Chapter 110 History of the Palace Outside the Qing Dynasty (14-1)

Vietnam was officially enshrined by the Qing Dynasty in the 18th year of Shunzhi, when it recognized Li Weiqi, who claimed to be king in September of the previous year, as "King Annan".In the eighth year of Jiaqing, Annan was changed to Vietnam. King Nguyen Fuying, whose reign name was Gialong, was called "Emperor Gialong" by the Vietnamese people, and he was a British lord. When Nguyen Phu Anh was unifying the "Three Qis" in Vietnam, he entrusted a Catholic priest to ask for assistance from France, and signed a treaty with King Louis XVI, wishing to cut off the land as a reward. Later, the legal aid did not arrive, so the treaty was of course not required to be fulfilled, but the power of France But it went into Vietnam.

Since Emperor Gia Long, the three emperors of the Nguyen Dynasty did not like France and Catholicism.Therefore, during the reigns of Daoguang and Xianfeng, Vietnam, like China, often made religious cases.In the years when the British and French allied forces invaded China, the French navy incidentally captured the city in Vietnam. Therefore, in the summer of the first year of Tongzhi, Vietnam was forced to sign a treaty with France. ceded to any country other than France. France made progress and annexed the whole of Nanqi five years later, but was still not satisfied, and planned to seize Beiqi, leaving only Zhongqi to Vietnam.In the twelfth year of Tongzhi, Hanoi was captured with an excuse, and the Vietnamese government sent a famous general to resist the French army.The name of this member is Liu Yongfu, who is Chinese.

Liu Yongfu, whose real name is Ye, styled Yuanting, was originally from Qinzhou, Guangdong, and settled in Shangsi, Guangxi.I followed "Hong Yang" in the early years, Hong Yang failed, and the rest of the crowd scattered. Among them, there was a man named Wu Kun who led thousands of others and entered Vietnam. Liu Yongfu was under his command.As soon as Wu Kun died, Liu Yongfu took more than 200 people over the mountain to Gaoping Province, Vietnam, and set up his own banner, which was made of black cloth, and was named "Black Banner Army". Liu Yongfu was born short and thin, not only brave and heroic, good at caring for his subordinates, but also good at magic tricks, resourceful and decisive. He overcame obstacles in Beiqi, recruited troops and bought horses, and his power became stronger day by day. The king of Vietnam, Ruan Hongzhu, specially recruited him. Legend has it that he was recruited as a son-in-law. , is quite dependent.At this time, he was ordered to defend the law and met outside the west gate of Hanoi. The French general An Ye was defeated and retreated to the vicinity of the city gate. When Liu Yongfu's vanguard Wu Fengdian arrived, he chopped off his head.This happened in the winter of the twelfth year of Tongzhi.

After An Ye's death, France became more cautious and sent civil officials to handle the aftermath and start negotiations. Because China adopted a non-interference attitude, France and Vietnam signed a new treaty. At the end of the first month of the thirteenth year of Tongzhi, the French-Vietnamese peace and alliance treaty concluded in Saigon. The important clauses are: first, France recognizes Vietnam as an independent country; second, Hanoi and other cities are designated as commercial ports; third, the Red River is opened. , that is, France has the right to navigate freely from the Fuliang River to Hanoi: Fourth, Vietnam's foreign affairs are supervised by France and must not have any affiliation with other countries.This was entirely for the purpose of excluding China, and the imperial court had no time to look around at a time when negotiations with Japan were being strained because of the Taiwan Fanshe incident, and only issued a secret decree to Liu Changyou, the governor of Guangxi, to "stick to the border".

However, Vietnam was not convinced by the French alliance, so on the one hand, it still paid tribute to China; To win, set up a bureau to collect taxes to help the army pay. In France, Liu Yongfu was naturally regarded as a thorn in his side, and he wanted to get rid of it quickly, but Liu Yongfu remained unwavering after using troops again and again.At the same time, due to China's call for words, the imperial court gradually paid more attention to the Vietnam situation. It was stated that Zeng Jize, the minister in France, had notified the French government that he would not recognize the French-Vietnamese treaty in the 13th year of Tongzhi, and secretly ordered Yunnan and Guangxi to send troops to support Liu. Yongfu.In this way, at the end of the seventh year of Guangxu, because of Zeng Jize's telegram, saying that France was seeking to occupy the northern border of Vietnam and intends to trade with Yunnan, which could not be ignored, the Prime Minister's Office requested a decree and sent Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang, Liu Changyou, Liu Kunyi, and Zhang Shusheng to meet Dealer.

