grain distribution system still has not got rid of the "big pot of rice" model. The management of state-owned grain enterprises is backward. The sharp increase in financial and financial liabilities has exceeded the capacity of the country's finances.All these show that the current grain circulation system has become less and less suitable for the requirements of the socialist market economy.The meeting held that the current national economy continues to maintain a trend of high growth and low inflation, grain harvests have been bumper year after year, the market supply is abundant, the overall price level is basically stable, and there is a macro environment for deepening reforms; at the same time, after recent years of practice, we have The methods and experience of effectively regulating the grain market under the two different situations of poor harvest and bumper harvest provide internal conditions for deepening reform.We must firmly seize this rare opportunity and unswervingly advance this major reform in accordance with the reform principles set by the Party Central Committee and the State Council.

At this meeting, Zhu Rongji emphasized that deepening the reform of the grain circulation system is a major reform deployed and implemented by the Party Central Committee and the State Council this year, and it is also an important task of economic work this year.The key to the next step is to implement it well.The people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall formulate and implement measures as soon as possible in accordance with the spirit of the "Decision" and in light of local actual conditions.All relevant departments must take the overall situation into consideration, cooperate closely, and make concerted efforts to promote reform.Zhu Rongji requested that all localities should combine deepening the reform of the grain circulation system with efforts to do a good job in the current grain work.This year's grain purchase price will be determined by the provincial governments with reference to last year's level, and the connection between adjacent areas will be well established.It is necessary to resolutely implement the policy of openly purchasing farmers' surplus grain at protective prices, and effectively protect farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain.State-owned grain enterprises must strictly implement the national grain purchase and sale price policy, and must not conduct "reverse operations".The whole country should act in a unified manner immediately, strictly implement the sale of grain at the right price, and prohibit the sale of reduced prices at a loss, so as to prevent new losses from being incurred.It is necessary to strengthen the strict management of the rural market to ensure the normal purchase of summer grain, early rice and autumn grain this year.

Marked by this meeting, the 98 New Grain Reform officially kicked off nationwide. On May 10, the State Council issued the "Resolution on Further Deepening the Reform of the Grain Distribution System" with "Guo Fa [1998] No. 15 Document" as the action plan for this new grain reform. Act vigorously and grasp to the end, this is the character and work style of Premier Zhu Rongji.Less than a month after the meeting, Zhu Rongji came to Anhui Province from May 21 to 25 to inspect the implementation of the grain reform.In Wuhu, Chaohu, Hefei and other places (cities), he inspected grain stations, grain depots, grain stores, and state-owned and individual grain processing factories, and inquired and inspected the situation of grain purchase, storage, processing, and sales in detail. , and discussed issues related to deepening the reform of the grain circulation system, respectively, with leaders of provinces, prefectures, counties, and relevant departments, as well as cadres and workers of grassroots grain stations, grain depots, and grain stores, and listened to the work reports of the provincial party committee and the provincial government.During the inspection, Premier Zhu explained the reform policy of the central government's grain distribution system to cadres and employees in simple terms, and analyzed the old system must be changed, and no change is necessary, and there is no delay.He encouraged everyone to strengthen their confidence, act in unison, and work hard to achieve the goal of reforming the grain circulation system and make new contributions to the sustainable development of agriculture and the national economy.He pointed out that the principles and policies of the reform of the grain circulation system have been clarified, and the key now is that party committees and governments at all levels must conscientiously study and implement the State Council's "Decision on Further Deepening the Reform of the Grain Circulation System" and six supporting documents, and take unified action to make grain circulation Structural reform is carried out to the end.He emphasized that the current focus is to resolutely implement the three policies of opening up the purchase of surplus grain at protective prices, implementing the three policies of selling at the same price and closed operation of purchase funds, accelerating the reform of grain enterprises themselves, transforming the operating mechanism, and improving market competitiveness.

