Chapter 66 Section 2 Master Cangshan and the Mysterious Twenty-One Events

On the grass on the hillside, seven or eight teenagers strolled around an old man in civilian clothes.The old man talked eloquently, and the teenagers asked loudly from time to time, and the old man leisurely stopped to explain calmly, and so on and on, and drifted to a valley like a carefree roam. Under the bright sunshine in the morning, the bluegrass in the valley is filled with a faint fragrance.At the root of the valley, there is a cave and a thatched hut, and a large courtyard surrounded by bamboo fences and bamboo workshops. Rows of stone tables and straw mats are neatly arranged in the courtyard, and the sound of books and books is wafting from the cooking smoke. It is a lively scenic spot in the mountains.After entering the courtyard, the old man in civilian commanded: "After you have recited the chapter "Fools" by heart, we will analyze it with the brothers tomorrow." The young men answered yes in unison, and the old man in commoner leisurely went to the cave.

"Teacher!" A voice shouted from the mountain road outside the courtyard, "Chunshen Jun's letter!" With the shout, a young man with long hair and yellow shirt flew into the courtyard and got off his horse. The old man in civilian clothes.The old man opened the leather bag and took out a roll of bamboo slips, unfolded it, smiled after reading it for a moment: "Li Si, Gongsun Longzi is coming to debate, how do you think we should deal with it?" "Since we're here for a debate, we can only wish for it!" The young man in the yellow shirt was very excited.

"Do you know who Gongsun Longzi is?" "The number one debater of famous schools, the greatest public enemy of our sect!" "That's right." The old man smiled faintly, "When we gather in the afternoon, I will talk about Gongsun Longzi." "Hi!" Li Si readily complied, "Han Fei is coming back in the afternoon, and the wine is ready." "Also, Lu Zhonglian sent a letter to Feige, saying that he recommended someone to come to the mountain, and he will pay attention to it in the near future." "Disciple obeys!" Li Si hurried away with his hands folded.

The old man in civilian clothes calmly entered the cave.There is a bright light in front of a section of twists and turns, and the morning sun shines down from the deep courtyard. The inside of the cave is as bright and dry as the outside of the cave. There is a natural stone cave on the right side of the courtyard. The red letter - Zhiyifang.When the old man entered Zhiyifang, he browsed on the rows of wooden shelves under the stone wall. After a while, he took out a roll of bamboo slips and read them intently, and couldn't help laughing. The old man in civilian clothes is Xunzi, the last outstanding master in the Warring States Period.

Xunzi is one of the most maverick masters among the philosophers of the Warring States Period. His sharpness in debate, the illustriousness of his school, and the invisibility of his whereabouts all amazed the world!In the Warring States period, Mozi was worthy of being compared with Xunzi among those who were famous all over the world but were indifferent to morality.Of course, if it's just mystery and indifference, Laozi and Zhuangzi are more than that.The link here is that Laozi and Zhuangzi insist on doing nothing and being born out of the world. The learning is high and few, far away from the trend of the world, and their whereabouts are only related to their own selfishness. The government, a large country admires it in vain but does not take advantage of it, and the schools of the world criticize it without losing its splendor.Comparing the two compartments, Xunzi is slightly better at receiving the attention of the world.Although the Gai Mozi school was unique, it went astray during the Warring States period and was not the mainstream trend of thought. Its rejection of official career was the result of the school's original purpose. No matter what, the world took it for granted.Xunzi is not the case. Learning to live in the mainstream guides the trend of thought, entering the world to be born, and being born to enter the world. This is exactly the same as Confucius and Mencius's diligent pursuit of official positions, so people all over the world are amazed!

In terms of life, Xunzi is a leisurely mountain stream. In terms of scholarship, Xunzi is a raging flame. The extreme coincidence, the blending of water and fire, is doomed to the fantasy movement of Xunzi's life. When Xun Kuang, a young man, walked out of the hometown of Zhao State, it was the time when King Wuling of Zhao was going to make Zhao strong.Inheriting the heroic blood of the Zhao people, Xun Kuang, who had already become famous in the country of Zhao, came to the Jixia Academy in Linzi carrying a green cloth bag and a skin bag full of kumiss.There are so many famous scholars in this school, no one is looking at him, a boy in common clothes who came from far north.When the academy determined the school for young scholars, no famous master invited him to enter, and no young scholar of Jinxiu invited him to study with him.Xun Kuang saw contempt in his eyes, and laughed secretly when he heard it: "Hehe, there are only prairie barbarians in Zhao State, so I don't know how to learn much!" : "Xun Kuang didn't enter a single school, but only took the Academy as his teacher, and learned from a hundred schools of thought!" Zou Yan was greatly surprised by the Academy, and immediately set a precedent for this young scholar of the Zhao Kingdom: Allow him to be free Going in and out of various schools to listen to studies, any school must not stop you!Thus, the young Xun Kuang became the only free young scholar in the Jixia Academy who did not have a famous teacher, and he could go to that academy if he wanted to, except that he could not get private lessons from the masters of the academy, and the official classes were very exciting. full.According to the law of the Academy, these young scholars are regarded as wanderers who are studying. After three years, if they cannot win three consecutive rounds in the debate among the young scholars in the Academy, they will leave the Academy, and they will not be allowed to pretend to be disciples of the Academy in the future.

Three years later, Xun Kuang, who was astonishingly talented, was undefeated in the middle of the debate among the young scholars in the academy.His profound knowledge and sharp eloquence defeated the splendid young men who laughed at him in the past one by one, and no one was able to argue with Xun Kuang for a moment.Thus, the young Xun Kuang became famous in one battle!The masters of various schools named him as a special disciple one after another, and the dispute came before the palace order, and Zou Yan asked Xun Kuang to speak for himself.The young Xun Kuang still said with high spirits: "Xun Kuang has no family, and the Academy is my teacher!"

"It's arrogant, Xun Kuang!" "The trees are beautiful in the forest, and they are piled up on the shore. It's hard to predict this one!" The scholars who became famous were greatly disappointed, and their comments and comments on Xun Kuang became increasingly subtle.Xun Kuangchu was an enemy of the people, and he didn't like this kind of "human speech" that made people irrefutable, so he left Jixia Academy in a fit of anger and traveled to other countries.During more than 20 years of traveling, Xunzi interviewed all the famous scholars who were not in Jixia Academy, discussed frankly, debated and debated each other and polished each other. Unexpectedly, vicissitudes changed, and he became a generation of famous masters all over the world!

