Chapter 170 Chapter 6 Is there really someone who is not afraid of death?

To examine the above-mentioned problems, we need to temporarily project our eyes to the year after 1761, that is, 1524 AD.This year, the dynasty was Ming, the reign name was Jiajing, the emperor's surname was Zhu, and his last name was Houcong.Length of service: four years.This year, the famous dispute over etiquette broke out.Accompanied by this debate, there was also a large-scale remonstrance by officials. The cause of the incident is simple: Zhu Houcong is the cousin of the former emperor Zhu Houzhao, and the nephew of the former emperor Zhu Youtang.The ministers thought that since Zhu Houcong had ascended the throne, he was regarded as the adoptive son of the former emperor Zhu Youtang. Therefore, Zhu Youtang should be called Huang Kao, and his biological father Zhu Youtang could only be called Emperor Uncle.

At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Zhu Houcong, whose foundation was not stable, succumbed to the theoretical strength and moral pressure of the ministers.This year, the fledgling Zhu Houcong finally started his resistance. He brazenly ordered that his biological father Zhu Youtang be called "Huang Kao Gong Muxian Emperor", and Zhu Youtang was only called Huang Bo Kao.As soon as the edict was issued, it immediately caused a strong reaction from the ministers.Headed by Zuo Shilang He Mengchun of the Ministry of Officials and Hanlin Yang Shen (son of Prime Minister Yang Tinghe), more than 200 officials, large and small, knelt in front of Zuoshun gate from Chen to noon, and begged Zhu Houcong to withdraw his order.

Zhu Houcong was furious, and sent Jin Yiwei to arrest eight people, including Fengxi, a scholar, and Zhang Chong.Not only did Yang Shen and the others not leave, they shook the door and cried loudly, shaking Que Ting.Yang Shenji exclaimed: "The country has supported scholars for 150 years, and it is today." In order to maintain the ethical guidelines and the lifeline of the country in their eyes, they did not hesitate to sacrifice their lives as the price. Eighteen-year-old Zhu Houcong was at the age of rebellious psychology, and he became more and more angry when he heard the words.This is not a petition, it's more like a rebellion.You are not afraid of death, but I want to fear you with death.Zhu Houcong ordered the arrest of 134 people to be imprisoned, and ordered the remaining 84 people to be punished temporarily.The next day, more than 180 people were rode, and 18 people were rode to death.The controversy over etiquette came to an end.

Even though the number of people who died in the Battle of Great Etiquette was nine fewer, there were hundreds of serious injuries, and all of them were concentrated in just one day. The deterrent effect is undoubtedly even more terrifying.So, we have the same question: Who gave Yang Shen and others the courage to drag more than two hundred officials from the court into the water together, making them disregard not only their own lives, but also the lives of their colleagues, and use This is a weapon, openly challenging the current emperor? There are too many answers to these questions to list here.But few of these answers are grounded in psychology.Anyway, beating a child on a rainy day means being idle. Let us try to use psychology as the starting point, starting from the psychology of the person concerned, and go deep into the source of all behaviors, so as to bypass the hidden reef of cultural differences and cross the gap of time and change to analyze and Compare these two events that were separated by almost two millennia.

We can easily find that neither Chen Zhong nor Yang Shen is fighting Ying Zheng or Zhu Houcong alone, but as a member of a group.It is not their individual psychology but that of the whole group that determines their conduct.Under the domination of group psychology, they no longer have autonomy, and their behavior is often beyond their control, but obeys the same psychology of the group he obeys. Then, what kind of psychology is group psychology, and what kind of influence will it exert on individuals in the group? As Freud said, group psychology is the oldest human psychology, and the so-called individual psychology is slowly and gradually differentiated from group psychology.Even in today's pursuit of individual liberation and independence, as an individual, the inherent gregarious instinct still cannot be wiped out.People are always eager to form a group and become a part of a collective.This instinctive desire is, biologically speaking, a continuation of the multicellular nature of all higher organisms.The reason why people often feel lonely is because the herd instinct has not been satisfied.Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taiwan Song" says: The ancients are not seen before, and the comers are not seen in the future.Thinking of the long distance between the world and the earth, I am sad and tearful alone.In just twenty-two words, it hits the vital point directly and is extremely sharp.Touched by this feeling, not only Chen Ziang will burst into tears, but readers should also cry with melancholy.Lonely God, Lonely Star, Lonely Earth, Lonely Life, Lonely Man, Lonely Man... Perhaps, only the feeling of being alone is not alone.

Ok.Joining a group is one way to alleviate your loneliness (which cannot be eradicated).Of course, joining for other purposes is not excluded.At this time, you can't help thinking, there are so many groups in the world, which one should you join?If you sign up, will people accommodate you?It doesn't matter, McDougall has prepared such a registration guide for you in his book "Group Psychology": "To form a group, the individuals in the group must have something in common, such as Objects have common interests, or have the same emotional tendency on a certain occasion, and can have a certain degree of mutual influence on each other. The higher the degree of this psychological homogeneity, the easier it is for these individuals to form a group. And the characteristics of group psychology will become more obvious.”

