Chapter 29 The third section "Han Feizi" deeply shocked the young king of Qin

"Xiao Gaozi, drink!" Zhao Gao came over quickly: "Your Majesty, you discipline yourself, and don't drink at night." "Such a wonderful essay, how can there be no wine!" Ying Zheng repeated the case. In the past ten days, five or seven empty wine jars have been piled up next to the desk, and the big study room has always been filled with a strong aroma of wine.This is how Ying Zheng alternately sat down and drank and sometimes marveled. He hungrily read the three thick parchment books day and night.Rao is so, still not happy.At dusk on the day when he finished reading the parchment, Ying Zheng strolled into the Populus euphratica forest, wandered among the golden red fallen leaves all night, sometimes chanting loudly and sometimes thinking hard, until the frost and fog enveloped the world, Ying Zheng returned to the dormitory to rush The upper bed snored loudly and slept for three days and three nights.

It was "Han Feizi" brought back by Li Si that deeply shocked the winner. Yingzheng has read many books, but no book can give him such a strange feeling that he can't explain clearly. Reading "Shang Junshu" is like climbing a majestic peak to see the size of the mountains. What is galloping in the chest is the heart of the decisive battle to split the mountains and open the road to the avenue.Reading "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", from the remote prehistoric land all the way, the rise and fall of the past dynasties is as vivid as the present.Reading "Lao Tzu" is a groping for a kind of boundless and profound wisdom, one may see a strange treasure, or pick up a useless straw; like a strange stone in the ocean, some people regard it as a thousand-ren peak , some people regard it as a comfortable pillow, some people regard it as a magic weapon, and some people regard it as a medicine stone for clearing the heart; but no matter how you try to figure it out, its soul is shrouded in boundless mystery, making you feel Give birth to a mediocrity and insignificance in the face of wise men.Reading, a kind of mysterious, a kind of free and easy, a kind of remoteness, a kind of ecstasy, a kind of mirage, a kind of life and death, which haunts you in an unpredictable way, you can sigh in admiration for the Kunpeng who flies thousands of miles high but has nowhere to go, or you can be angrily contemptuous The chirping and real sparrow, but after all, I don't know what I am?Reading "Mozi" is like approaching a raging bonfire in the dark night, which makes people feel hot all over, wishing to melt into a ball of flames and a sharp sword, burn themselves and clear up the troubled times. "Mencius" is a kind of eloquent eloquence, its decadent political views make people feel comfortable, but its exquisite rhetoric makes people happy.It is fragmented and honest, with one warning and one comment. If you don’t want to go back to the past, even if you finish reading all of them intensively, you still don’t know how you should stand in this world of great controversy. "Xunzi" is a fair judge, and those who have doubts may find the verdict in it, but it is difficult to understand its essence if you read it without anything to do. "Gongsun Longzi" is ingenious, witty and witty, even if you don't accept it, you can laugh out loud...

Only "Han Feizi" makes people unable to tell and reflect on themselves exactly. Yingzheng has roughly clarified the general appearance of "Han Feizi", but only in this way, he is full of emotion. The young king of Qin believed that "Han Feizi" would undoubtedly become a legalist masterpiece passed down through the ages.This great book of the new school of Legalism is unprecedentedly broad and profound, and it is difficult to figure out its essence after first reading, but it is indestructible only after intensive reading.From a fundamental point of view, the biggest difference in "Han Feizi" is that it combines the three legalist principles (rule of law, rule of art, and rule of power) into one furnace to rebuild a grand legalist formation.For the school of the rule of law with Shang Yang as the axis, "Han Feizi" is as clear and firm as "Shang Junshu", except that it is more specific, but there is nothing new.This made the young king of Qin who admired Shang Yang very gratified, and believed that Han Fei was the biggest legalist orthodox sect after Shang Yang.If not, it is very likely that the young King Qin would not have finished reading "Han Feizi".

Han Fei's innovation lies in the fact that he incorporated the rule of law and the rule of situation into the rule of legalism and reforged it, expanding the study of the rule of law into an unprecedented "three rule legalists", and in fact became the master of the new legalists in the Warring States period.The three theories of law, technique, and power all have their origins before: Li Kui and Shang Yang are the most prominent in the theory of rule of law;In the eyes of various schools of thought in the Warring States Period, although the three theories of law, technique, and power are different, their basic points are the same, which is based on the recognition of the rule of law.Only in this way, in the Warring States Period, the three theories of magic power were regarded as an interconnected and interdependent body, and they were collectively called Legalism.However, this kind of general naming cannot make the Legalists agree.Among the Legalists, the distinction between the three theories is very clear, and no one would confuse Dharma, Technique, and Power.It can be said that there are actually three factions of Legalism, and they are three factions that are difficult to integrate with each other.