At this time, King Xiang of Qi heard about Xunzi's name and sent a special envoy to invite Xunzi to re-enter Jixia Academy to serve as a sacrificial wine.Xunzi, who was fifty years old, thought about it for a while, and finally did not refuse, and became a school official for the first time in his life.What the monarchs and ministers of the Qi State did not expect was that Xunzi made the equivalent of going to a doctor's school palace to sacrifice wine, but he did not look like an official at all. In my heart, many masters are reluctant to come to Qi country again. This is Xunzi, who has never stopped discussing wars and academics in his life. He is unyielding and constantly innovating.

Roughly counting, Xunzi had four intellectual wars: In the first battle, he had an unprecedented debate with Mencius on the "good theory of human nature" in Jixia Academy, and created the original "bad theory of human nature".Later, Xunzi wrote the debate and refutation into "Xing Evil", which laid the foundation of Legalism's theory of human nature in one fell swoop.In other words, only after Xunzi did Legalism have a real basis for the theory of human nature.The key point of this statement is: the law is based on "evil human nature", and curbing the evil of human nature is the place of legal justice!More than 2,000 years later, when Western jurisprudence demonstrated the justice produced by law in a modern philosophical way, Xunzi's theory was still the basis of the human nature theory of human jurisprudence.That's another story.

The Second World War was a crusade against hypocritical celebrities who were inconsistent in their words and deeds.At that time, in order to control the trend of the theory of governing the country, scholars made various interpretations of Legalism, most of which disregarded their own basic knowledge and misinterpreted Legalism.Xunzi angrily wrote "The Twelve Sons", and at the beginning of the chapter he generously declared war: "In today's world, there are people who pretend to be heretics and treacherous words to disrupt the world! It's so strange and trivial that the world doesn't know right or wrong. There are people who exist in order and chaos!" Wang Yang wantonly refuted the six evil theories of governing the country one by one by twelve famous scholars in the world: Huanyuan and Wei Mou were criticized by Xunzi as "indulging in love, being peaceful, and acting like beasts, which are not enough to govern with the text!" Chen Zhong and Shi Yu were criticized by Xunzi Criticized as "going to be different from others is high (only seeking to be different from others to be self-sufficient) is not enough to unite the people's great points, enough to deceive the foolish people!" Mozi and Song Ying were refuted by Xunzi as "not knowing the world, building The power of the country (laws) cannot be distinguished from the difference between the monarch and the ministers (no difference in treatment and the rank of the monarch and ministers are allowed). However, it holds a reason and is reasonable enough to deceive the foolish people!" Shen Dao, Tian Pian It was refuted by Xunzi as "Adhering to the law but not being able to do it, listening to the superior, following the vulgar, writing a book all day long, having nowhere to go (sparse and unrealistic), and not being able to be divided by the state!" Hui Shi and Deng Xi were analyzed by Xunzi Criticized as "good at governing strange theory, playing with strange words, investigating but not beneficial, arguing but useless, too many things but little merit, can not be used to govern the discipline!" I don't know its origins, but I still have great ambitions, read, read and miscellaneous... Secluded but unspeakable (mysterious and incomprehensible), closed but unresolved (obscure and incomprehensible), Zisi sang it, Meng Ke and it Confucianists don’t know what’s wrong, so they accept it and pass it on, thinking that it’s better than later generations, Zisi and Meng Ke’s crimes!” Xunzi refuted the above-mentioned twelve schools one by one, and his standpoint It is to accuse these famous scholars that their words and deeds deviate from the theories they advocate-if they are inconsistent with their words and deeds, how can they convince the world!In the words of later generations, what Xunzi reprimanded was the split personality of celebrities! "There is no one in the world who is good at being the enemy of others, like Xunzi!" "Whoever scolds the world with one mouthful will be punished with all his heart!" There was a lot of discussion in Jixia Academy, and they all took it as capable to criticize Xunzi.When the discussion became popular, the monarchs and ministers of Qi State also treated Xunzi coldly.King Xiang of Qi actually said that Xunzi was like Zhang Yi, with invincible eloquence but unkindness.As the story spread, people in Qi criticized Xunzi and it became the fashion of the government and the public, and they completely forgot the great praise they had given Xunzi at the beginning.Back then when Xunzi returned to Jixia, the people of Qi State regarded Xunzi's sharpness as the glory of Jixia Academy, and Qi people had a song saying: "Talk about Tianyan, carve dragons, burn the hub and pass the kun." This is Xunzi's great achievements in the debate. ! "Tan Tianyan" refers to Zou Yan, a prominent yin and yang family, whose mouth is a matter of heaven, so he has the name "Tan Tianyan"; "Diaolongshi" refers to another Yin and Yang family, Zou Yan, who will The "Five Virtues, End and Beginning Theory" of the Yin-Yang School is elucidated incisively and vividly, and the articles are carved like ancient Aolongwen, so it is named "Dragon Dragon".It is such two masters who specialize in mysticism, but