Among the five border ministers, except for Li Hongzhang, they were all leading the battle, and their speeches were naturally more passionate. Even Zeng Jize, the minister in France, advocated a tough attitude towards France.However, whether it was talking about foreign affairs or coastal defense, Prince Gong always respected Li Hongzhang's opinion, so he was still prudent when negotiating with France.In this way, at the beginning of March, Li Hongzhang and Ding You refused to obey the edict of seizing love. At this time, France took action in Vietnam. French Navy Captain Li Willy led a team of 450 people and captured Hanoi.

Negotiations and war preparations went hand in hand as usual, but before Zeng Jize made protests and demands to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the French army returned Hanoi to Vietnam and occupied it for a total of six days.The more this is the case, the more it seems that France has ulterior motives, speculates about the reasons, or uses it to show favor to Vietnam, and further requests for amendments to the treaty. The purpose of the amendments is to expel Liu Yongfu and ask China to trade with Yunnan.Therefore, the discussion of the main battle is raging again, and the court's gestures are also heading towards the road of breaking up at all costs.

The first step was to mobilize officials from Southwest China. Zeng Guoquan was reinstated and acted as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. The governor of Yunnan and Guizhou Liu Changyou was old and addicted to opium. "Tang Desperate" Tang Jiong also released the Yunnan Feudal Secretary.At the same time, Li Hongzhang was not allowed to return to his hometown to serve three years of mourning. He was only allowed to return to Tianjin to be stationed after a hundred days of leave. Of course, Qingliu will not stop talking about this important matter. Zhang Peilun and Chen Baochen jointly wrote a note: "The more the border is preserved, the better to plan for a long-term strategy". It is used to "pacify the countries and tie the three sides", or it can deter France.The "important ministers" were naturally Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, who chose one of them as an imperial envoy to be stationed in Guangdong and Guangxi to supervise the affairs of Fayue.

Under this policy, there are four more programs. In addition to the military affairs of "water collection division" and "emphasis on land routes", it also advocates "union with the country", saying that Germany and France are feuding, and Germany should be united to make law, and the joint German He said, might as well order iron wheels from Germany and buy more guns. The first strategy is positive, and the second strategy is strange. The use of strange soldiers is to attack the west. Zhang Peilun and Chen Baochen suggested: use Zuo Zongtang's Nanyang and Li Hongzhang's Beiyang two armies to pretend to deal with Japan with all their strength, and another simple and capable, "Secret Mail Take things from Yunnan and Guangdong", such as Peng Yulin, Ding Baozhen, and Zhang Zhidong can all be selected.If it is said that Zuo Zongtang or Li Hongzhang moved out of the town to the southwest, like Tao Kan in the Jin Dynasty moved to Guangzhou, and Guo Ziyi in the Tang Dynasty prepared to conquer Huihe, the focus was on prestige and deterring the enemy.Then the effect of using Peng Yulin and others is exactly the opposite. Just like Han Gaozu's recognition of Han Xin and Sun Quan's use of Lu Xun, the enemy is not very suspicious if he is not well-known.

Such a deployment can make France mistakenly think that China does not care much about the situation in Vietnam, and then take advantage of it by surprise, land and water, march into Vietnam and encircle the French army.After a stalemate for a long time, the French army was unable to support it, "the Germans were feared outside, and the soldiers were consumed internally." As long as France was given a little favor, they would surely be able to make peace.In the event of a small setback in the use of troops, important officials such as Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang are still there, and they can come forward to negotiate peace without great damage to the national system.

