Chapter 6 The worst year - 4

Herbert Hoover was speechless, just looked down at his toes.But in the three-storey slums, the hungry children looked up, and the magistrates' courts looked up, resentful peasants ready to fight, and the women mending tattered clothes looked up.There seemed to be a burst of magic music in the air.Will Rogers of Santa Monica, California, wrote on his typewriter: "If Roosevelt had set fire to Congress, we would have cheered and said, 'Well, the fire is lit!'" The American people are not helpless.At this critical juncture, they have empowered the government to take direct, strong action.They demand discipline and direction under the leadership of the government.They chose me to fulfill their wishes.Based on this spirit, I accept their commission.

Borrow Walt Whitman, the famous American poet of the 19th century. ——Translator's poem, the new president really "has stepped onto the stage with great power".Arthur Crocker wrote: "Roosevelt looked stern, and even old friends felt that he was a different person." Henry Stimson wrote in his diary at the time: "I was completely intimidated. The new first lady thought the presidential inauguration was "very, very serious and unavoidably intimidating," "as the audience was most enthusiastic when Franklin said he would have to assume the kind of powers that are usually only given to presidents in wartime. support." However, Edmund Wilson, who was covering news for the "New Republic" weekly in Washington at the time, sneered that "one case is grandstanding, and the other is far-fetched."He also wrote: "One thing is clearest, this is that dictatorship is about to emerge." At this time, intellectuals still did not understand Roosevelt, and some intellectuals never understood him.Indeed, even those closest to him found him elusive.It is rare for him to decide to run for president without even telling his wife.Mrs. Roosevelt learned about it from Louis Howe.At the beginning of Roosevelt's first administration, what did the people of insight in the United States think? Mrs. Roosevelt said the following passage most clearly: "We have a feeling of going blindly, because we are in a torrent, and no one knows where it is. Shore." But, on the whole, the American people did not feel as bleak as she did.They thought Roosevelt's speech was very successful. Over the weekend, 450,000 people wrote to congratulate him.

That night, Eleanor went to the celebratory ball, and Roosevelt stayed in the presidential palace to study and work with Louis Howe.After breakfast on Sunday, Roosevelt rolled his wheelchair over the new ramp to the deserted Oval Office and looked around alone.The table was empty, and Hoover had taken everything he could except the flag and the Great Seal.No notes, no pencils, no telephone, not even a bell to ring.He slowly realized that he couldn't do anything here alone.So he yelled, and a secretary and an assistant rushed in.This incident is worth mentioning, because it was the only time Roosevelt felt that it was good to be president and not know what to do.In the evening, he got to work.While biting his upturned cigarette holder, he was drafting a document, citing the "Commerce with the Enemy Act" established during the almost forgotten World War II, and announcing that all banks across the country would be on holiday for four days.He asked the 73rd Congress to convene a special session on Thursday to send the proposed emergency bill for discussion.At this time, no one in the country is engaged in currency exchange anymore, but everyone has to find a way to live.

This is a challenge to the initiative of the Americans, and they really came up with various emergency measures: printing and issuing various temporary tickets, selling goods on credit, bartering goods, picking up goods by ticket, traveling by token, using Canadian and Mexican currency instead of American currency, and so on.Dow Chemical Company casts "Dow Metal Tokens" out of magnesium, with a fixed value of two cents each.There was a wrestler in Wisconsin who signed a contract with others, and the reward for performing a performance was 200 pounds for a can of tomatoes and potatoes.A newspaper in Ashtabula, Ohio issued a circular saying that the advertising fee can be waived in cash and paid for agricultural products instead.A state senator from New York State came to a meeting in Albany, the capital, and brought what he would eat for a week: 12 dozen eggs and half a pig. The "New York Daily News" held the "Golden Glove" tournament semi-finals at Madison Square Garden. There are so many tricks to sell tickets, the most amazing thing is: the ticket price is 50 cents, but except for the entertainment tax of 5 cents, which must be paid in cash, the rest can be paid. Payment in kind.So a man was hired to set prices on all kinds of incoming items, among them: sausages, mattresses, hats, shoes, coats, fish, noodles, nightgowns, steaks, spark plugs, box cameras, jigsaw puzzles , thick sweatshirts, canned goods, bagged potatoes, golf pants, machinist's tools, foot salve, the New Testament, and what young women of the day called "leg stretching" without lace-up underwear.

The overwhelming consensus is that once the bank holidays are over, the temporary currency will be officially announced and states, municipalities and even some businesses will have to issue their own local coupons.Cities like Atlanta, Richmond, Mattituck and Knoxville had already done so by this time; Nashville was also close to circulating $1 million worth of vouchers before the end of the week beginning March 6 .Philadelphia will also issue $8 million in circulation.A paper company in Nutley, New Jersey, used to work only three days a week, but now it changed to three shifts a day, printing six tons of vouchers to Wisconsin and Tennessee 24 hours a day.However, Treasury Secretary Woodin shuddered when he thought of the local currencies of various states and cities, and the exchange certificates of various companies flying all over the sky. On Tuesday, March 7, he told Ray Morley, a key member of the Roosevelt think tank, a professor at Columbia University, over breakfast. —The translator said that, as far as he was concerned, it was unnecessary to use a temporary currency.He said: "We can use the solid and reliable assets of the banks as reserves to issue banknotes. Everyone will not be afraid. These are real banknotes, not stage props." There will be no loss in doing so."We've hit the bottom of the ditch, and it couldn't get any worse," Woodin said publicly.

Wooding worked day and night at the Carlton Hotel with Senator Carter Glass, and on Thursday he finished drafting the bill on schedule.The special session of Congress began, and members of the House of Representatives entered the venue one after another.At this time, Woodin handed the finished manuscript to the secretary of the Congress, and at the same time muttered: "This bill will be in my name. When the manuscript is finished, so am I." The secretary read the manuscript aloud at the meeting, But there was a lot of voices at that time, and few members of the House of Representatives could hear them clearly.Bills are not handy because there is no time to type them.It was the copy in the secretary's hand, and some places were hastily redacted with a pencil at the end.After a while of shouting, the bill was passed, which took 38 minutes.At this time, Mrs. Roosevelt was knitting and counting votes in the gallery upstairs, just like a character in the French Revolutionary period in the book of the British novelist Dickens by the kindly Mrs. Defarge.She weaves every day, secretly remembering the names of the nobles she hates. — translator.After voting, the members of the House of Representatives flocked to the Senate chamber to listen to Glass explain what the bill they had just passed was all about.