Only in this way, Han Fei integrated the three factions into one family, which amazed the young King Qin who was familiar with Legalism! The new legalist framework established by "Han Feizi" is: the rule of power is the root, the rule of law is the axis, and the rule of law is observation. Let's talk about seki first.The powerful person is also the position of a person in the power framework.A high position is heavy, and a low position is light, which is called power.Since ancient times, the classics of governing Taoism have clearly regarded "potential" as power. "Shangshu·Jun Chen" says: "There is no authority based on power." This power is power.The legalists' speech clearly refers to the power of the monarch, that is, the highest power of the country.Shen Dao regards the rule of power as the essence of the rule of law, and its basic concept is deduced as follows: the supreme power is the starting point of all governance, without the exercise of power, the country cannot be governed; Based on power; without the supreme power, the implementation of any governance is impossible, which means that there is no governance without power.Therefore, using the supreme power to exercise the rule of law is regarded by the faction as the most fundamental way of governance.

"Shen Zi" says: "Yao is an ordinary man and cannot rule three people. Jie is the son of heaven and can disrupt the world. From this we know that the position is enough to rely on, and the sages are not enough to admire... Yao did it for subordinates (governing pottery craftsmen) If you teach, the people will not listen, and as far as the south is concerned, you will rule the world, and orders will be followed, and prohibitions will be stopped. From this point of view, virtuous wisdom is not enough to convince the people, but the position is enough to subdue the virtuous." It is thorough, but it shows loopholes because it cannot thoroughly demonstrate the relationship between power and the rule of law.One of the biggest embarrassments is that many wise and diligent monarchs are in power, but they still cannot govern the country well.It is precisely for this reason that law-abiding scholars such as Li Kui and Shang Yang came into being at the right time, positioning the foundation of national governance as the rule of law, and believing that once the law is established, it will have the unshakable status of the supreme power. , all this meaning also.Han Fei's novelty lies in acknowledging that "power" is the source of the rule of law, but he clearly believes that relying solely on "power and position" is not enough to rule the country by law. Only by combining power and law can the country be governed.

"Han Feizi Difficult Potential" says: "If a husband is powerful, he must be used by the sages, but not the virtuous ones. If the sages have power, the world will be ruled. If the unworthy ones have power, the world will be chaotic... Those who use power to disrupt the world There are too many, and there are few people who rule the world with power! Power is used to control chaos, and there is a position at the bottom, and those who only say that power is enough to rule the world have little wisdom!" Ying Zheng was overwhelmed by Han Fei's judgment. However, what Yingzheng admired the most was the contradictory story in "Han Feizi" that challenged the theory of power.

Han Fei said that those who specialize in the rule of power say: Yao and Shun ruled when they gained power, and Jie and Zhou gained power and chaos, so rule of power is the foundation.Sure enough, the theory will have two ends: Yao and Shun hold the power, even though the ten Jie and ten Zhou can not mess up; Jie and Zhou hold the power, even though the ten Yao and ten Shun cannot rule.So, is it governed by people, or governed by power?Is it possible to rule by power? If a tyrant has power, sages cannot rule.Govern by people, the sages have no power and the world is in chaos.After the interrogation, "Han Feizi" told a story: There are people who sell spears and shields, advocating the strength of their shields, "nothing can fall into it", and Russia advocates the strength of their spears, "everything can fall into it"; some people from the city came over Said: "What about using the spear of the son and the shield of the son?" The seller was embarrassed and couldn't respond. The conclusion of "Han Feizi" says: "The incompatibility of virtuous and powerful is clear, and this contradiction is also said!"