On June 1, Zhu Rongji presided over the fourth executive meeting of the State Council, at which the "Regulations on Grain Purchase" were discussed and passed in principle. On June 3, the State Council held a telephone conference on grain purchases and sales. Zhu Rongji pointed out at the meeting: Grain reform has a bearing on the overall situation, and we must win. On June 6, the State Council issued Decree No. 244, formally implementing the Grain Purchase Regulations. One link is closely linked and the other is advancing step by step, which reflects the determination and strength of this grain reform.In order to further improve the understanding of the reform of the grain circulation system and unify the ideas of the new grain circulation reform, from July 23 to 25, the State Planning Commission, the State Grain Reserve Bureau, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the Agricultural Bank of China co-sponsored the National Grain Circulation System Reform Study class.The members who participated in the study included the principals of the planning commissions, grain bureaus, industry and commerce bureaus, price bureaus, agricultural development banks from all provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across the country, as well as some vice-governors.Speaking at the beginning of the class was Premier Zhu Rongji.After analyzing the contradictions and problems of the current grain circulation system again, he emphasized that "it is necessary to further unify our thinking and understanding, accurately grasp the various policies of the reform of grain purchase and sales, firmly grasp the key points of the current work, and ensure the success of the reform of the grain circulation system." It went well." On August 5th, in order to regulate the grain purchase and sale market, punish illegal activities in the grain purchase and sale activities, and maintain the order of the grain market, the State Council issued Order No. 249 to implement the "Punishment Measures for Grain Purchase and Sale Illegal Acts". Since then, the implementation of the grain purchase policy has been incorporated into the legal system chemical track. On October 14, the Third Plenary Session of the Fifteenth Central Committee of the Party included the deepening of the reform of the grain distribution system in the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Rural Work": "At present, all localities and relevant departments must follow the deployment of the central , resolutely implement the three policies of opening the purchase of surplus grain from farmers at the protection price, implementing the three policies of grain purchase and storage enterprises to implement price sales and closed operation of grain procurement funds, speed up the reform of state-owned grain enterprises, establish a new mechanism of independent operation and self-responsibility for profits and losses, and ensure the reform of the grain circulation system It was implemented smoothly and achieved the expected goals.” On November 7, the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting the Reform of the Grain Circulation System", which was discussed and approved by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. relevant policy measures. On November 13-15, the National Symposium on Reform of the Grain Circulation System was held in Beijing.Zhu Rongji spoke at the meeting.He once again emphasized that all regions and departments must unswervingly push forward the reform of the grain distribution system.In order to ensure the stable growth of farmers' income, the surplus grain sold to farmers can only be purchased by state-owned grain purchase and storage companies at a protective price, and there is no need to talk about "letting go".As a working symposium held by the State Planning Commission and the State Grain Reserve Bureau, it is not necessary for Premier Zhu to attend in person. He said frankly: "Why did I come? Failure. This matter is related to the overall development of the national economy." From November 23 to 27, Zhu Rongji pointed out during his investigation in Liaoning that at present, we must continue to implement the "three policies and one reform" as the focus of food reform, and work hard on improving the mechanism, perfecting supporting reforms, and grasping the implementation of the organization. In one year, four nationwide special conferences were held, two regulations and regulations were promulgated, and the State Council issued more than ten related documents. The scale and strength are still rare in the history of China's reform. This shows that the new government attaches great importance to the reform of the grain distribution system, and it can also be seen that the reform of the grain distribution system has indeed reached the point of "must change, not change." ’ and it’s time for ‘urgent’. The central policy on grain reform was put forward after summarizing both positive and negative experiences. It can better combine the role of the market mechanism with the strengthening of macro-control. It is not only in the interests of the majority of farmers, but also adapts to the operation of the market economy. Laws can stabilize the grain market and ensure food supply. The so-called "three policies" refer to the open purchase of surplus grain from farmers at a protective price, the sale at a price higher than the purchase price, and the closed operation of loan funds for grain purchase. "One reform" refers to the reform of the state-owned grain enterprises themselves.These three policies and one reform are actually interlinked and intertwined: implement the first policy, control the purchase, and truly control the source of grain; implement the second policy, sell at the right price, and prevent new crops. Losses; implement the third policy to ensure closed operation of acquisition funds, strict supervision, and