Glass, the diminutive Virginia senator, supports Woodin's bill, though he admits some parts of it surprised him.The bill would require parliamentary approval of any measure "that has been or will be taken" by the President and the Secretary of the Treasury, a daunting legislative measure.The bill stipulates that those who hoard currency should be sentenced, and that banks with problems should be sent to "maintain" (entrusted management). In addition, the government is authorized to use the assets of various banks as reserves to issue 2 billion yuan in new banknotes.At 8:36 p.m., Roosevelt, disheveled and surrounded by books shipped from his Hyde Park residence, had no time to unpack the pictures, and signed the decree at the White House.The State Printing Bureau hired 375 new workers that night.The money-printing machine of the U.S. government is fully activated.

For two consecutive nights, the printing office was brightly lit, illuminating the Hudson River beach.The new impression was too late to engrave, so the old version with the words "printed in 1929" was used.There was no time to get the signatures of the 12 branch presidents of the Federal Reserve Bank, so they found old samples from government archives and sent them to the American Foundry in Jersey City to make impressions.Early Saturday morning, planes took off from Washington DC filled with sacks of new bills.The first plane delivered the bills to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York before noon, and from there they were immediately distributed to the banks.

The really exciting scene is how to put pressure on the hoarders, so that they have to release the gold and currency that they have been holding tightly in their hands.It turned out that this generation had hidden 15% of the country's currency in less than a week.Congress, in spite of its ruthlessness, was unable to pass laws to impose additional penalties on those who hoarded money in advance.So the government resorted to propaganda instead. On Wednesday, March 8, the Federal Reserve Board announced that the bank would publish the names of those who had withdrawn gold from the bank after February 1 and had not returned it to storage by the following Monday.As soon as the announcement appeared in the newspapers, the telephone exchange desks of the various banks were busy.The bank told the callers that if there was gold to be sent back for storage, the bank would open the door for them, and the reporter was not informed.Within a few hours, how many mattresses were torn, how many iron cans were unearthed, and how many secret treasure boxes were uncovered.Banks all over the country said that there was a long queue in front of the door again, just like the scene of rushing to withdraw money last week, the difference is that this time men and women are all carrying travel bags and suitcases full of gold and currency.Encouraged by this situation, the Federal Reserve Board announced on Friday that it would expand the scope to require banks to report the names of people who have withdrawn deposits in the past two years.The wider the net, the bigger the fish.As of Saturday evening, state Federal Reserve Banks had withdrawn a total of $300 million in gold and gold certificates.Using this as a reserve, another 750 million yuan of new banknotes can be issued.Thus, even before the planes carrying the new bills left Hoover Field, Woodin authorized certain savings banks to allow depositors to withdraw ten dollars apiece.Business has sprung up.Within a week, 13,500 banks (accounting for 3/4 of the country's total) resumed business, and the electric gongs sounded again on the exchanges.Shares jumped 15% in New York.The Dow Jones ticker said: "Happy days are here again."

The happy days haven't really returned, but the financial panic has passed, with neither currency chaos nor bank nationalization.Undoubtedly, the medicines prescribed were extremely violent. In the beginning, the inflation was really out of control.But Roosevelt had no choice but to do so at the time.A friend told him that if he succeeds, he will become the greatest president of the United States, and his name will last forever; if he fails, he will be the worst president in history.Roosevelt replied: "If I fail, I will be the last president of the United States." But he was unwilling to fail. The "Hundred Days of the New Deal" has begun.