they were refuted by Xunzi in several big debates!Later, Chunyu Kun, a miscellaneous debater, challenged Xunzi, and was refuted to pieces.The Qi people laughed at Chunyu Kun's talent as "burning hub oil" (ointment on the axle), and when he met Xunzi, he was dried up by the fire (burning hub). "Scorched hub Guo Kun" means "Guo Kun is like burning hub"!Only because of its reputation, Xun Zisan offered wine for the Jixia Academy.However, today he was criticized by the people of Qi for fighting against the Twelve Sons. Xunzi was so moved that he angrily resigned from the post of offering wine at the Jixia Academy, and began a long wandering. Wandering is drifting, but the hard years have not blunted Xunzi's academic edge at all. This time, Xunzi settled down to liquidate the most eloquent Confucianism, and directly declared war on Lao Zhongni.This is Xunzi's third big debate, and it can be called a battle to get to the bottom of it. In Xunzi's scholarship, he has always learned from others without sticking to one discipline, or he has always quoted from others in his debates or writings, and he never wastes his words because of others.Xunzi quoted a lot of the words of the Confucian master Confucius, and even compared Confucius with the ancient sages on many occasions.As for Legalism, which he strongly admired, Xunzi also truthfully criticized its shortcomings, and never defended it for no reason.With these two reasons, a group of opponents who opposed both Confucianism and Xunzi insisted that Xunzi was Confucianism.Over time, it turned out that everyone's words made gold, and even a group of famous legalists who knew the essence of Xunzi's new legalism all said that Xunzi was "both Confucianism and law".Even many scholars who agree with Xunzi's theory also regard Xunzi as "a teacher of Confucianism and advocating the law".All in all, Xunzi, who formed his own family, was actually said to be a Confucianist who learned from Confucius, not a Legalist, let alone a new Legalist!If it was just the teacher's prejudice, Xunzi would not take it seriously.It is just that such statements often distort the original intention of Xunzi's theory, and the dying Confucian scholars even lift Xunzi out as a shield, and they often say that Xunzi "learned from Zhongni, established a benevolent government, and is actually a master of my Confucian postgraduates." !" Xunzi calmly threw out the "Confucianism" chapter, just like a butcher resolving an ox, made a calm and meticulous liquidation of Confucianism, and appropriately outlined the biggest difference between himself and Confucianism. "Confucianism" divides Confucian scholars into three types: vulgar Confucianism, elegant Confucianism, and great Confucianism: vulgar Confucianism, "every clothes with a shallow belt (wearing a broad robe with a wide belt), and a crab crown (wearing a crab shell-like middle High crowns high on both sides, low on both sides), ignore the law of the former kings and follow the troubled times (simply yelling about the old sayings of the former kings to confuse people's hearts), miscellaneous techniques and miscellaneous learning, and the queen who does not know the law and the same system!" Elegant Confucianists, "Long etiquette But kill poetry and books, if you know that you can't save what the law and teachings can't reach, and what you can't hear and see, you can know that you can't classify yourself. Don't slander yourself inside, don't deceive yourself outside, respect the virtuous and fear the law, and don't be arrogant." The great Confucianist, " The first kings of the law, unified etiquette, one system, the past upholds the present, and benevolence and righteousness are like that, although they are white among birds and beasts, don't be black!" Three kinds of Confucianism, vulgar Confucianism puts on airs, in vain disrupts the world and harms people; refined Confucianism It is not enough to make up for the teachings of the law, but it is actually just a group of honest people; the great Confucians, that is, the masters of Confucianism, their political theory is completely the same as "the king of the law", even if they are mixed with birds and beasts, they can be distinguished from black and white!Compared with the great Confucianism's "law first king", Xunzi has repeatedly reiterated his political views-"The law is the queen, one system, no two queens! The opinions of a hundred schools of thought are not as good as the queen, so don't listen to them!" It is Xunzi who prospered to the world in the most concise way: Confucianism follows the ancestors (following the ancient system), and oneself follows the queen king (following the current trend of reform), Xun Kuang is completely different from Confucius' Confucianism! Since then, Xunzi has become a loner of scholars in the world. Later, Xunzi wandered from Zhao to Qin, then from Qin to Chu, and finally established his foundation in Lanling.It was after the Changping War between Qin and Zhao, Lord Xinling lived in Handan as a guest, and together with Lord Pingyuan invited Xunzi to stay in Handan to establish a school.Xunzi was deeply disappointed with the morality of the Six Kingdoms, so he repeatedly declined.Lord Xinling had been jealous and slandered a lot throughout his life, and he had a deep understanding of Xunzi's state of mind. Instead of persuading him, he put himself in Xunzi's shoes and solemnly recommended Xunzi to Lord Chunshen.According to Mr. Xinling, the state of Chu is vast, and there is a style of hermits and scholars, and Mr. Chunshen's elegance and respect for the virtuous are not satisfactory. It is really a place for masters like Xunzi to educate people in the late stage.Xunzi had gone through vicissitudes, and