ensure that funds are in place in full and timely and recovered in a timely manner.These three policies and the reform of grain enterprises are complementary to each other. Premier Zhu Rongji gave a more specific explanation for the grain reform idea of ​​"three policies and one reform". Zhu Rongji believes that only by resolutely opening up purchases at protective prices can we effectively protect the interests of farmers, protect farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain, and ensure the stable growth of grain production; only by opening purchases at protective prices can state-owned grain enterprises control grain sources and realize grain sales at fair prices.In the past few years, in the field of grain circulation, on the one hand, the so-called policy-related losses were increasing, causing a heavy financial burden on the country. The cost seriously violated the interests of farmers. In addition, the poor distribution channels also caused the price of grain to be low.In recent years, grain production has continued to develop, and the market supply is sufficient, but this by no means means that my country's grain production is in surplus. In a large country with a population of 1.2 billion, we must not be slack in the food problem, and farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain is absolutely blown No way.The open purchase of farmers' surplus grain at a protective price is a measure that must be taken to protect and mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain, and it is also an important part of my country's current grain purchase and sales policy.Provincial, district, and municipal governments should announce to farmers this year's grain purchase price and protective price as soon as possible, reasonably arrange seasonal price differences and quality price differences, and protect farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain.State-owned grain enterprises should establish the idea of ​​serving farmers, improve their service attitude, improve service quality, and do everything possible to facilitate farmers' grain sales.For the grain sold by farmers, it must be listed for purchase all year round, and it is not allowed to limit, reject, or stop harvesting, and it is not allowed to lower the price.For grain that does not meet the purchase quality standards, water and miscellaneous items can be deducted according to regulations, and the price can be judged according to quality, but it cannot be rejected.When purchasing grain, in addition to paying the agricultural tax in accordance with the relevant state regulations, it is not allowed to withhold or pay "township overall planning, village withdrawal" and any other taxes and fees.Township and village cadres are also not allowed to sit in grain stations and depots to collect funds.The Agricultural Development Bank must ensure the supply of funds for grain purchases.Open acquisitions at protective prices, we must do what we say and win the trust of the people.If the purchase is not opened at the protected price, the grain source will flow to the hands of private traders, and it is impossible for state-owned grain enterprises to implement price-friendly sales.Zhu Rongji reiterated that the grain purchase market must not be opened up. Only state-owned grain purchase and storage enterprises can purchase grain in the countryside, and no individual, private enterprise, or other enterprise is allowed to directly purchase grain in the countryside.Grain processing enterprises and other grain-consuming units can purchase grain from grain trading markets above the county level, which are open all year round. State-owned grain enterprises must adhere to the principle of selling grain at a fair price. This is an important measure for state-owned grain enterprises to avoid new losses and gradually absorb past losses.The so-called smooth price sales mean that grain purchase and storage enterprises such as state-owned grain stations and grain depots (including the processing plants to which the grain depots belong) must sell based on the purchase price of grain, plus reasonable expenses and the minimum profit. Sell ​​at a loss to any grain processing, wholesale and retail enterprises in any form.As for the state-owned grain processing, wholesale, and retail enterprises that implement independent accounting, they should set their own retail prices on the basis of purchase prices and be responsible for their own profits and losses according to the principle of what can be purchased and what can be sold.The current low grain prices in the market are mainly caused by two reasons: one is that the policy of openly purchasing surplus grain from farmers at a protective price has not been truly implemented, causing farmers to sell part of the surplus grain to individuals and private grain merchants at low prices; the other is that a considerable number of state-owned Grain enterprises sell grain at a loss at a low price, which not only provides a source of low-price grain for private businesses and individual processing enterprises, but also greatly increases the loss on the account.All parts of the country must act in a unified manner, resolutely implement the policy of flat-price sales, and prevent new losses from occurring.Local party committees and governments at all levels must seriously investigate and deal with those grain enterprises that "operate in reverse" and sell grain at a low price at a loss and cause serious losses.It is inevitable that grain sales may drop when sales start at the same price, but the main grain source is in the hands of the state after all. will increase. In order to ensure that grain purchases will not be “illegitimate”, supervise grain enterprises not to sell grain at a loss at a low price, and prevent new embezzlement and misappropriation, it is necessary to effectively implement the closed operation