During those 100 days (from the enactment of the Emergency Banking Act with cheers on March 9th to the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act on June 16th), the new President has braved the storm and shown day by day that he has Infinite wisdom and infinite energy.By the day Congress was exhausted and adjourned, Roosevelt had delivered ten major speeches, instituted a new foreign policy, established the practice of holding twice a week press conferences and cabinet meetings; announced the abolition of the gold standard, Delivered 15 speeches to Congress; directed lawmakers to pass 13 major bills, including insurance on all bank deposits, new loans to homeowners, reform of Wall Street financial markets, and $4 billion in federal relief , allowing the beer industry to be openly operated, and a series of laws and regulations such as the establishment of the Civilian Resource Conservation Corps, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and the Tennessee Valley Authority.Roosevelt also said: "Sometimes even I feel a little shocked." But all of this is just a temporary parry.Roosevelt said to the New Dealers around him: "Choose one method and try it. If it fails, try another one. In short, try something." He believed that the reason why he won a one-sided victory in the general election was because The people authorized him to carry out changes. It can be said that any change is allowed, as long as it is changed quickly.Initially, he planned to let Congress pass Woodin's "rescue the bank" decree, and then send the congressmen home to rest, and let him use the power of the presidency to handle affairs.Had this been done, the whole country would have unanimously supported it.The conservative "Boston Evening Chronicle" published an editorial saying: "At present, the president should monopolize the power. Doing so will inevitably lead to unprecedented and complicated problems, but the people are too eager to change, even if the president is allowed to act arbitrarily, they are willing." Senator Burton Wheeler said that for President Roosevelt, members of Congress "would jump through hoops like circus animals."As for American voters, according to Charles Michelson, even if someone said that Roosevelt "had a clairvoyant eye," they would believe it.John Genmuro also said later: If Roosevelt wanted to be a dictator at that time, it would be as easy as turning the palm of his hand. "We tend to forget that during Roosevelt's first hundred days as president, the powers Congress voluntarily granted to the president were enormous, unprecedented, and overriding everything else! Even the powers given to Hitler by the German Congress were nothing more than that." But Roosevelt still advocated following the Constitution.He said he wanted to be a "preacherial president" like his parent Theodore Roosevelt.The flood of letters to the White House from the masses inspired him to think that he might as well educate the people and clarify the goals of the New Deal along with a legislative revolution—a revolution, in fact.At that time, there was no "US News Service" and no "Voice of America".He doesn't need these.With him as a teacher, the entire United States has become a big classroom. In the first class, on his fifth day in office, he gathered the White House reporters around his desk.During his tenure, he held unprecedentedly frequent press conferences (a total of 998 times). This was the first shot, and the first shot was fired immediately.Will Rogers commented that Roosevelt was able to explain such a complicated issue as banking in a simple way that everyone could understand, even bankers.Later, Charles Beard (who did not usually admire Roosevelt) also wrote: Roosevelt discussed "more fundamental problems of American life and American society than all previous presidents put together." Press conference ended At that time, the reporters applauded thunderously.In this way, Roosevelt suddenly moved the US news center from New York to Washington.The Associated Press tripled its Washington staff, and a quarter of press releases from the United Press came from Washington.Newspapers in major cities sent reporters to the White House to interview one after another, and smaller newspapers also adopted a daily draft from a Washington columnist and distributed it to each newspaper for simultaneous publication. — translator.Later, even Mrs. Roosevelt joined the ranks of columnists. On Sunday, March 12, Roosevelt delivered a second lecture, addressed directly to the people of the nation.In front of the fireplace in the reception room for foreign guests downstairs of the Presidential Palace, loudspeakers from ABC, CBS and Common Broadcasting Company were installed.The president said he wanted it to be more intimate this time, as if sitting in his own home and neighbors were sitting in their living rooms, talking casually.Harry Butcher, manager of CBS's Washington office, said: In this case, let's call it "Fireside Chat", and it will really be called as an official name in the future.This time Roosevelt was talking about the suspension of banking operations across the country.His cigarette was lit in the long ivory holder, burning slowly.He said: "My friends, I want to tell you what we have done in the past few days, why we did it, and what we plan to do next. First, I want to point out a simple fact: you put your money in the bank Well, the bank doesn't just lock it up in a vault, but invests it in various ways of credit, like buying government bonds, as a mortgage. In other words, the bank puts your money to work so that The whole mechanism turns..." Somehow, Roosevelt was able to talk so