Although it's on paper, it's clear and logical.The memorial also tried to protect the Guangxi and Yunnan vassals. The Dian vassal was "Tang Desperate". The Guangxi vassal was called Xu Yanxu, who was from Linqing, Shandong. After half a month, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Shanxi, also made a secret call to respond, thinking that it is appropriate to recruit troops and send envoys to take precautions first. There are thirty-nine civil and military talents in total, and the first one is Zhang Peilun. This is the Qingliu of Li Hongzao's line, the state is the proposition put forward.Because of the main battle, Zuo and Li are highly regarded. In fact, Zuo Zongtang is still a companion, and Li Hongzhang is really important.However, Li Hongzhang refused to speak easily about his plans for peace and war. It depended on the internal and external situation. Soon, a mutiny broke out in the capital of North Korea, the royal palace was captured, and the Japanese legation was attacked.Japan decided to deal with it by force. Li Shuchang, the Chinese Minister in Japan, dealt with it quickly, and directly telegraphed the Governor of Zhili, Beiyang Minister Zhang Shusheng, thinking that China should also immediately "send a military ship to observe the change."So Zhang Shusheng negotiated with the Prime Minister's Yamen to send Wu Changqing, the admiral of the Guangdong Navy, Ding Ruchang, the registered admiral of the Beiyang Navy, and Ma Jianzhong, a Taoist priest, to North Korea to quell the chaos.Troubled things happened in southern Xinjiang, changes happened in the east, King Gong was worried and fell ill all of a sudden, while Jing Lian and Wang Wenshao were worried and overwhelmed at the beginning of the reimbursement case in Yunnan. strenuous. At this time, Tang Jingsong, the alternate head of the Ministry of Officials, posted a post, and Li Hongzao was overjoyed when he saw it.Talking with Zhang Peilun, Tang Jingsong's method is exactly what Zhang Peilun called "surprise soldiers". So Prince Gong and Bao Jun were persuaded to accept it, and Tang Jingsong was instructed to take the post as a memorial, and Li Hongzao played it as an official of the Ministry of Officials. Tang Jingsong was from Guanyang, Guangxi. He had a good understanding of the situation in Vietnam, and had a detailed discussion with Vietnam's tribute envoys. Therefore, this excerpt was considered "intellectual jargon" by Empress Dowager Cixi. Tang Jingsong said that "there is a most convenient way to save Vietnam", which is to reuse Liu Yongfu.The Empress Dowager Cixi has heard a lot about this person's name in the past few months, but when asked about his life, no one can give a complete account, so when she saw Tang Jingsong talking about Liu Yongfu, she paid special attention, and saw that it was written: "Liu Yongfu was a young man who was misbehaving. According to Vietnam Baosheng, his military title was 'Black Flag'. Vietnam was in charge of imperial law, and he won many battles. He beheaded him. The country conferred the post of deputy admiral. Taxes support soldiers, with 2,000 people under their command, who will not be ministers or rebels. Vietnam uses them urgently, and puts them away when they are slow, and Liu Yongfu is not very kind. In the past, officials in Xinjiang confiscated the power and gave it to them. There was no clear text, which was close to sloppy, and the Yue people were suspicious of it. Therefore, the governor Liu Changyou asked the king to trust him. The minister Wei Liu Yongfu is feared by the enemy, recommended by the border officials, and his subordinates are also brave and good at fighting. Since we are Chinese, how can we sink into a foreign land?Watching him wear fancy clothes as a Vietnamese official, you know that he does not forget China and has a heart of admiration for famous utensils; I heard that he has repeatedly wanted to return to sincerity, but there is no way to achieve it.If Ming is given an official position or the right to give him a title feather, he will be excited;If one's generation grew up in a barbaric wilderness, and hoped that Changhe would become the sky, he would be flattered and determined to follow suit, and would not dare to lose his virtue. However, there are a lot of inconveniences in the bookkeeping, and it must go to the place. The camera guides and then operates properly.Can you look up to the sage, send people there, and make a declaration face to face, that is, to make secret plans to defeat the enemy, and to enlighten the monarchs and ministers of the country at any time, to release their suspicions, and then to pay them.Liu Yongfu is strong and powerful, and he is not only the minion of the country, but also the dry city of our side. " Tang Jingsong said that "sending an envoy of one vehicle is better than setting up a defense of