Lord Xinling's words were in line with his heart, so he went south immediately. Chunshen Jun, who had power over the government and the public, personally welcomed Xunzi into Yingdu.After washing the dust and picking up the wind, sipping tea and talking, Mr. Chunshen asked Xunzi whether he was determined to be an official or a student?Xunzi said with a leisurely smile, "I want to learn and educate people late, but I only want one side of the landscape to be a school, so I can live forever!" Chunshen Jun was quite surprised, thought for a moment and smiled: "Oh, I have recommended you to the king of Chu. Qing, what should I do with this?" Xunzi said with a smile: "There are too many people in the world who can be superior! But the old man has only one ear after all! You can make up your own mind." Chunshen Jun laughed loudly: "Oh! That’s right! There are already three Shangqing in Chu State, each with the false name of Lumi! Originally, I also wanted Mr. to be a Shangqing, but fortunately, Yingdu can live in peace!” Chunshen Jun thought with a burst of laughter: “I heard that Mr. In other words, temples and government offices are dirty places. Not to mention, Huang Xie just gave Mr. a good place to go!" Three days later, Lord Chunshen accompanied Xunzi to Lanling, his Northern Chu fiefdom, where he first met the county magistrate, and then scrambled to Cangshan.After wandering around for a day, Xunzi was delighted to admire the quiet and beautiful Cangshan Mountain.Chun Shenjun laughed happily: "Oh! Mister likes Cangshan, and Cangshan is your school!" Turning around, he said to Suilai county magistrate, "From today, Mister is the county magistrate of Lanling, and you are the magistrate of the county. I'm done." Xunzi hastily thanked him, saying that if he were to become a county magistrate, he would have to leave the state of Chu.Mr. Chunshen said with a humorous smile: "Oh, sir, God is helpless in this dirty place of the government. If you don't have a job, sir, you will be troubled by so many hurdles, and it will be difficult for you to study. Sir, you only need to be a county magistrate. Yes, there is a county magistrate for all affairs, and I will never disturb the master's school!" Therefore, Xunzi became the county magistrate of Lanling for the first time. Lord Chunshen clarified the law for the county magistrate: Lanling County must build the Cangshan Academy within half a year, and then half of Lanling's taxes will go to the Cangshan Academy;Xunzi sighed with emotion, and no longer refused to refuse Chunshenjun, so he actually stayed and opened the Cangshan Academy.To Xunzi's surprise, a small number of scholars and students came to vote for the school when it was under construction, and more than two hundred students came to study on the opening day.Xunzi knew that this was the help of several great princes of the Warring States Period, so he sent letters to Chunshenjun, Xinlingjun, and Pingyuanjun, frankly expressing his aspirations: "Xun Kuang studied in his later years, aiming to acquire talents and cultivate them, not just to gain power. Among the three thousand disciples of Zhongni, there are only seventy-seven who have learned their karma, and three or two who are enough to carry the Tao! In today's world, the style of learning has been developed, and there are many private schools outside the official school, and there is a lot of enlightenment. What the old man seeks is to pick the essence! The proverb says: "If you seek the way, you will achieve anything, but if you use the right time, you will achieve everything." Educating people is not raising scholars. It is better to raise more scholars, and to educate people is to strive for perfection. Only the natural trend of flowing water , Xun Kuang wished it!" From then on, the turbulent pursuit of learning gradually subsided.Xunzi made a textual research on the more than 200 young scholars who had already entered the library, and most of them were recommended to the official school of Chu State, leaving only more than 30 people in the Cangshan Academy.Time flies, and in ten years, the Cangshan Academy is famous all over the world, and is praised by scholars all over the world as "Cangshan is like a grass, and non-elites are not allowed to enter!" Xunzi, who wanted to concentrate on cultivating talents, had to fight again. The opponent in this last big debate is the famous master Gongsun Longzi. In the afternoon, Han Fei returned to the academy. Li Si and Chen Xiao loudly called on the disciples to gather and give lectures in front of the stone case under the forest.The disciples were very excited when they heard that the teacher was going to give a lecture, and gathered in the forest to ask each other about the topic of the lecture.Li Si was about to speak, but Han Fei who was standing beside him pulled his shirt.When Li Si turned his head, Han Fei pointed to the outside of the bamboo fence: "A visitor from afar is here!" Li Si followed the trend and saw a young man in red walking along the mountain road leading a horse.Li Si thought for a while, then ordered Chen Xiao to invite the teacher, and greeted him out of the bamboo workshop like a small castle. "In Xialutian, I met the senior brother!" The red-clothed boy bowed his head. "You know me?" Li Si couldn't help being surprised. "Li, Chen, and Han of Xunmen, who are the scholars who don't know?" "Are you from the old country of Lu?" "I come from the state of Qin." "Oh? The people of Qin are studying, never heard of it!" "I come from the state of Qin, so must I be from Qin?" "Oh, of course not necessarily." Li Si smiled lightly and cupped his hands, "Dare you please go to the office room to rest and have a meal first, and the master