So, regardless of whether you go through the front door or the back door, anyway, you finally successfully joined a certain group, but, perhaps contrary to your original intention, various strange changes will occur in you from then on. (Note: The following discussion about group psychology is mainly based on the book "Collective Psychology" by French social psychologist Le Bon (1841-1931). In this book, Le Bon made a genius and fascinating analysis of group psychology convincing description.) First of all, you will find that things tend to go straight to extremes in a group: if there is a little doubt about something, this doubt immediately turns into an undisputed certainty; Dislike becomes violent hatred.When you were alone before, your personal interests were almost your only motivation; when you are in a group, you will start to feel that this personal interest is simply insignificant.So, you will force yourself to do the same thing as others, to maintain harmony with everyone.

Well, not a bad job, now, you're integrated into the group.However, after you have been active in the group for a while, you will soon find yourself in a special state, and this state is exactly like the "hypnotized person who finds himself completely controlled by the hypnotist". obsessed" state. You may think that you haven't changed anything, but bystanders (such as neighbors, neighborhood aunts, and maybe even your cat or dog) can detect that you are no longer yourself, but as if you have become something else entirely. Like a person.What kind of person will I become?Become a robot that is not directed by your own will, and you have become completely different in emotion, thinking and action from when you were alone before.At this time, you have been captured by the group psychology, and your actions begin to obey the group's impulse.

You may be wondering, why is this happening?However, there is nothing surprising about it.In a group, the individual's special acquired habits are obliterated, and the individuality disappears.Individuals in groups will exhibit a homogeneous character, racial unconsciousness will emerge, and the homogeneous will drown out the heterogeneous.It could almost be said that the psychic superstructure - whose development in individuals shows so many differences - would cease to exist, and the same unconscious basis would emerge in everyone. (This unconscious matrix is ​​largely formed in the psyche by hereditary influence, consisting of common traits passed down through innumerable generations, which form the endowment of a race.)

However, there is also good news to celebrate.When you are in a group, just from the factor of quantity, you will get a feeling of invincibility. In your mind, the concept of impossibility has disappeared, and you feel that you can do anything. .It is also under the instigation of this feeling, or illusion, that the three cobblers added together think that they are worthy of Zhuge Liang.When a group of primitive people gathered together, they dared to use bricks as stones and stone paint as plaster to build a tower that was impossible to achieve in architectural theory. On the other hand, you can become aroused and your emotions will rise to a level that you rarely or never achieve on other occasions.For you, it is a happy thing to let yourself be completely at the mercy of your emotions, follow the impulse of the group, and thus be completely swallowed up by the group until you lose your sense of individual limitation.You have an irresistible urge to perform certain actions not because they are right or beneficial, but because you do so in accordance with the group's cues and expectations.At the same time, this impulse is greatly strengthened by the mutual influence of group members.

Now, you are completely at the mercy of the clique.But where is this group taking you? I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, just because I am in this mountain.Given you at this stage, the conscious personality is gone and the unconscious personality dominates.Therefore, you will not be able to listen to the following description about the group, and even if you do, its power will not be enough to wake you up. Groups do not crave truth, they need illusions, and cannot exist without them.The performance of the group is not pragmatic, and they always believe that the false is superior to the real.Reason and argument are no match for certain words and formulas.These words and formulas are recited solemnly in front of everyone. When people hear these, their faces will show infinite reverence, and then they will worship.Just because a group does not question what constitutes truth or error, and is conscious of its own great power, it obeys authority and is very narrow and intolerant.It worships violence and is rarely touched by kindness.In its eyes, kindness is just an expression of cowardice. The group's impulses, though contingent on circumstances, are sometimes generous, sometimes cruel, sometimes brave, sometimes cowardly.But no matter what, they are always bossy.No personal interest, not even that of self-preservation, can be expressed in it.In this regard, the individual in the group has completely lost his critical ability, but, together with his fellows, falls into the pleasure of submitting to this impulse.And once this impulse has arisen, the individuals in the group are deaf to all reason, no matter how absurd the ideas they defend or the goals they pursue.Ridicule and persecution only strengthened their resolve.They can sacrifice everything, including personal interests and family, even the instinct of self-preservation disappears, and often the only reward they ask for is sacrifice. So far, we may be able to understand the heroic behavior of Chen Zhong, Yang Shen and others from a psychological level.If both Chen Zhong and Yang Shen were people with no faction or connection, they might not have made such a choice.But when they are a member of the group, they are already involuntary, and their choice becomes a kind of necessity. The group mentality manifests itself in many other ways as well.For example, one person is a dragon, and a group of people are worms.The reason is that in the group, the intellectual function is suppressed by the group and the emotionality is enhanced.For example, one monk carries water to eat, two monks carry water to eat, and three monks have no water to eat.The reason is: from the perspective of the individuals in the group, a group is nameless, so they don't have to bear any responsibility, so they don't check their own behavior too much, and the sense of responsibility generally declines.Another example is the so-called mutual protection of officials and officials by the ancients, because in their view, the interests of the group are even higher than morality and law.Especially considering that since the Tang Dynasty, the path to becoming an official has become more and more monotonous. The life trajectory of an official is mostly studying hard in the cold window-being selected in the imperial examination-being appointed to an official position-the ups and downs of the official career. This similarity in life trajectory makes the psychological The degree of homogeneity has been greatly enhanced, which also makes the psychological characteristics of the bureaucratic group more obvious and stronger.Gong Zizhen's poem: Kyushu is angry and relies on wind and thunder, and ten thousand horses are silent. It is sad.I advise the Lord of Heaven to cheer up and send down talents of all kinds.It can be said that it hit the disadvantages of the government at that time and the disadvantages of the collective psychology.