of purchase funds.Grain purchase funds must be supplied and managed in strict accordance with the method of "linking treasury loans" and "money goes with the grain" to ensure that the principal and interest of the loan can be returned to the Agricultural Development Bank in full and in a timely manner after the grain is sold.According to the purchase plan and progress, the Agricultural Development Bank ensures that the purchase funds are in place in a timely manner, collects a catty of grain, gives the money for a catty of grain, and supervises the use; state-owned grain enterprises must return the principal and interest of a catty of grain when selling a catty of grain, and must not embezzle it .The Agricultural Development Bank must earnestly strengthen capital supervision, and stop lending and resolutely investigate and deal with those who sell grain at a loss at a low price and make it difficult to recover loans or misappropriate grain purchase funds.Governments at all levels should include grain enterprise risk funds in their finances to ensure that projects are allocated in a timely manner, fully in place, and well managed and used. Another important aspect, which is also the prerequisite for the implementation of the above three policies, is that state-owned grain enterprises must have a sense of urgency and a sense of crisis for reform, speed up their own reforms, effectively transform their operating mechanisms, truly face the market, and be responsible for their own profits and losses. .It is necessary to resolutely implement the project of reducing staff to increase efficiency, layoffs diversion and reemployment, vigorously improve operation and management, reduce turnover costs, and improve market competitiveness.Only in this way can state-owned grain enterprises survive and develop, and they can truly play their role as the main channel of grain circulation. Some people think that this new grain reform has strengthened government intervention and macro-control, especially only allowing state-owned grain purchase and storage enterprises to purchase grain in rural areas. .Some even say that this is not reform but retrogression.In fact, it is precisely these people who do not understand the market economy and the laws of reform.The market economy has never rejected the government's macro-control, especially when it comes to the food issue, no country has completely let it go.On the contrary, any country's food is managed by the government, which intervenes in the price of food.From the price support policy of the United States to the managed price system of Japan, the intervention price and threshold price of the European Community, etc., all of them are strictly monitoring the price of grain and the market.It is not only naive, but also dangerous to think that carrying out reform means liberalizing everything and implementing a market economy means that the government does not care. In 1992, some places blindly liberalized grain purchases and prices. As a result, a large number of private businessmen rushed into the countryside to buy grain, the grain market was chaotic, and grain prices soared. The country had to take measures such as selling special grain reserves to stabilize grain prices. For this, a huge price was paid.Zhu Rongji emphasized that grain is an important strategic material related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, and no country in the world has completely liberalized the operation and circulation of grain.my country has a population of more than 1.2 billion and more than 900 million farmers. It is very important to maintain food production, circulation and stability.If the "three liberalizations" of grain purchase, price, and market are implemented, when there is a lot of grain, various enterprises and private grain traders will not actively enter the market to purchase, or buy farmers' grain at a lower price, which will cause a drop in market grain prices seriously damage the interests of farmers, which in turn affects the development of agriculture and food production; when there is a shortage of food, all kinds of enterprises and private food dealers will go directly to the countryside to buy food, or even "hoard it", which will lead to a sharp rise in food prices, and urban It is unbearable for residents and causes social instability.We've been through both and paid dearly.We must not forget the pain when the scars are healed, we must maintain a clear understanding.Therefore, Zhu Rongji said very firmly: proceeding from our country's basic national conditions, in order to ensure the stable growth of farmers' income, the sale of surplus grain to farmers can only be purchased by state-owned grain purchase and storage companies at a protective price. The new grain reform strategy has absorbed the experience and lessons of past grain reforms. It neither follows the old path of unified purchase and marketing, nor takes the dead end of letting go. Instead, it organically combines macro-control and market economic mechanisms to make They complement each other: on the one hand, improving the mechanism of the market to form grain prices, improving the grain market system, promoting state-owned grain enterprises to become market players, and opening up the live grain retail market will inevitably strengthen the fundamental role of the market economic mechanism in optimizing the allocation of grain resources. On the one hand, further improve the national grain reserves, enrich the grain risk fund, implement the grain protection price system, implement the closed operation of grain purchase funds, and only allow state-owned grain purchase and storage enterprises to purchase surplus grain from farmers in rural areas. The main purpose of these macro-control measures is to maintain Balance the total amount of grain, maintain market stability and protect the enthusiasm of farmers, not