will give a lecture before the first exam." "First exam? New rules?" The boy in red seemed a little surprised. Li Si nodded: "Master, there is a new law in recent years: when a young scholar enters the Cangshan Academy, he must first be questioned by the young disciples, so as not to be enlightened and the foundation established. You can prepare yourself during the rest. After passing the first exam, the next one Then assign a living place to your step." "Thank you, big brother, for your care." "It's okay. I'll have to bother you about the Qin Kingdom later. This way please." Li Si led the young man in red into the bamboo workshop and then into a thatched hut in the courtyard, and hurried out after a while. Two young disciples brought a large board of natural color that was the same height as others and set it up in front of the big case in the middle, and Chen Xiao helped Xunzi out of the cave.In the afternoon, the sun was shining brightly, but under the forest in the courtyard, it was cool and pleasant with the mountain breeze.Seeing the teacher arrived, the disciples sitting on the ground in front of the stone tables scattered on the hillside clasped their hands together and recited aloud: "Study your studies and cultivate your morality, and sharpen your strengths!" Xunzi calmly walked to the big table in the middle of Banpo, sat down There was a faint smile on a big grass mat: "Today, I will give a big lecture on the occasion, and there is only one thing for it: Gongsun Longzi, a famous debater, is coming to the Cangshan Academy to debate. I am a teacher! If you wait for the next student to win the debate with Gongsun Longzi The old man is very pleased! For this, you must first understand the ins and outs of the famous school and the learning it governs, and you should also be familiar with the debates between the old man and the three sons of the famous school. Therefore, the topic of today's lecture is: the debate between name and reality Twenty-one things." Xunzi slowly inspected the disciples in the forest, knocking lightly on the big stone case, "Who will tell you first, what is twenty-one things?" When the words fell, the eyes of the disciples all brushed Gathered on the three senior brothers around Xunzi. "My disciple is ashamed!" Li Si bowed deeply to Xunzi, "I have never taken the knowledge of famous masters seriously, and my heart is contemptuous. I only remember half of the twenty-one events..." "The disciple only remembers half of it." Chen Xiao also blushed. "Learning should be extensive!" Xunzi sighed softly, "Amassing soil forms mountains, and wind and rain rise. Accumulating water forms abyss, and dragons grow. If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't form rivers and seas. The article "Encouraging Learning" written by the old man , you recite it every day, and you will turn a blind eye when you see it in your own body. This is a big taboo in learning, so beware of it!" The disciples were full of awe, and everyone looked ashamed.At this moment, Han Fei clasped his hands and chanted: "Teacher clearly observes that my disciples think that famous scholars are caught in trivial sophistry. Paying attention to this kind of knowledge is tantamount to going astray! The two senior brothers have browsed the studies of famous scholars before, and only memorized them. There is a difference, it is not an exaggeration!" "Brother Han Fei is wrong!" A young student in yellow shirt stood up and shouted loudly, "Know what you know, don't know what you don't know, this is the way to study! Famous people are absurd, but they are also a master in the world. If you don't know, you don't fight , there is no way to learn the righteous way, so it is not an exaggeration to say that it is not enough!" "Gan Luo's words are justified." Xunzi smiled lightly, "Han Fei has always been well-read and memorized. Is it because he really doesn't know twenty-one things, or is he contemptuous of famous scholars and disdain to reiterate?" "Teacher is very clear!" Han Fei sighed, "I am quite familiar with the twenty-one things of famous masters, so I will explain it to you fellow students." Seeing Xunzi nodding, Han Fei got up and went to the big board to pick up a piece of white clay on the case , wrote one and sang one on the big board, although it came slowly, it also explained the twenty-one things thoroughly. It turns out that these "twenty-one things" are twenty-one polemic propositions put forward by four famous masters, Hui Shi, Song Yi, Yin Wen, and Gongsun Longzi.From the very beginning of its birth, the Twenty-One Incident has been scorned and ridiculed by the four great schools of Fa, Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism. Although famous scholars are diligently provoking provocations, the four masters almost without exception disdain to argue with them.However, no matter how contemptuous the famous scholars are, the famous "Twenty-One Events" has become a vigorous momentum among the scholars of the world and the people of the common people in a novel and unique way that is even popular among ordinary people.Whenever there is a gathering in a wine shop, the traveling scholars will choose a proposition unexpectedly, and refute each other for fun.The capable people of the country will also relish in debating whether the egg has feathers or whether the chicken has two legs or three legs when relatives and friends meet. No matter what the conclusion is, people will laugh with joy.Such a unique effect is beyond the reach of any famous school!As time goes on, no matter how famous scholars reprimand famous scholars for confusing people's hearts, they can't turn a deaf ear to the twenty-one events of famous scholars after