kindly, using words and metaphors that everyone could understand, to explain the complex structure of the industrial economy clearly.His language is simple and practical, in the same style as the interior decoration he chose in the White House.The extravagance of the previous president has been wiped out now.There were no servants to serve meals, no trumpeter to blow the trumpet before meals, the flag salute was abolished, the changing of the guard ceremony was also abolished, and the seven-course feast was simplified.In Washington official circles, Roosevelt's food is the least particular.He can't afford to be a good eater, he doesn't have the time.People who have been guests in the presidential palace, no matter how long or short it is, think that the dishes in the White House are dull and tasteless, similar to those in the dormitory.One woman ate the same dessert three nights in a row: a small slice of pineapple, two cherries, and a few walnuts in the whipped cream.And even that counts as hospitality.As for the president's own lunch, an omelette with minced meat for 10 cents. In one sense, all of this is superficial.He has real power in his hands, so he doesn't need to put on any pomp.Arthur Schlesinger Jr. well said that Roosevelt was "born to be president."Few people in history can control their own era like him.He used to sing a one-man show in the government and liked to give orders.He joked to a visitor: "If you could be president, wouldn't you want to be one? Who wouldn't?" Dr. Carl Gustav Jung, a famous Swiss psychologist (1875 ~1961). ——The translator said to people after meeting Roosevelt: "There is no doubt that this man is full of energy. He is superior in intelligence, but elusive, but he does what he says, very powerful. He has so many tricks that others cannot predict." W. M. Kiplinger said: He has never seen a president "with such supreme authority as this Roosevelt."Ed Flynn said that Roosevelt's aides and cabinet members were like servants, "everything was done by the president himself." Arthur Crocker reported that Roosevelt "was the boss, the generator, and the clock. clockwork".Henry Morgenthau was Secretary of the Treasury from 1934 to 1945. —The translator wrote: Roosevelt "is a ruler at all times."Morgenthau liked to argue with Roosevelt, and Roosevelt was willing to argue with him, but only within limits.After passing this limit, Roosevelt patted the table with his big freckled hand, and instead of saying "what I think", he changed his words to "what the president thinks".This is the end of the debate, it goes without saying who wins and who loses. Here's how the president's 14-hour workday begins: sitting in bed, eating breakfast, and browsing foreign cables and cloud-like piles of newspapers.His bedroom has pictures of ships on the walls, family photos and Victorian bric-a-brac on the mantelpiece.During the first 100 days of the New Deal, his trusted advisers often came to his bedside for talks, but he usually didn't see any visitors during the period before he woke up. After 9 o'clock, he was shaved, dressed by the valet Owen McDuffie, put in a small wheelchair without arm cushions, and wheeled to the office. The reception starts at 10 o'clock.If Congress is in session that day, he always spends a quarter of his time on the phone.When he talked to people, he always called people by their names.Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, who used to wear a coffee-coloured cocked hat, was not familiar with capital politics in Roosevelt's first week in office, nor was she familiar with Washington.One day, her assistant answered the phone and heard the other party say: "I am Frank. Frank is the abbreviation of Franklin (Roosevelt's name). - Translator, can I talk to Miss Perkins?" The assistant relayed Perkins, Perkins replied: "Frank, I don't know what Frank is. Ask him where he works." This question made the other party happy, and replied: "Working in the United States, I am President." The president is willing to answer the phone at any time, even when the cabinet is in a meeting.It's amazing how easy it is to talk to the president.There are about a hundred people who can ask the secretary to answer the phone without having to tell the secretary why. Thirty years later, the most senior official to answer the phone was Robert S. McNamara, but there were only 25 people who could talk to him directly in this way.His sources are so extensive that people tend to forget that he is a lame man.In cabinet meetings, he often blurts out what people say somewhere, including his wife's words.For example, he would tell people: "My wife said that typhoid fever is prevalent in that place." After he took office, one of the first orders was this: Anyone who calls the White House for help due to difficulties is not allowed to hang up. There has to be someone here to talk to the other person.That puts his letters from the masses among the most distinguished in the history of American presidency.There is a letter that reads: Dear