ten thousand people". With such a wonderful thing, Empress Dowager Cixi was naturally moved, but this "envoy of one vehicle" is a rare choice.Looking at it again, I feel relieved. Tang Jingsong "has great ambitions as a humble official" and is willing to volunteer, that would be great. So the military aircraft was summoned the next day, and she first talked about it: "This Tang Jingsong is a man with a heart, which is rare! He was a Jinshi in that year?" "He is one of the top imperial scholars in Chongqi." Bao Jun replied triumphantly, "He is a disciple of the servant." "Since it was the Imperial Academy in the fourth year of Tongzhi," the Empress Dowager Cixi asked puzzledly, "Why is it still an alternate head of the Ministry of Officials?" It's hard to say this, it's to expose Tang Jingsong's shortcomings, but I have to say, "Tang Jingsong disbanded the hall, took the third-class exam, changed his staff, and usually behaves casually, so his official luck is not good." Bao Jun Then he said, "A person like him can accomplish great things when he encounters an opportunity." "I read his notes, and it makes sense. Liu Yongfu must be accepted for our use in China. Tang Jingsong volunteered to join Liu Yongfu. What do you think?" "Tang Jingsong came to see the minister a few times. He didn't want to be promoted, and he didn't pay public funds. He didn't have to follow the envoy's charter when he went to Vietnam. This was entirely out of loyalty and bravery to serve the country." The purpose is to send Tang Jingsong to Yunnan to serve. He originally compromised by 'begging for a fake imperial order', and asked Yizhi to handle it if the imperial court gave him extra favor." "As long as he is really capable of doing things, the court will not hesitate to show grace. However, this time, after seeing Ming's decree, isn't it impossible to keep secrets when doing things?" So it was decided to send Tang Jingsong to Yunnan to be dispatched by Cen Yuying, the new governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. At the same time, a secret order was sent to Cen Yuying, explaining the reason, and ordering him to assist Tang Jingsong and contact Liu Yongfu when he entered Vietnam. At this time, Li Hongzhang's 100-day vacation was over, and he had returned to Tianjin from Hefei under the repeated urging of the imperial edict. The Sino-Japanese negotiations caused by the civil strife in Korea and the Sino-French negotiations caused by Vietnam should be listened to.Li Hongzhang believes that preparing for war and negotiating peace can only take care of one side, and he is powerless to fight against both sides. At the same time, he does not believe that Liu Yongfu can do anything great, which will drag down the officers and troops in vain and fall into an impossible situation, so he made peace with Vietnam.Therefore, Tang Jingsong's trip was slowed down. At that time, Baohai, the French Minister to China, knew that China had decided to secretly support Liu Yongfu's strategy of containing the French army.This strategy can be advanced or retreated, retracted or extended, large or small, and the French army's expedition is very difficult to dispatch when it is urgent, so it is in a very disadvantageous position. During the meeting with Li Hongzhang, he said that instead of talking about the suzerainty and protection of Vietnam, he might as well just discuss the border and trade. Li Hongzhang has never been opposed to trade, and the border demarcation can also be negotiated slowly, so he quickly reached a preliminary agreement with Bao Hai: China will withdraw its troops in Beiqi, France will not violate Vietnam's sovereignty, and China and France will jointly protect Vietnam Independence, China allowed France to trade with Yunnan via the Red River. The content of the agreement shall be consulted with the government of the respective country.The Chinese side had no objection, but the French side's attitude was quite ambiguous. It is said that the French navy was quite dissatisfied with Bao Hai's negotiations with Li Hongzhang and decided to send more troops to Vietnam.Soon, the political situation in Paris changed greatly. The new Prime Minister Jou Feili and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sameraku not only overturned the agreement, but also removed Bao Hai as China Chonghou humiliated Russia. ,as punishment. So the whole situation became tense again.On the one hand, Minister of the Criminal Ministry of Vietnam visited Li Hongzhang in Tianjin to beg for help;At this time, Tang Jingsong had also secretly entered Vietnam. He first went to Shanxi in Beiqi to meet with Huang Zuoyan, the "Minister of Military Affairs and Master of Dongge University" of Vietnam.He is the son-in-law of Vietnam, but he has no way to control and hides Liu Yongfu's military exploits, so they are at odds with