all. Therefore, there have been various refutations of famous masters by Mozi and Zhuangzi. Among the great masters in the Warring States Period, Zhuangzi was the most interested in famous masters. He recorded and judged the "Twenty-one Things" of famous masters in "Tian Xia Pian" as an exception.Some people say that Zhuangzi is a friend of the famous master Hui Shi on learning. He is very familiar with Hui Shi and appreciates Hui Shi's knowledge, so he pays attention to the famous masters.It is also said that Zhuangzi is indifferent and tolerant, and has no hostility to the world's learning, so he can be harmonious but different from famous scholars.But in any case, Zhuangzi did not agree with Huishi's theory after all.In the words of Zhuangzi: "Huishi Dufang (Guangbo), his book is five chariots, his way is wrong, and his words are not right!" The critics said: "A debater is a man who embellishes people's minds, changes people's minds, can win people's mouths, but cannot convince people's minds, and the debaters are trapped!" But Zhuangzi also admitted in a realistic way: "(21 matter) the debaters in the world are happy with each other!" The only person who really went straight to the foundation of the theory of famous scholars was Xunzi. It is worth noting that the famous "Twenty-One Events" has attracted the attention of all schools of thought in the late Warring States period.For more than two thousand years, the "Twenty-One Events" have been dismantled by scholars of all dynasties in various ways, diligently pursuing, and making a lot of strange stories, so that it has become a peculiar speculation in the history of Chinese theories. landscape!However, as time goes by and the literature is obliterated, it has been handed down to the present, and the twenty-one events have become confusing ancient conjectures, and many propositions have become unsolvable mysteries, which are still being studied by contemporary scholars with various concepts.It should be said that, as a non-mainstream famous scholar in the pre-Qin period, his subtlety of speculation is really a miracle in the history of human thought!That's another story. The famous "Twenty-One Things" are: First, the eggs have hair.Eggs, eggs also.Eggs are notoriously hairless.Famous scholars say that eggs have hair, and their reasoning is: eggs can hatch hairy things, so eggs have hair. Second, the chicken has three legs.Everyone knows that chickens have two legs, but famous scholars say that chickens have three legs.Gongsun Longzi said the reason in his "On Changes": "The chicken feet (name) are one, the number (chicken) feet is two, two are one, so three." Third, Ying has the world.Ying is the capital of Chu State.Ying is clearly only a small part of the world.Famous scholars say that Ying includes Tianxia. The reason is: Ying is "Xiaoyi" and Tianxia is "Dayi". Although "Xiaoyi" is a part of "Dayi", it actually includes the whole Elements, so Yunying has the world.More than two thousand years later, Mr. Hu Shi explained this proposition: "Although Ying is small, although the world is large, compared with the endless space, there is no difference between the two, so it can be said that 'Ying has the world'." Fourth, dogs can be sheep.A dog is a dog, and a sheep is a sheep. This is an indisputable fact in the eyes of ordinary people.But famous scholars say that dogs can also be sheep, and sheep can also be dogs! "Yin Wenzi"'s reason for this statement is that the names of things are determined by people, and they are not completely integrated with the actual things; Zheng Guoren called uncarved jade "pu", but Zhou people called undried rat meat "pu". Pu", in other words, jade can also be rat meat! Fifth, horses have eggs.Horses are viviparous, poultry are oviparous, and it is impossible for horses to lay eggs.But famous experts say that horses can lay eggs!Huishi's reason is: "All things are the same" (the essence of all things is the same), a viviparous horse and an oviparous bird are both (animal) animals, and a horse can have eggs or can lay eggs.More than two thousand years later, Mr. Hu Shi explained this proposition and said: "Although horses are not 'egg-born', they may not have passed through a class of 'egg-born'." It is quite humorous. Sixth, dingzi has a tail.Dingzi is also the name of the Chu people for the toad (frog).Everyone knows that frogs don't have tails, but famous scholars say that frogs have tails!The reason is: Frog larvae (tadpoles) have tails, which shows that they originally had tails, so Yundingzi also has tails. Seventh, the fire is not hot.Fire can burn hands, even a three-year-old child knows it.But famous scholars just say that fire is not hot. The reason is: fire is name, heat is reality, "fire" is not heat; if "fire" is heat, people will burn their mouths when they say "fire"; If you don't burn your mouth, you can see that the fire is not hot. Eighth, the mountain exit.Mountains are the image of gullies and peaks.The so-called "mountain pass" by ordinary people refers to the passage into and out of the mountains.However, famous experts say that these "mountain passes" come from the population and are not real mountain passes; therefore, "mountain passes" are not mountain passes, but mountain passes should be the exits of mountains, such as the mouth of fire (volcano) or the mouth of water (mountain spring). The mouth of sound response (echo) is also called "mountain exit". Ninth, the wheels do not grind the ground.Everyone knows that when a car runs on the ground, the wheels will not only roll over the ground, but also leave deep ruts.But famous scholars just say that when a car drives on the ground, the wheels don't roll over the ground.The reason is: the wheel is the whole