Mr. President: This letter is just to let you know that everything is now in order.The person you sent found our house, and we went with him to the bank, and the bank promised to pay back the deposit later.You must remember that I said in my last letter that the furniture had also been taken away.The man you sent also brought back these furniture for us.I have never heard of a president like you. Yeah, no one has ever heard of such a president.Roosevelt received letters from the masses every day, ranging from five thousand to eight thousand, ten times that of Hoover.A congressman compared him to Jesus.According to a poll conducted among New York elementary school children, he was the most popular, followed by God, who received far less votes.The American people did feel that Roosevelt considered them his friends.A total of 41 popular songs were sung to him at the time.When he strapped on his leg braces and stood in public, someone actually reached out and touched the hem of his cape to pay their respects.New York City performed the opera "It's Happy to Die", the actors sang a song at the curtain call, and actually changed the original text of the lyrics "Let Wintergreen be the president" to "Roosevelt is the president", and the audience stood up and applauded every time they heard it.Anne O'Hare McCormick wrote in the New York Times: "Never has a president been so hopeful in so short a time." Even Pierre Dupont and William Lennon Dolph Hurst cheered up too.A financial tycoon told John Flynn that he thought Roosevelt was the greatest leader since the death of Jesus, and he regretted that he had voted wrongly for Hoover and asked God to forgive him.Walter Lippmann also revised his original estimate, writing: "We in the country, who once believed nothing and nobody, have regained confidence in the government and in the country in a week's time." Roosevelt's charm attracted a large number of bright and promising young people from various universities and institutions to Washington.The places that provide food and lodging in the capital suddenly became a booming industry. The brownstones along G and R Streets, New Hampshire Avenue and 21st Street were converted into dormitories for New Deal bachelors.The conformists in the capital couldn't help feeling terrified.Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. was later told of this: "A bunch of nasty young lawyers have taken up residence in Washington. . . Well, it’s endless. I still don’t understand why these people came here, what they did after they came, and why they left.” Some of these people never leave once they come, and some leave and come back to do other things.Among those gathered under the banner of the New Deal that day was Dean Acheson, Secretary of State from 1949 to 1953. --Translator-- Undersecretary of the Treasury; ——Translator—— Young attorney at the Justice Department; Hubert Humphrey later Vice President in Johnson's administration. —Translator, who gave up the study of pharmacy to work in relief; and Henry Fowler, a young attorney for the Tennessee Valley Authority.Among the ablest new recruits was Lyndon Johnson, executive assistant to Representative Richard Kleiberg of Texas.Johnson attracted public attention by convincing the U.S. government to let Texas farmers take the lead in shoveling some of their cotton in favor of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration's measures to reduce surplus agricultural products. In the New Deal there were also second-rate notables like Sam Rosenman, Rexford Tugwell, Adolph Burleigh, Iron Pants Johnson, Harold Ickes and Ray Morley.Ickes had a well-known nickname of "Quick", and he secretly liked the nickname, but he didn't know that Roosevelt called him "Donald Duck" behind his back.Ray Morley rented a room in a hotel in Washington, and he was the smartest of the lot.Those of lesser repute scorned him by paraphrasing the psalm: Molly! Molly! Molly! My God! The original text of the hymn is "Holy, Holy, Holy, my God!" The English word "Holy" (holy) is homophonic to "Moley". - translator The Ministry of Agriculture is particularly aggressive.The new general counsel, Jerome Frank, recruited a group of talented young lawyers: Thurmond Arnold, Abbe Fortas, Adlai Stevenson, Nathaniel Ware, John Abbott, Nathan Witt, Lee Pressman, and Pressman's classmate at Harvard Law School, Alger Hiss.Some people in other departments of the government admire them very much and think that most of them will be successful in the future, especially Heath. Heath, Pressman, Witt, Abbott, and Weil were members of a Communist cell that met secretly in a Connecticut Avenue music room.It is not surprising that these few people have studied the new government and found it somewhat elusive.They believed that Morley was a fanatical liberal, while Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace was strongly opposed to the recognition of Russia.At that time, the United States did not recognize the Soviet government as a legitimate government. ——Translator