"Smart, sharp and humorous, his talent is rare!" Ying Zheng laughed. "What you said is right! The rule of power is too much, and it is no different from the rule of man!" Ying Zheng criticized his own judgment. Let's talk about surgery.Surgeons are generally referred to as skills and methods.However, the technique mentioned by the Legalists is the way of governing officials, which is called the rule of law.During the Warring States period, Shen Buhai ruled the theory of Shuzhi, and was regarded by the world as a legalist faction that stood side by side with Shang Yang's theory of rule of law.The basis of Shen Buhai's theory of governance is that both power and law must be enacted and implemented by the crowd; this crowd is the subordinates under the command of the king; if the king controls the ministers to obtain the law, the laws and government orders can be implemented smoothly , otherwise there would be no rule in the world; therefore, the foundation of governance lies in the rule of the ruler.Obviously, Shen Buhai's theory is also biased, and the loopholes are obvious.One of the biggest embarrassments is that if the country does not change the old law (the foundation is not to abolish the real feudal system), but only pays attention to the purge of officials, it will not be able to eradicate the chronic diseases of gangsters and corruption, and the country will never be truly strong.This is the case in Qi, and even more so in South Korea.

"Han Feizi" sternly criticizes Shen Buhai's art theory and its practice in Korea. "Korea's laws and regulations are complex, so the old laws of the Jin state and the new laws go hand in hand. Shen Buhai is not good at the law and does not conform to the constitution, so there must be many evildoers. The old law is for the benefit of the nobles, so they act according to the old law; the officials' interests are in the new law, then Do things with the new law; if the benefit lies in the contradiction (conflict) between the old law and the new law, then you can talk sophistically to exploit the gaps in the law. In this way, although Shen Buhai uses ten envoys Zhaohou to use tricks, there are many treacherous sycophants! Han, if you don't become a king in seventy years, it's a problem if you use your skills to excel and don't practice diligently!"