only will not weaken the role of the market economic mechanism, but also ensure the healthy and smooth development of the market economy, maintain normal market order and protect the interests of farmers. In addition, the state has liberalized all circulation links except grain purchases.The purchase price (order price, protective price) of state-owned grain purchase and storage enterprises for grain is set by the provincial government under the guidance of national policies, but the sales price is independently determined by the state-owned grain purchase and storage enterprises under the principle of fair price sales.Private grain processing enterprises are allowed to process grain, but their raw materials must be purchased from state-owned grain purchasing and storage enterprises, not directly from farmers.The grain retail link is completely liberalized. Grain stores can purchase goods freely and set prices independently. Grain wholesale markets above the county level and various bazaars are not only allowed to exist, but must be liberalized, invigorated, and well managed.This is impossible in the era of unified purchase and marketing. Another prominent feature of the new grain reform is that the government does not use administrative orders to manage and regulate the grain market, but uses price policies to regulate the market indirectly.This is a method that has been used in many countries, and it is also a method that has been proven to be effective in practice.The price control system established by the New Grain Reform is that the state-owned grain department first requisitions a certain amount of grain at the grain purchase price, and the grain purchase price remains stable in principle, and is higher than the market price and protection price; In order to protect the interests of consumers, the government sets the protection price for the purchase of main grain varieties, and purchases the surplus grain in the hands of farmers according to the protection price; when the market grain price is high, farmers can freely sell their own surplus grain; Sales price is limited, and the interests of consumers and operators are taken into account; when grain prices fluctuate excessively, the government mainly relies on economic means such as reserve grain throughput and grain imports to promote the stability of market grain prices at a reasonable level by adjusting market supply and demand.For example, when the market price of grain falls to close to or lower than the protection price, the government will increase the purchase of grain reserves in time; When natural disasters occur and grain prices rise in some areas, provincial governments use provincial grain reserves for regulation; when major natural disasters occur or national grain prices rise, the State Council uses central grain reserves for disaster relief and to stabilize grain prices.In this way, a complete grain price system is formed. Under different market environments, the corresponding grain price mechanism will automatically play a regulatory role, which is flexible and fast, and has changed the hysteresis of administrative means in the past.It can be seen that the new grain reform strategy is not only correct, but also scientific, so it must be effective.Grain reform plan: "Four divisions and one improvement".The reform principle established by the new grain reform is "four separations and one improvement", that is, the separation of government and enterprise, the separation of central and local responsibilities, the separation of storage and operation, the separation of new and old financial accounts, and the improvement of the grain price mechanism to better protect farmers. The enthusiasm for production and the interests of consumers have truly established a grain circulation system that meets the requirements of a socialist market economy and is in line with my country's national conditions. One is the separation of government and enterprise.The lack of distinction between government and enterprises not only causes state-owned grain enterprises to suffer from financial and bank problems, but also is an important reason for many disadvantages such as poor grain circulation and system failure.Under the conditions of market economy, state-owned grain enterprises have the nature of enterprises, participate in competition, and are responsible for their own profits and losses. However, due to the limitations of the nature of the commodities they operate, state-owned grain enterprises have many characteristics different from enterprises.Under the planned economic system, the state-owned grain enterprises only need to complete various tasks according to the state's mandatory plan; under the condition of the market economy, both social and economic benefits must be taken into account, which itself is a kind of contradiction.When the supply of produced grain is less than demand, the price of grain tends to rise.From the perspective of macro-control, the government requires state-owned grain enterprises to sell grain instead of buying grain in order to stabilize market grain prices.However, from the perspective of business operation, this is a good opportunity to buy grain and wait for the value-added or price increase to sell, and you can earn more profits than usual.Therefore, at this time, the requirements of the state and the interests of the state-owned grain enterprises are in conflict. The grain boom in 1993 was not due to the fact that the price rose when there was less grain, but that it was "difficult to buy" when there was too much grain. There are certainly many reasons for this, but state-owned grain enterprises rushed to buy early indica rice in order to make up for the inventory deficit after the liberalization of operations. is one of the important reasons.The opposite happens when grain sales prices fall. In 1984, the harvest was bumper. Considering