each other. The main task of Tang Jingsong's trip is to resolve their suspicions. Due to Tang Jingsong's mediation, Vietnam once again reused Liu Yongfu and transferred his Black Banner Army from Baosheng to the front line in Shanxi.Then Tang Jingsong met with Liu Yongfu, had a deep talk, and planned three strategies for him. The best strategy is to persuade Liu Yongfu to take advantage of the ten prefectures of Baosheng, pass on the withdrawal and decide on the provinces of Beiqi, and then ask China for orders under the guise of a name.This is the cause of King Cheng's hegemony. Liu Yongfu is invincible since Chen is weak, and he would like to hear the right strategy. "The middle strategy is to raise the whole army to attack the French army in Hanoi. China will definitely help with the payment of soldiers, and it will be a great success." Tang Jingsong went on to say: "If you sit back and protect the victory, it is the worst strategy to go to China when you lose." "I will not take the worst policy." Liu Yongfu replied generously, "I will listen to Mr. Tang's middle policy." So Liu Yongfu secretly entered Nanguan Town, and got in touch with Huang Guilan, the admiral of Yunnan.At the same time, Cen Yuying performed the performance, and Tang Jingsong sent a secret letter to Li Hongzao to reward the Black Banner Army with 100,000 taels of silver. Liu Yongfu also donated a guerrilla title and officially became a military officer of the Qing Dynasty. When he returned to Vietnam, Liu Yongfu led his Black Banner Army and stationed in Huai Duc Mansion, which belongs to Hanoi Province. The French army, under the command of Captain Li Weili, had already fallen into Ha Duong, Quang An, Ninh Binh and other provinces, advancing on the Black Flag The army formed a situation of hand-to-hand combat. Liu Yongfu was really proud at this time, and before the French army could make any move, he issued a letter of war first, and the war was scheduled to start ten days later.This is on the third day of April, and ten days later will be the thirteenth day of April.On that day, the Black Banner Army really launched an attack. They encountered the French army at Zhiqiao in Huaide Mansion. Liu Yongfu took the lead, and the army attacked Li Weili fiercely.Tang Jingsong wrote an appeal for Liu Yongfu in the name of the Governor-General of Vietnam Sanxuan, "Announcement to the World".So far and near responded, there were more than 200,000 volunteers who resisted the law, and the Vietnamese king named Liu Yongfu "Baron of Yiliang". The imperial court was naturally excited when they got this good news.The main battle of the Qing Dynasty was impassioned, and the Empress Dowager Cixi accepted Li Hongzao's suggestion, and in accordance with the Qingliu faction's already stated proposition, issued an edict: "There was an order in the past, and Li Hongzhang was ordered to return to Beiyang Minister to act. Now I heard that the legal person is in Vietnam, and the situation is more vigorous; Vietnam is a weak state, and it is hard to survive. The country is listed in the vassal, so it has to be protected; Moreover, the lands of Yunnan and Guangdong provinces are contiguous. If the barriers are withdrawn, how can there be any future troubles? The repeated scriptures ordered Zeng Guoquan and others to make proper preparations for the defense; The ministers who went to make preparations can strengthen the army and take care of the overall situation. The defense forces of the three provinces must also be ordered to advance and stop. Li Hongzhang was sent to Guangdong to supervise the affairs of Vietnam. All the defense forces in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan were controlled. He Lu's soldiers should be transferred to go bravely, and the minister should make arrangements for the performance. Don't avoid the golden leather, there are ancient instructions. For preparations. Immediately report the date of departure and the status of the preparations, so as to ease the relationship. I will tell you this from the six hundred miles secret." At this time, the telegram from Tianjin to Shanghai had been sent, and the "six hundred miles" secret order arrived in a short time.Li Hongzhang went back to his hometown to bury his relatives. He went north on vacation and was passing through Shanghai. He lived in the Xingyuan of Tianhou Palace.The news in Shanghai was well-informed that France was outraged because of Li Weili's defeat and death. The government had sent four warships and 3,000 troops to reinforce Vietnam in preparation for a large-scale retaliation. Said it was unlimited.And he knows well that the defense forces on the Yunnan-Guangdong border are in name only, and this time he was ordered to control the military affairs of the three provinces. The name sounds good, but in fact he has no fists or courage.