thing, and the part that is ground is a little bit of the wheel; the ground is the whole thing, and what is ground is a little bit; the wheel that grinds the ground is not a "wheel", and the ground that is ground is not "ground", Therefore, the wheel does not grind the ground. Ten, out of sight.It is a fact that no one can doubt that the eyes (except the blind) can see.But famous scholars say that the eyes can't see anything, isn't it so strange!Gongsun Longzi’s reasoning is: in the dark night, people’s eyes can’t see things; when gods sleep, people’s eyes can’t see things (familiar eyesight), and the visible eyes can’t see things; (ray of light) sees things; the eyes see things with the mind (attention), so the eyes do not see, the mind (attention) sees. Eleven, can not point to, to endless.From the perspective of ordinary people, as long as you touch something with your finger, you will know the situation of this thing.This is what ordinary scholars and scholars call "seeing and knowing, observing and seeing".That is to say, ordinary people always think that as long as they see (see) and touch (observe) things, they will naturally know the shape (appearance) and attributes (meaning) of the thing, so that they can name things.But famous scholars just say that ordinary people’s way of knowing things is wrong. Even if people come into contact with something, they can’t fully know it (impossible); even if they have a name for something, they can’t Know everything about this thing (to the end)!The "to" mentioned by famous scholars here does not mean "arrival", but "exhaustion".In the vernacular, "you can't point to it, you can't stop it" means that you can't exhaust things after touching them, and you can't exhaust them after naming them.This is one of the most speculative propositions in the "Twenty-One Things". The famous master Gongsun Longzi even wrote a special article "Referring to Things" to explain his views. Twelve, the tortoise is longer than the snake.It is common knowledge that snakes are longer than turtles, especially adults.But famous scholars say that tortoises are longer than snakes, which cannot but be astonishing!The reason is: tortoises have different sizes, and snakes have lengths. Big tortoises can outlive short snakes, so cloud tortoises are longer than snakes.Hui Shi, a famous master, started from this point and produced a large theory of distinguishing things that is difficult for ordinary people to see: "To the greatest without outside, it is called the big one. To the smallest without inside, it is called the small one. Without thickness, it cannot be accumulated. The sky and the earth are low, the mountains and the deep are flat. The sun and the Chinese look at each other, and things live and die. Great unity and small similarities and differences, this is called small similarities and differences; all things are completely the same but completely different, this is called great similarities and differences. The south is endless but finite. The chain can be solved. I love all things, and the heaven and the earth are one!" Thirteen, the square is not square, and the rules cannot be round.The moment is the ruler.Rulers, compasses also.As we all know, a curved ruler is specially used to draw a square, and a compass is specially used to draw a circle.Even Xunzi said in the "Fu": "The round ones are in the rules, and the square ones are in the rules." It can be seen that the rules of the square and the circle are not only common sense of ordinary people, but also the theory of scholars.But the famous masters just said: a curved ruler cannot draw a square, and a compasses cannot draw a circle!The reasoning of famous scholars is: "square" and "circle" are both names given by people. Since they are names, they have a common scale (Datong); while the circle and square drawn by rules and moments are actually very different (Dayi). Therefore, the square drawn by the moment is not "square", and the circle drawn by the gauge is not "circle"; therefore, the moment cannot draw a square ("square"), and the gauge cannot draw a circle ("circle"). Fourteen, the chisel cannot be surrounded.Chisel, mortise (mortise) also.The tenon is also the tenon.When the tenon is driven in, the tenon will naturally surround the tenon.This is a truth that everyone understands.But famous experts say that the mortise cannot cover the tenon!The reason of famous experts is: No matter how tight the mortise fits into the mortise, there is always a gap; otherwise, why do the mortise often need a wedge; Fifteen, the shadow of the bird has not moved.The bird is flying in the sky, and the shadow of the bird is also moving.This is common sense that all three-year-olds know.But famous scholars say that the shadow of a bird does not move!Gongsun Longzi said: "A shadow does not move, but it is changing." It means: the shadow of a bird does not move.Birds and shadows are always at a certain point, new bird shadows are constantly being formed, and old bird shadows are constantly disappearing. This is called the illusion of moving (changing) shadows! Sixteen, the disease of clusters of arrows, but there are times when it can't stop.The shot arrow is flying fast, which can be seen by everyone, and no ordinary person would say that the arrow is not moving.But famous experts say that the flying arrow neither moves (no) nor stops (not only)!What is amazing is that this statement by famous experts is almost exactly the same as the statement that "flying arrows don't move" put forward by the ancient Greek scholar Zeno in the distant Aegean Sea!Zeno's reason is: an arrow shot out is flying, passing through many points in a certain period of time, and staying at a certain point every