Wallace believes that communism creates class antagonisms, which is very similar to Al Smith.But the most puzzling thing is the president himself.When he first took office, Roosevelt advocated experimentation, but remained conservative, and the measures he adopted in the early days of the New Deal had strong support from the center right.It is also inexplicable that his first move after turning around the bank was to introduce a bill that would cut veterans' pensions and salaries of government personnel, including MPs. Roosevelt established the Civilian Resource Conservation Corps, which was well received by conservatives.This team organizes poor teenagers to participate in soil and water conservation work, so that everyone has work to do.A spokesman for the Communist Party called it "forced labour," and William Green, the leader of the AFL, said it smacked of "Fascism, Hitlerism, and some kind of Sovietism."But the Civilian Resource Conservation Corps was Roosevelt's favorite work, and thanks to the Army's assistance, it did well when it was established.This work was organized by MacArthur.George Marshall, then a colonel, had come to Roosevelt's attention because of his success in running seventeen brigades in the southern states. (Major Eisenhower ran into trouble in Pennsylvania because he gave important positions to Republicans without considering party affiliation.) In the end, a total of 2.5 million young people participated in this team and put on grass-green uniforms.They completed the shelter belt envisioned by Roosevelt, from Texas in the south to Canada in the north, planting 200 million trees. On April 19, Roosevelt abolished the gold standard, which was not very popular among the right.It now appears that this was due to the superstition of gold at that time.For centuries, European and American countries have clinged to gold, thinking it is a symbol of Western culture.In Queen Victoria's time, the gold standard became the characteristic of a strong country, and the silver standard a characteristic of a backward country.Some Republicans call the currency devaluation plan "the rubber standard plan." "Eraser" is American slang for having no value. — translator.Al Smith says he's for the "gold standard" and against the "bragging standard."Roosevelt's budget administrator also said that the abolition of the gold standard would mean "the destruction of Western civilization."However, when the dollar fell by 11.5% (17% in the summer of the same year and then stabilized), the United States was able to compete in the world market with the European countries that were already on the path of inflation.Most people don't understand this point, but the big bosses on Wall Street do.Charles G. Dawes applauded repealing the gold standard, as did the leaders of the Republican Party. J.P. Morgan had an old partner named Russell Leffingwell, who wrote to Roosevelt and said: "You gave up the gold standard and saved this country from total collapse." Morgan himself did not allow people to criticize Roosevelt. , he said in a rare public statement: "I welcome the president's supposed abandonment of the gold standard...it seems clear that those who advocate deflationary currency must be refuted and defeated if the Great Depression is to be reversed." But no matter what the measure is, as long as it is subject to the location of the company belonging to the Morgan Consortium of No. 23 on Wall Street, it is used here to represent the monopoly capital group. ——The translator's welcome can hardly be called revolutionary, or even enlightened.Roosevelt did not really turn left until late March, when he asked Congress to approve the Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Federal Emergency Relief Act.He signed the laws on May 12, his 65th day in office. The Farm Adjustment Act was enacted in response to a farmer uprising in Iowa, using reduced yields to raise farm prices.Giving money to subsidize farmers and tell them to plant less land is obviously contrary to common sense.The following words of Wallace represented the opinions of millions of people at that time: "I hope that this will never be done again. It is against the conscience of mankind to destroy the crops that grow well." However, the four A month later, he had to order the slaughter of six million piglets.He had no choice but to do so, and said it was a consequence of the wrong policies of Coolidge and Hoover in the past (Roosevelt also joked that pigs should also be birth-controlled). There were even more debates about the long-term impact of the federal government's relief.But Harry Hopkins said unceremoniously in a congressional hearing: "People don't eat in the 'long run'. They have to eat every day." , engaged in social welfare work in New York, contributed to the work against the Great Depression, and maintained a close relationship with Roosevelt after the end of the New Deal.He entered the government under the stairs.It turned out that he couldn't see the president at first, so he took Labor