the overall situation of the national economy, state-owned grain enterprises should buy in large quantities to protect the interests of farmers. In fact, many grain enterprises not only failed to do so, but sold them in large quantities. Harm to farmers" serious consequences. The dual nature of state-owned grain enterprises coexists in the grain circulation as a whole, and the contradictions and conflicts between them have never stopped.Without changing the situation where government and enterprises are not separated, reform of the grain distribution system will be out of the question.Therefore, this new food reform regards the separation of government and enterprises as the primary content. The so-called separation of government and enterprises means that by separating people, money, and materials, the grain authorities and grain enterprises will be truly decoupled, and enterprises will become real economic entities.On behalf of the government, the grain administrative department should manage the grain circulation of the whole society, and should completely separate from the grain enterprises in terms of human, financial, and material, and must not participate in the grain business, and must not directly interfere with the business activities of enterprises.All state-owned grain enterprises, including township grain depots, must face the market, implement independent accounting, reduce production and operation costs, enhance competitiveness, and become economic entities with independent management, self-responsibility for profits and losses, self-discipline, and self-development, and do not undertake grain administrative functions. . Second, the food responsibilities and powers of the central and local governments must be clearly divided.Grain work implements a system of unified central leadership and hierarchical responsibility.Provincial governments should be fully responsible for the grain work in the region to ensure the basic balance of grain supply and demand in the province.The main responsibilities of the central government are to formulate medium- and long-term grain development plans; to balance the national grain aggregate; to determine the basic principles of grain purchase and sales policies and price policies; to implement unified management of grain imports and exports; Fee and interest subsidies; do a good job in the planning of grain circulation facilities, and be responsible for the construction of warehouses directly under the central government; promote the development of the national grain market system, guide and coordinate inter-provincial grain adjustment and transportation; When rising, use central grain reserves and other methods to provide disaster relief and stabilize grain prices; when there is a sharp drop in national grain prices, timely purchase and store central grain reserves.Generally speaking, the central government focuses on the macro-control of the national grain supply and demand, while the local governments are fully responsible for the production and distribution of grain in the region, develop grain production, do a good job in grain purchase and storage, ensure grain supply, and stabilize grain prices. Third, grain storage and operation must be separated.Central and local grain reserves and business turnover grains should be managed separately so that they can be stored, transferred, and used, and storage costs can be saved.It is necessary to speed up the improvement of the grain reserve system at the central and local levels.Both the governments of production areas and sales areas (especially sales areas) must ensure adequate and reasonable grain reserves. The fourth is to separate the new and old financial accounts, and share them with the central and local finances, and return them within a time limit.The central finance will bear all the interest within the limited period of the losses posted except for a few major sales areas.Grain enterprises should reduce staff to increase efficiency, improve operations, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. In particular, they should adhere to the principle of fair price sales to ensure that no new losses occur, and gradually return the principal of losses incurred from operating profits within the repayment period.In order to ensure that there will be no new pending accounts in the future, it is necessary to effectively implement the closed operation of the acquisition funds.In the future, grain purchase funds must be supplied and managed in strict accordance with the method of "linking treasury loans to loans", and resolutely implement the method of "money goes with the grain" to ensure that the principal and interest of the loan can be returned to the Agricultural Development Bank in full and in a timely manner after the grain is sold.The Agricultural Development Bank should effectively strengthen the supervision of the entire process of grain purchases, sales, and reserve funds.It is strictly forbidden to embezzle and misappropriate grain purchase funds again, and those who violate the regulations must be resolutely investigated and punished and the loan will be stopped. Fifth, further improve the grain price formation mechanism.Under normal circumstances in the future, grain prices will mainly be determined by market supply and demand, and grain enterprises will operate grain at market prices.In order to protect the interests of producers, the government sets a protective price for grain purchases and openly purchases surplus grain from farmers; in order to protect the interests of consumers, the government sets a price limit for grain sales as a regulation target.When the market grain price is lower than the protective price or exceeds the sales limit price, rely on economic means such as reserve grain throughput, and adjust the market supply and demand to stabilize the market grain price at a reasonable level.