moment; many stationary points are still stationary when gathered together, so it is said that the flying arrow is not moveable.And the reasoning of famous Chinese experts is: the flying arrow is at a certain point and not at a certain point at every moment; if it is at a certain point, it is "no", and if it is not at a certain point, it is "not to stop", so Yunfei arrows can not stop!Compared with Zeno's reasoning, both being and not being (can't stop), is obviously much deeper than the pure "immobility" theory. Seventeen, a dog is not a dog.From the perspective of ordinary people, a dog is a dog, and a dog is a dog, just one thing with two names.But famous experts say, a dog is not a dog!Zhou Classics "Erya Shihu" says: "The dog is called a dog before it becomes a Hao." That is to say, a dog is called a dog when it has not grown up (Hao).Gongsun Longzi reasoned from this: two names must have two things, a dog is a "dog", and a dog is a "dog"; a dog is not a dog, and a dog is not a dog; it is not the difference of size, but the difference of things. Eighteen, Huang Ma Li Niu III.Li Niu are pure black cattle.In the eyes of ordinary people, a yellow horse and a black cow are obviously two things.名家却说，一匹黄马与一头黑牛是三件物事！公孙龙子的理由是：黄马一，黑牛一，“黄马黑牛”名称一，故谓之黄马黑牛三。这与“鸡三足”乃同一论战命题。 十九，白狗黑。白狗是白狗，黑狗是黑狗，这是常人绝不会弄错的事。可名家偏与常识唱对台，说白狗可以是黑狗！理由便是：狗身有白曰白狗，狗身有黑曰黑狗；今白毛狗生黑眼睛，同为狗身之物，故白狗也是黑狗。墨子当年为了批驳此论而先解此论，在《小取》篇推论解说：马之目眇（瞎），谓之马眇（瞎马）；马之目大，而不谓之马大。牛之毛黄，谓之牛黄；牛之毛众，而不谓之牛众。据此推论：狗目瞎可叫做瞎狗，狗目黑自然可以叫做黑狗也。 二十，孤驹未尝有母。无母之儿为孤儿，无母之驹为孤驹。然无论孤儿孤驹，都是曾经有过母亲的。这是常人毫不怀疑的事实。但名家却说，孤驹从来（未尝）没有过母亲！理由便是：“孤驹”，物名也，母死谓“孤驹”，母未死不谓“孤驹”；但为“孤驹”，一开始便没有母亲；故云，孤驹从来没有母亲。 二十一，一尺之椎，日取其半，万世不竭。一根木杖用刀拦腰砍断，每日从中一半一半砍去，砍不了几日便砍无可砍，木杖自然也就不存在了。这是常人都知道的事理。名家却说，即或一尺长的木杖，每日取一半，万世也分割不尽！理由便是：物无穷尽（物不尽），一尺之椎本身有尽，然不断分割（取），便成无尽也。 到了战国中后期，公孙龙子成为名家最有名的大师。这公孙龙子非但对“二十一事”大有增补，更独创了“离坚白”（石头的“坚”与“白”是可以分离的）、“白马非马”等论战题目。因了“二十一事”已为天下熟知，所以公孙龙子后期的这两个命题便没有列入“二十一事”之中。虽然如此，却也同样是名家的重要命题。 却说公孙龙子率一班追随者游历天下处处求战，竟日渐大成势头。许多名士即或不赞同名家之说，却也公然钦佩公孙龙子学问。这年来到邯郸，平原君邀得信陵君与几个名士与公孙龙子席间论战，恰恰便有当世两个最负盛名的显学大家——荀子与孔子第六代孙孔穿。孔穿自恃大儒，不屑与公孙龙子辩驳那些鸡零狗碎偏离大道的杂说，只淡淡笑道：“白马非马，异说也。公孙子若弃此说，孔穿便拜足下为师耳。” “足下大谬也！”公孙龙子昂昂然道，“吾之成名，惟因白马非马之辩也！果真弃之，何以教人，何以为足下之师？” “岂有此理！”孔穿顿时张红了脸。 “无理者，足下也！”公孙龙子笑道，“足下欲拜人为师，无非因才学不如人也。今足下要我弃立身之说，犹先教诲于我而后再求教于我，岂非无理也！再说，白马非马之说，当年孔子也曾用之，足下何以羞于受教耳？” “子大谬也！先祖几曾有过此等邪说？” “足下学未到家也！”公孙龙子却是颇有戏谑，“当年，楚王射猎而丢失弓箭，左右急忙寻找。楚王曰'楚人丢之，楚人得之，何须寻找？'孔子闻得此事评点曰，'楚王道未至也！人丢弓，人得弓。何须定说“楚人”？'由此看去，孔子视'楚人'与'人'为二，'楚人'非'人'也！足下若赞同孔子楚人非人之说，却又指斥白马非马，岂非矛盾之谬乎！” “诡辩邪说！”孔穿愤愤然一句便噎得没了话说。 “公孙子又来惑人矣！”一生论战的荀子终于没能忍得住，掷下大爵便与公孙龙子论辩起来，从白马非马说开去，到离坚白又到二十一事，两人直从正午论战到风灯高挑，竟是未见分晓。平原君信陵君大为振奋，次日在胡杨林下搭起了高台，三千门客与游学邯郸的名士将胡杨林挤得满荡荡人山人海。公孙龙子支撑三日，最后终于长笑一躬：“在下今日拜服，心中却终归不服也！但有十年，再见分晓！” 荀子乃赵国大家，平原君倍感荣耀，将书吏录写的论战辩辞广为散发，自然也给了荀子长长一卷。此后荀子到了兰陵，便将论战辞做了一番修订，定名为《正名》。这《正名》篇备细记载了荀子对名家的全面批驳，使公孙龙子“今日拜服”的要害却在其中的根基之论，大要有三： 其一，正名正实。也就是先对“名”“实”作出明确界定。荀子说：“名固无宜（物事的名称本无所谓好不好），约之以命（众人相约以命名）。约定俗成谓之宜，易于约则谓之不宜。名无固实（什么名称指向什么物事，并非一开始就固定的），约之以命实（众人相约用这个名称命名这个物事），约定俗成谓之实名（众人都承认了，这个实物的名称也就确立了）。”荀子此论一出，“名”“实”便有了确定的界限。 其二，名、实之关联变化。名家辩题之出，大多在名实之间的关联变化上做文章。所以荀子特意申明：“名有固善（名称要起得很好），径意而不拂（平直易晓而不使人误解），谓之善名。物有同状而异所者（物事有形状相同而实质不同者），有异状而同所者（有形状不同而实质相同者），可别也。状同而异所，虽可合，谓之二实。状变而实无别而为异者，谓之化，有化而无别，谓之一实。此事之所以稽实定数也（稽查物事的实质来确定名称的多寡），此，制名之枢要也。后王之成名，不可不察也。”这里，对名实之变做了根基上的说明，实际上便驳倒了名家的混淆名实之论。譬如名家“二十一事”之“狗非犬”，便是拿大狗小狗名称不同做文章。可荀子指出，形状变而“实”没有区别，只是相异，这便是化（变化），有变化而无区别，便是二名“一实”！也就是说，大狗小狗形状各异，其“实”相同，所以是一种物事而两种名称罢了。 其三，揭示名家辩术要害所在。荀子罗列了名家所有命题的三种辩术，叫做“三惑”（三种蛊惑之法）：其一，用名以乱名，如狗非犬、白马非马等辩题；其二，用实以乱名，如山出口、山与渊平等辩题；其三，用名以乱实，如黄马骊牛三等辩题。如此一来，名家之“术”便了无神秘，诡辩之法也易为人识破了。 《正名》篇最后告诫天下士子说：“无稽之言，不见之行，不闻之谋，君子慎之！”也就是说，对那些徒以言辞辩术标新立异惊人耳目的言行，一定要慎重辨别。显然，这是对名家的警告，也是对天下学子的提醒。 ... 韩非唱说一罢，少学子弟们大感新奇，满场一片笑声不亦乐乎。黄衫甘罗先笑叫起来：“这若算学问，我明日也出得三五十个了！”“我一个，树不结果！”“我一个，田不长庙！”“我也一个，男非男，女非女，狂且有三！”轰然一声，全场大笑起来。 “静——”李斯长喝一声深深一躬，“请老师大讲。” “汝等辄怀轻慢之心，终非治学之道矣！”荀子肃然正色道，“名家虽非大道，辩驳之术却是天下独步，否则无以成势也。论题易出，论理难成。公孙龙子若来，汝等谁能将其二十一事驳倒得三五件？谁能将其立论一举驳倒？若无此才，便当备学备论，而非轻慢妄议，徒然笑其荒诞而终归败学也！” 全场鸦雀无声之时，突然却有一个红衣少年从后场站起拱手高声道：“弟子以为，战胜公孙龙子并非难事！” “你是何人？妄言学事！”黄衫甘罗厉声喝问一句。 “在下鲁天，方才进山。” 荀子悠然一笑：“鲁天呵，你可是鲁仲连举荐之人？” “正是！弟子未曾拜师而言事，老师见谅！” “学馆非官府，何谅之有呵？”荀子慈和地招手笑道，“你且近前。方才昂昂其说，战胜公孙龙子并非难事。你且说说，战胜之道何在？” “老师容禀，”红衣少年从容做礼侃侃道，“弟子有幸拜读老师大作《正名》篇，以为老师已经从根基驳倒名家！只须将《正名》篇发于弟子们研习揣摩，不用老师亲论，人各一题，韩非兄统而论之，战胜公孙龙子便非难事！” “呵呵，倒是排兵布阵一般也。”荀子显然对这个曾经读过自己旧作的少年颇有好感，思忖间继续一问，几乎便是寻常考察少学弟子的口吻了，“说说，《正名》篇如何从根基上驳倒了名家？” “弟子以为有三！”少年竟似成竹在胸一般，“其一，老师理清了名家诸论之要害，犹如先行击破名家中军大阵！名家二十一事，几乎件件混淆名实之分。老师从正名论实入手，一举廓清名实同异，纲举目张，二十一事便件件立见纰漏也！其二，老师对物名成因立论得当，使混淆名实之巧辩成子矛攻子盾。其三，老师对名家混淆名实之巧术破解得当，归纳以'三惑'辩术：以名乱名、以实乱名、以名乱实，并一言以蔽之，'凡邪说辟言，无不类于三惑者矣！'使人立见天下辩者之浅智诈人。此犹两翼包抄，敌之主力不能逃脱也！” 荀子哈哈大笑：“后生诚可畏也！连老夫也得排兵布阵么？” 李斯一拱手道：“老师，鲁天所言，弟子以为可行！” “弟子赞同！”韩非陈嚣也立即跟上。 “我等请战！”黄衫少年甘罗昂昂然道，“老师但发《正名》篇，我等少学弟子人各一题，与名家轮番论战，定教公孙龙子领略荀学正道！”一言落点，少年弟子们便是一片呼应，大庭院中嚷嚷得一团火热。 “后学气盛，老夫欣慰也！”荀子嘉许地向少学弟子们招了招手，转身却看着李斯沉吟道，“只是仓促之间，何来忒多竹简刻书？” 李斯慨然道：“此等琐务老师无须上心，弟子办妥便是！” “好。”荀子笑了，“备学备论你来操持，韩非甘罗襄助，如何呵？” “弟子遵命！” 荀子起身离座向红衣少年一点头，说声你随我来，便悠悠然向山洞去了。红衣少年笑着对李斯韩非一拱手，便也匆匆跟去了。进得山洞又进了执一坊，红衣少年打量着洞中满荡荡的书架书卷，不禁惊讶乍舌又顽皮地对着老人背影偷偷一笑。荀子走到大石案前在大草席上坐定，便是突然一问：“蒙恬，你到苍山意欲何为呵？”红衣少年顿时愣怔，张红着脸吭哧道：“老师，你却如何，如何知道我是蒙恬？”荀子淡淡道：“语涉兵道，齐语杂秦音，若非将门之后、咸阳三少才嬴、蒙、甘之一，却是何人？”红衣少年目光闪烁道：“老师，这，这是揣测，算不得凭据。”荀子悠然一笑：“老夫当年入秦，《正名》篇全文只被应侯范雎索得一卷。应侯征询老夫：将军蒙骜与他交谊笃厚，其子蒙武好学，《正名》篇全文抄本能否馈赠其蒙氏一卷？老夫念及将门求学，便破例答应了。三惑之说，惟留秦本有之。小子诵得《正名》，记得三惑，不是蒙氏之后么？” “老师明察！蒙恬隐名，愿受惩罚！” “小子快意人也！你只说，果是要在苍山求学么？” “老师……”蒙恬憋得一脸通红，却说不出话来。 “蒙恬呵，老夫明白说话。”荀子轻轻叩着石案，“你若果真求学，必有大成，老夫自当悉心育之也！然则，老夫虽居山野，却也略知天下风云。甘氏归秦，将甘茂之孙甘罗送来苍山修学。由是，老夫知方今秦国正在低谷艰危之时，蒙氏已是秦之望族国之栋梁。当此之时，你能置身事外而做莘莘学子乎？便是当真求学，又何须不远千里苦寻鲁仲连举荐？再者，你天赋过人，又喜好兵事，亦终非治学之人也。凡此等等，你岂能当真为求学而离国有年蹉跎在外也！” “老师！”蒙恬扑地大拜，“蒙恬浅陋无知，老师教我！” 荀子扶起了泣不成声的少年。蒙恬拭去泪水，便从头至尾将十多年来秦国的变故备细叙说了一遍，末了坦然道：“少君与王翦及弟子三人遇合，只想为秦国求才，以备文信侯之后将相可倚。只因歆慕老师与鲁仲连大名，我便借祭祖之名离国，实则只想借游学之机寻觅人才，并无他图。若扰乱学馆，蒙恬自当即刻离去。” “小子差矣！”荀子喟然一叹却又一笑，“以小子眼光，苍山可有人才？” “有！李斯、韩非、甘罗！” “陈嚣算不得一个？” “恕弟子唐突……陈嚣似更宜治学。” “不错，小子尚算识人也。” “老师是说，三人可以入秦？”蒙恬大是惊喜。 “小子好算计也！”荀子朗朗笑了，“人各有志，虽师不能相强。老夫只知你来意便了，至于各人何去何从，非关老夫事也。” “弟子明白。谢过老师！”蒙恬又大拜在地重重叩了一头。