Secretary Frances Perkins to a corner under the stairs to talk when she was attending a party in New York with a large number of guests (at that time, the voice was noisy, and only under the stairs to hear the conversation).He explained to her that it was imperative for the federal government to provide relief.So Miss Perkins recommended him to Roosevelt, and Roosevelt submitted his proposal to Congress.When the plan was proposed, the Republicans were all taken aback.Senator Robert Luce of Massachusetts said: That's "the socialist thing."Senator Carol Beetty of Maine cried out: "God save the American people!" But since the God of the Republicans failed, they had to listen to Roosevelt. On May 22, Roosevelt brought Hopkins to Washington.From then on, the federal government's relief business began and ended in 1942. During this period, the agency, name changed several times (Civil Engineering Administration, Engineering Development Administration, Public Works Administration), and the leadership also changed several times (first Hopkins, then Ickes, and finally Hopkins again).At that time, Hopkins said bluntly: "I came to Washington to make sure that no one starved." New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia laughed at those who opposed the relief and said: "I went to the market, Buy a parrot for two dollars, and you can teach it to say 'Free! Free! Free' in a day! But parrots never understand economic problems in their lives." Roosevelt's relief business is based on work, the opposition said This is free and encourages laziness. — translator.However, those who opposed the relief did not show weakness. Their words against the relief cause were much harsher than "free money".The sweatshop owners of the North and the plantation owners of the South were furious that they had no source of cheap labor.The trick of upper-middle-class critics who imagined that dole recipients were slobs leaning on shovels or rakes was to distort the ambiguous word "boondoggle."事情是这样的：有一个名叫罗伯特·马歇尔的手工课教师在纽约市参议会调查会上作证，他说他教过一些失业的人做“扳倒搁” 。所谓“扳倒搁”是1925年一个童子军领队发明的，指的是童子军野营中有实用价值的作业，例如用绳子编带子。谁知没有几天，全国报纸的社论就都嘲笑说，办救济就是让人们“扳倒搁”，而且轰动一时，弄得成千成万的读者以为(直到今天还以为)霍普金斯和伊克斯的成绩只不过是为了救济失业的人，找点什么事给他们干干而已。 其实，两位主管救济的人都是讨厌人们吃闲饭的，尤其是霍普金斯。他认为只给救济，不给活干，会使人们丧失自尊心。只要听到妇女们说：“我们不再靠救济了，我丈夫在为政府干活，”他就十分高兴。就大多数情况来说，人们确实是在干活，而且干的是艰苦活。民政工程署、工程兴办署和公共工程署的资金，先后投入3万个以上的新办工程和事业，诸如请教师，兴水利，设邮局，筑桥梁，办监狱，修机场，打下水道和涵洞，开辟公共游泳池、运动场和儿童游乐场，兴建发电厂和火车站，等等。全国新建公路的10%，新开医院的35%，新建市府大楼、法院大厦和新设医疗设施的65%，新办学校的70%，都是霍普金斯任内那几年搞出来的。这么一来，丹佛市才有了供水系统，俄亥俄州马斯金格姆河流域才有了拦洪工程，得克萨斯州布朗施维尔市才有了港口，基韦斯特市才有了公路和桥梁，接通了市区和大陆上的佛罗里达州。 工程兴办署(以及它的前身和后继机构)投资于私人企业力所不及的各种工程，使整个美国的面貌为之一变。建成了哈得孙河下面的林肯隧道，把纽约市和新泽西州连接起来；建成了纽约三镇桥，把曼哈顿和长岛连接起来；把宾夕法尼亚铁路改为电气化。它出钱试制了第一批柴油机。由于有工程兴办署，华盛顿才有了动物园、林阴大道和联邦贸易委员会大厦。如果没有工程兴办署所组织的工程队，就没有加利福尼亚州的卡马里洛精神病院，没有肯塔基州的诺克斯堡金库，没有旧金山的博览会会场，没有达拉斯市的迪利广场，没有圣路易斯市的花卉馆，也没有哥伦比亚河上的波恩尼维尔水坝和科罗拉多河的博尔德水坝。为了建设博尔德水坝，有近二百名工人丧失了生命。这个水坝连共和党人也非常感兴趣，1946年他们再次控制国会时，就将它改名为胡佛水坝。兴办所有这些工程，总共开支还不到200亿元——只相当于尼克松首届政府五角大楼年度预算的1/4。 据《陆海军纪事报》日后的报道，那几年里，由于军事拨款一般极少，许多陆军兵营和海军基地也全靠工程兴办署的工人才免于失修。没有工程兴办署的各项建设工程，美国经济在二次大战期间和战后就不能那样发展。没有田纳西河流域工程(这是罗斯福的百日新政期间的遐想之一)，那两颗结束第二次大战的原子弹也就制造不出来。当然，原子弹有其利弊，但是我们不能忽视下面这个事实：苏联到了50年代中期肯定会掌握核武器的生产技术的。固然，制造原子弹不是兴办田纳西河工程的主要目标，它开始只是沿河建筑一系列水坝，向本流域内的居民供应和出售电力。但是结果是防止了河水侵蚀300万英亩的农田土壤，把整个流域居民的平均收入提高了九倍，而且原来投入工程的资金已以缴纳联邦税的方式全部偿还。这项建设本是参议员乔治·诺里斯多年来梦寐以求的，但是计划的实现还是靠罗斯福。罗斯福刚到白宫，各事未定，就给诺里斯写信说：“一俟目前这批紧急法案搞完”，就希望他来谈谈有关“ 田纳西流域的发展计划”。有这样一位总统在，人们自然会感到，无论想做什么事都是可以做到的。 不过也有做不到的事。银行可以保住，农民可以得救，挨饿的人可以给饭吃，奔腾澎湃的田纳西河可以驯服，但是美国是一个工业国，工业上有许多问题却不是凭法律可以解决的。罗斯福也曾试过一下，在他的新政措施中，全国复兴总署是费了最大气力来办的。不能认为它彻底失败了，因为它鼓舞了人心，而且由于加强了劳工组织，可以说对经济最后能够复兴是起了很大作用的。它虽则没有达到罗斯福原来的期望(显然没有)，可是确实使全国有如战时一般，暂时团结起来了。全国复兴总署的历史，有点像一场足球赛，派出的球队虽然十分出色，最后却输了球。休·约翰逊将军一开头就预测将来的结果，他打了个用语杂乱而寓意巧妙的比方：“开头是看烟火，后来是放冷箭。干这件事，好比睡在断头台上跟人打赌，希望万中得一，刀子下不来。” 约翰逊是新政派中风头最健的人物，罗斯福选中了它负责主持全国复兴总署工作。这个机构之所以没有取得多少成就，也许是由于他那种“老子天下第一”的态度。谁碍他的事，他就骂人，说人家是“血里带着耗子气味”，“国务院里油头粉面的花花公子”，“靠说空话、蠢话、废话吃饭的家伙”，等等。他还把商业部大厦的办公室比做联邦火车站的收小费的厕所，因此开罪了胡佛。不过，全国复兴计划之不易成功，在5月7日罗斯福的第二次炉边谈话中就可以听出来了。当时总统提到要办全国复兴总署，说他要求企业界和政府“合作，共同拟订计划”， 政府在各个工业绝大多数从业人员的协助下，“有权制止不公道的做法，并强制执行所订立的协议”。 罗斯福的目的是要消除你死我活的竞争和女工童工的残酷待遇，这是正派的企业家人人都可以接受的。问题是，由资方按工业种类订立法规，当然就意味着要停止对托拉斯进行斗争，要恢复资方定价制。劳工方面很不安，于是约翰逊只好听从了铁路员工协会总顾问唐纳德·里奇伯格的劝告，在《全国复兴法》中加上第七条第一款这一历史性的条文这一项条文的主要内容是：工人有“组织和通过他们自己选择的代表进行集体谈判工资的权利”；不得限制工人加入自己选择的工会作为受雇条件；雇主应遵守总统批准的有关工资、工时等规定。——译者，使集体谈判合法化，从而推动了30年代工人运动的发展。对于将来要发生的事，大企业家这时已有预感。全国制造商协会和美国商会在参议院的听证会上对这一条表示了强烈反对。于是罗斯福把赞同和反对的两派代表请到白宫开会，就条文的措辞取得了协议。会议结束时，第七条第一款条文原封未动，这并不是一个吉兆。企业家们和他们在国会里的代言人之所以同意，是因为他们当中有些人认为，一切自由竞争都应该停止。正如琼斯—拉姆森机械公司当时的经理拉尔夫·弗兰德斯所说，他们“完全相信，要复兴和繁荣，就非限制竞争不可”。 “铁裤汉”约翰逊的宣传工作干得很出色，所以1933年过了大半， 人家还没注意到隐藏着的棘手问题。一次，亨利·华莱士跟约翰逊谈话， 谈到印第安人所崇拜的一种神鸟，约翰逊就以印第安人的表意文字为蓝本，画了一只蓝鹰作为全国复兴总署的标志，在下面写上“人尽其责” 这句话。他在对报界谈话时提出了严重警告：“不管个人还是团体，谁要是不尊重这只神鸟，后果自负。”凡是遵守他所制定的法规的企业， 可以在厂门店门挂上蓝鹰徽。开汽车上街的消费者则在挡风玻璃贴上这个图案。《时代》周刊每期封面上也印上了蓝鹰徽。有四个女孩在背上刺了蓝鹰花纹。在旧金山垒球场上，八千个儿童排队组成了一个巨大的蓝鹰徽。巴斯比·伯克利也不落后，将《舞台大观》的最后一场改写，让鲁比·基勒、狄克·鲍威尔、琼·布隆代尔和好莱坞全体临时演员排队，先排成美国国旗图案，然后组成罗斯福像，最后排成蓝鹰徽。凡此种种无不令人眼花缭乱，兴高采烈，加之约翰逊将军又到全国四处奔走，要各行各业把法规一个个签订了下来，真是煞有介事。 在很大程度上，确实如此。1933年仲夏，在全国复兴总署领导下， 已经有一百万雇主签名表示愿意遵守全行业性劳动工资规程，有九百多万工人依照这些规程干活。但是这些雇主绝大部分是小企业主。在纺织、采煤、石油、钢铁、汽车、木材、服装、批发商业、零售商业和建筑这十个最大的行业中，只有纺织业签订了行规，而且是经过六个星期的尽力劝说以后才签下来的。新政班子里也出现了一些不同意见。霍普金斯对约翰逊说：“休，你那些法规好讨厌!”不管什么蓝鹰不蓝鹰，煤矿的私雇警察照样向矿工开枪，亨利·福特也不肯“尽”他那一份“责”啊。约翰逊一气之下，把自己那辆福特公司的“林肯”牌车卖掉，另买一辆通用汽车公司的“卡迪拉克”牌。罗斯福下令，所有政府部门只许向那些跟全国复兴总署合作的企业购货。有个记者问约翰逊，如果有人拒绝遵守法规，那会怎样呢·约翰逊抹了抹嘴上的啤酒沫，恶狠狠地说：“ 当心他们的鼻梁给打扁!” 后来“将军”又改变了策略。他发起了一个全国性的运动，要求所有雇主先表示同意，让工人每周工作40小时，每周最低工资12美元，正式的法规留待以后再订。1933年7月24日，罗斯福在炉边谈话里专门谈了这个问题。他说：“打起仗来，如果进行夜袭，士兵们都在肩上带上个耀眼的标志，免得误伤自己人。根据这个原则，那些跟我们合作，参加全国复兴运动的人，也要彼此一望而知。”他的意思很清楚：要么“尽你那一份责任”，要么当心挨揍。全国复兴运动这时已经开始有点像教会传播福音了。波士顿市市长詹姆斯·迈克尔·柯里把10万名儿童集合在波士顿广场，带领他们宣誓说：“我要做一个美国的好公民，保证为全国复兴运动尽自己的一份义务，买东西只在蓝鹰商店里买。我一定劝家里人在9月份买东西当时约翰逊发起了一个叫做“现在就买东西”的运动。——译者，而且只买美国货。我决心帮助罗斯福总统，让美国重新过上好日子!” 在全国范围内，凡是有点公民荣誉感的城市居民都举行了支持复兴运动的游行，并且有许多彩车，有演奏着《幸福的日子又来了》的乐队。纽约的游行队伍，比所有其他城市的规模更大，有25万人参加，走了十个小时，观众达200万。交响乐团指挥沃尔特·达姆罗希是广播工作者的领队，查尔斯·温宁格是演员的领队，艾尔·乔尔森是电影从业人员的领队。参加游行的还有1000名理发师，1万名银行家、经纪人和交易所职工，2万成衣工人。检阅台上放了50只信鸽，给罗斯福带去贺信。天黑了，第五大道灯光亮了，但是参加游行的人还不断地从华盛顿广场步伐整齐地走出来，其中有杂货商、珠宝商、当铺老板、屠户、消防队员、 警察、图书馆员、药房老板、出版商和酒吧间的招待员等等。全国别的地方同样也可以感觉到这一股热潮。在塔尔萨市，休·约翰逊的77岁老母亲走在游行队伍前面，边走边向人们打招呼说：“大家最好服从全国复兴总署的指挥。我那小子干起来可是雷厉风行的，雷往哪儿打，谁也说不准。”海伍德·布龙报道说：各地参加游行的人都感到有希望，有信心。“人们排起队来，肩并肩地站齐，就产生一种亲密团结的感觉。” 忽然之间，约翰逊将军办公室里收到了一批又一批的法规草案，总数竟达200万份。除汽车制造业和采煤业外，所有主要工业部门都支持复兴运动了。跟着，汽车制造业也参加进来了(只有福特公司除外)。最后参加的是采煤业。人们热情洋溢，连胡佛也正式表示赞助了。 但是，逆流来了。胡佛改变了主意，认为全国复兴总署那一套是极权主义的做法。工商界攻击它是“偷偷摸摸搞社会主义”，工会领袖们骂它是“工商界的法西斯主义”。威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特甚至说，NRA(全国复兴总署)这个略语的真实意思是“禁止复兴”(NoRecoveryAllowed) 。《哈泼斯》月刊的一位撰稿人到四个州调查了一下，发现有些挂着蓝鹰徽的公司，实际在肆意违反所签订的法规。已签订的700种法规中，有568种规定由企业主们确定价格，这可能是霍普金斯原先的设想。沃尔特·李普曼对全国复兴总署作了这样的评论：“权力过度集中，个人独裁作风，使人觉得美国经济生活中出现了官僚主义统治，而大起反感。” 这是怎么回事呢·这一年的前半年，好多专栏评论家和企业家原来都曾要求罗斯福实行独裁。那时和现在不同之处，就在于罗斯福已经把美国的局面扭转了。他之所以挨骂，正是因为成绩巨大。他当总统的头四个月里，联邦储备委员会的经过调整的工业生产指数已由59上升到100。 经纪人说这是“罗斯福一手创造出来的市场”。3月份时，好多人有气无力，惊魂不定，不敢反对约翰逊；现在他们腰杆硬了，敢于说话了。《 柯里尔》周刊写道：“我们已经经历了一场翻天覆地的变化，感到很满意。”《文摘》杂志欢呼说：“股票债券大涨价，增值达几百万元。小麦、玉米和其他产品的价格也都回升了，饱受大萧条折磨的农民又多了几百万元的收入。”这个刊物没有提到农业调整管理局，实际上是这个局促使农产品价格上涨的。只有《纽约时报》明白指出：罗斯福已经挽救了一场史无前例的绝大危局，赢得了个人的大胜利。“他之所以能够这样，是因为在美国人心目中，罗斯福竟有呼风唤雨的本领。那时不管总统要怎么干，全国都愿听命，甚至求之不得。罗斯福总统发表了一篇又一篇勇敢的演说，取得了一个又一个巨大的成就，这使他获得了千百万美国人的颂扬，异口同声称之为天赐的时代巨人。”雷·莫利说：是罗斯福挽救了资本主义。 人们对总统的地位和作用的看法也变了。罗斯福每次坐车到国会，路上的人都热烈鼓掌。从前当过胡佛总统四年的警卫的特工人员理查德·杰维斯说：“现在又听到人们向总统鼓掌了，我很开心。”8月，罗斯福轻松愉快地在记者招待会上宣布：“我有个大喜讯告诉大家。”原来政府发行年息三点二五厘的5亿元公债(这是1931年9月以来财政部第一次发行的长期公债)，认购总数竟超额五倍。要是在一年前，这种事情说了谁也不相信。不管赫斯特系报怎么诋毁罗斯福，这是工商界对新政充满信心的铁证。自1929年以来，这是企业界第一次给期票贴现。干吗不贴现·罗斯福同大萧条的斗争，看来势不可挡。国会听他的话，哈佛大学的宪法学教授托马斯·里德·鲍威尔也公开说：“依我看，如果最高法院根据其脚踏实地的判断，想要支持立法机关或行政机关以某种方式行使权力， 这在宪法学上是有充分根据可以这样做的。”如果鲍威尔教授不懂宪法，还有谁懂呢·那就只有最高法院的首席法官查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯了。可惜，当时竟没有人想起要去请教他。休斯后来反对新政。——译者 美国人物画像埃莉诺〓〓她父亲是西奥多·罗斯福的兄弟，母亲是出名的美人。她生于1884年，取名安娜·埃莉诺·罗斯福。“太伤心了，”谁都这么说。孩子太丑了。 凡是客人来访，埃莉诺就咬着手指躲在一边，总要等母亲叫：“进来吧，老奶奶!”这才出来。母亲于是向客人解释：“这孩子真怪，古板极了，我们都叫她老奶奶。”这时埃莉诺真想钻进地里去。 她八岁时，母亲害白喉死了；九岁，父亲又因酒精中毒去世，于是就被送到外婆家寄养。外婆家教极严，埃莉诺15岁以前从没有跟年龄相仿的人做过朋友。 18岁那一年，她开始进入社交界。社交界为之哗然。她身高近六英尺，声音高亢刺耳，门牙外露，什么化妆品也不用。她有时无缘无故吃吃地笑，有时又莫名其妙地凄然泪下。家人说，这孩子准是傻了，所以远亲富兰克林·罗斯福虽然已经向她求婚，但富兰克林的母亲萨拉却竭力反对了三年才同意这门亲事。 1905年3月17日结婚，由伯父西奥多主婚。她继承了伯父的异乎常人的精力。谁都在议论，一个女人家这样子，不对头。而她的精力是怎样使用的，大家也不以为然。有人问她，为不为家务烦心·她说：“我每天用在家务上的时间很少超过15分钟。”她的工夫都花在穷人身上去了。 因此，1913年她离家外出之际，她那年轻的丈夫爱上了她聘用的一位每天来帮忙一段时间的社会工作秘书露西·默塞尔。 1920年，露西同一个有钱的老头拉瑟弗德结了婚。1921年，罗斯福因小儿麻痹症两腿瘫痪。萨拉要儿子放弃社会活动，回海德公园村过残废人的生活。但是医生对埃莉诺说，罗斯福应该重返政界，她可以充当丈夫的得力助手。婆媳两人为此争执不下。埃莉诺自己参加了妇女工会联盟，后来又舍命为民主党工作。她对罗斯福说：“你一定要努力争取当州长。”在家里，本来是萨拉说了算，现在渐渐不行了。萨拉写信给兄弟说：“现在富兰克林只听埃莉诺的了。” 罗斯福果然当上了州长，随后又做了总统。 在举行总统就职典礼时，罗斯福特地安排漂亮的露西·默塞尔·拉瑟弗德坐在前排贵宾席上，还让她乘坐专用汽车。 就职典礼一结束，埃莉诺就去“补偿金远征军”的第二营地访问。 她同那里的退伍军人一道唱歌。事后，这些人议论说：“胡佛派军队来打我们，罗斯福派夫人来看我们。” 罗斯福难得到各地旅行，所以这位第一夫人便年行4万英里，发表演说，巡视贫民区，参观幼儿园和青年游乐园，访问劳苦佃农。她一回来，富兰克林就不厌其详地向她打听见闻。他很风趣地给了她一个特工代号：“罗浮”(Rover)意思是“漫游者”。 — translator. 《纽约人》周刊上登过一幅漫画，画的是一个矿工瞪大了眼睛对另一个矿工说：“我的天哪，过来的不是罗斯福夫人吗·” 埃莉诺不在家时，露西就去探望罗斯福。 在华盛顿，埃莉诺每周定期在白宫二楼条约厅举行一次女记者招待会。她的专栏文章《我的一天》在135家报纸上同时发表。她为《妇女家庭良友》杂志每期写一页长的问答栏的专稿。她在广播界的地位，仅次于罗斯福本人。“甜心”牌香皂、“席梦思”牌弹簧床垫、“约翰斯· 曼维尔”牌建筑材料、“塞尔比”牌皮鞋和“庞德”牌冷霜的厂商出钱请她每周作两次广告，报酬全部捐赠美国友谊服务委员会。某次，她在同一时间在白宫举行两个招待会，两处有门相通，她这边跑跑，那边待待，来回招呼客人。 罗斯福同露西相会，一般是在乔治城和阿林顿市郊外路上。有一次，总统的专车本来是从华盛顿开到海德公园村去的，但是为了到露西的庄园和她见面，特地绕道到新泽西州阿拉默奇地方一个很少使用的铁路支线去。 这时埃莉诺心里已经明白，她同罗斯福之间非但不可能什么深情， 就连比较密切的关系也谈不上。 “平静的背后无不隐藏着压抑的痛苦。”这是埃莉诺最喜欢引用的一句话。 在钦佩她的人眼中，她是慈母，贤妻，政界人物，女政治家，新闻记者，同时又是第一夫人，几位一体，而且往往同时一身数任。比起罗斯福来，她更能打破常规，更同情下层的人，在政治立场上总是更左一些。她曾在海德公园村同丘吉尔辩论：维护战后世界的和平最好的办法是什么。丘吉尔说是英美联盟，埃莉诺说是提高全世界人民的生活水平。 不满埃莉诺的人(以韦斯特布鲁克·佩格勒为首)说她“爱管闲事” 、“空谈改革”、“无病呻吟”。有些漫画家竭力丑化她。有些捉弄她的笑话十分无情，例如：“尽管隔一道篱笆，埃莉诺也能咬到苹果。” 驻英大使约瑟夫·肯尼迪抱怨说，埃莉诺老是麻烦他，“她经常来信， 要我邀请一位叫什么苏西·格洛茨小姐的难民来使馆喝茶。” 一天，埃莉诺问罗斯福，她自己那么心直口快，是否成了他的包袱( 这时她正仗义执言，说美国人民应有参加共产党的权利)。罗斯福笑着回答说：“太太，我们是自由国家嘛!” 罗斯福在佐治亚州温泉逝世的噩耗传来之时，埃莉诺正在华盛顿参加一个妇女界活跃分子的集会。 回白宫后，她听说罗斯福弥留之际露西一直在他身边。她哭了一会儿，然后像往常一样，又安静下来了。 父母、婆婆、丈夫都刺伤了她的心，于是她便来关心全人类。她继续写专栏稿，先后出版了15本书，改革了民主党的塔马尼俱乐部，并在杜鲁门和艾森豪威尔两届总统任内担任美国派驻联合国的代表。她年复一年被美国妇女界选为最受敬仰的妇女，而且据盖洛普专搞民意测验的。——译者报道，在全世界各地，她都是最得人心的妇女。 74岁那年，埃莉诺写道：“我们必须光复我们作为世界领袖的形象。我们必须共同努力，利用一切知识来为全人类服务。只要能做到这一点，我们就什么都不怕了。” 四年以后，她逝世了。艾德莱·史蒂文森致悼词说：“她的光辉给全世界带来了温暖。”联合国大会为她肃立默哀。她跟罗斯福一道安葬在海德公园村的园地里。罗斯福之后的三任总统，杜鲁门、艾森豪威尔、肯尼迪都参加了葬礼，低头默哀。合葬墓前立着一块碑，上面刻着她自己选定的碑文：“我们惟一引为恐惧的，只是恐惧本身。” 露西没有来。14年前，她在纽约一家医院里去世了。