Based on the fact that Shen Buhui left South Korea with a great harm to the tradition of surgery, and based on Han Fei's own calm judgment on surgery, Han Fei made a strict definition of "shu": "Surgeons are appointed by power, He who is responsible for the name and the truth, handles the handle of life and death, and teaches the ability of the officials." In today's words, the rule of law is the law of the employment system and the accountability system.Therefore, the rule of law advocated by Han Fei is by no means a simple strategy of maneuvering, although it also includes tactics of maneuvering. What Yingzheng admired the most was that Han Fei did not underestimate the law because of the incorporation of skills into the law, but regarded the skills and the law as an indispensable way to govern the country.Some people ask, which is more important, the rule of law?Han Fei replied: "This is like the importance of food and clothing. You can't do without one. They are all tools for keeping in good health. If you don't eat, you will die in ten days. In the great cold, you will die if you don't have clothes... If you don't have skills, you will suffer If the ministers are incapable of doing so, then there will be chaos below. This cannot be left alone, and it is a tool of the emperor!" Since the age of nine, Ying Zheng has been the Prince of Qin.From the age of thirteen, Ying Zheng was the king of Qin.From the age of twenty-two, Ying Zheng became the pro-government king of the most powerful country in the world.During the period, the wind and rain were innumerable, and he had a deep understanding of the indispensable legitimate tactics of the king, which can be said to be etched in his heart forever.For this reason, Yingzheng deeply sympathized with the new theory of Shuzhi explained in "Han Feizi".While reading the "Decree", Yingzheng drank the cold old wine of the three masters, and said with emotion: "Such a rule of law, it is better not to coexist with the rule of law! How great is Han Zi!" What moved Yingzheng the most was Han Fei's "Lonely Wrath". Han Fei's "Lonely Anger" is not about telling his loneliness or venting his anger, but about the fate of reformers in the world.Ying Zheng remembers that when he first read "Lonely Anger", he was covered in cold sweat, and there was a tumbling and tragic scene in front of his eyes like a nightmare. The bones of Shang Jun's execution ground were flying everywhere with blood, and Wu Qi, who was full of hidden arrows, fell in a pool of blood. Shen Buhai thrust the long sword into his stomach, the assassin's knife was shining, and Su Qin fell to the ground. The haggard King Zhao Wuling was tearing up and swallowing the baby bird he took out like a lunatic, with a stream of bright red dripping from the corner of his mouth. blood... "Zhaozhao's "Lonely Anger" is also a letter of plea for people with lofty ideals!" Deeper in the silence, Yingzheng agreed with the case. "Lonely Anger" does not list a murder case, but it is horrifying and alarming.The fundamental point is that "Lonely Anger" illuminates the unavoidable tragic fate of the reformers with unparalleled insight, lays out the bloody future nakedly for everyone to appreciate, and coldly announces the bloody road of the reformers.Han Fei uncovered the fate of the victims of the practice layer by layer: First of all, the disposition and mission of reformers determine that they will inevitably become irreconcilable with the nobles in power. "A man of wisdom must be far-sighted and see clearly. If he does not see clearly, he must not be selfish. A man who is capable of the law must be strong and straight. , the candle emphasizes the sinister feelings of people (powerful ministers). Those who can practice the law are upright, and if they listen to it, they will correct people's treacherous behavior. Therefore, those who can use wisdom and the law, the valuable ministers must be in the rope (chao gang) That's out of the question! If so, the wise and the law-abiding person and the Daoist should not have the same enmity!" Secondly, the old forces in power have all kinds of advantages, while reformers have inherent disadvantages. "Lonely Anger" lists the basic advantages of those in power one by one, which is called four assists and five victories.The four aids are: the aid of the feudal lords, the aid of the group of ministers, the aid of the king's close ministers, and the aid of the disciples and scholars.The reason why there are these four aids is: "The one who is in power is good at key points, and he uses them internally and externally." He has the power to make friends with the princes, has the power to decide the distribution of interests among the officials, and is related to the interests of the king's close ministers and servants, and has the power and financial resources to the scholars. Diners are to raise money, so there are these four kinds of help.The five victories are: first, the official rank is valuable; second, there are many cliques; third, there are many courtiers; fourth, the people of the country tend to be traditional and a country is litigating (defending); fifth, it is the king's love and trust.Compared with those in power, reformers are invincible in five ways: one is low in official rank (lower position), two is not attached to a party (no party is lonely), and the third is in the minority (anti-ideas and rivalry with others, and one is against one country). ), four lack the foundation of old friends (the new traveler competes with the old ones), and five is alienated from the king and his cronies (the alienation competes with the close love letter). Third, under such a situation, the destiny of reformers must be to go to the altar to make sacrifices. "Capital (foundation) must be invincible, but power is not two. How can a man of magic be safe? Those who can be accused of crimes and framed will be punished by public law! Those who cannot be accused of crimes will be impoverished with private swords (assassins)!" Therefore, those who understand the law and rebel against the Lord will not be killed by officials, but will die by private swords!" This is Han Fei's cruelest prophecy.As long as reformers go against the interests of traditional forces (against the lord), there are only two endings - they will not die by public law (nobles of the family are punished by the ancestral system), but they will die by private swords (assassins). Fourth, those who reform the law must be sacrificed, but the people who reform the law will die soon after death.Han Fei soberly saw the heroism of the reform and revealed the root cause of this heroism.Those who reform the law, those who are brave and wise in life, would rather die for the reform than die for a decaying and dying state. "Those who are sick with the dead cannot live! Those who work with the subjugated country cannot survive! Follow the old way to preserve the country, and it is impossible!" Finally, "Lonely Wrath" issued a grim warning to the king.The difficulty of the reform lies with the monarch. If the monarch is unknown, it is rare for the country to survive!The men of reform live alone and fight alone.Based on this, Han Fei warned the king who wanted to reform the law, how to recognize and protect the reformers.There are two most important things: one, do not discuss reformers with cronies, let alone judge reformers based on cronies. "Cultivators (those with noble character) do not use goods to bribe others, rely on their cleanliness, and do not rule by breaking the law... If the owner can't ask for it, if the goods don't come, then the words of slander and slander will start! If the merits of the people are controlled by the close learners, and the clean behavior depends on the reputation, then the officials of the monks will be abolished. If you listen to the words of the close learners, the incompetent people will be in the court, and the foolish officials will be in the government!" The interests of powerful ministers are different, and the monarch must clearly observe the crimes of powerful ministers who use their cliques for personal gain, prevent virtuous paths, and confuse the lord and defeat the law, otherwise there is no way to change the law. "The lord has made a big mistake, and the minister has a big crime. Those who want to keep the country alive are not to be gained!" Zhaozhao's "Lonely Anger" is also a sacrificial article for the reformers' sacrifice! Lie Lie's "Lonely Anger" is also a prophecy book about the fate of reformers! This is Han Fei. In the era of fierce and turbulent battles, he lived in a deep prison and his thoughts illuminated the world. He turned all kinds of power mysteries and political shady plots that are little known to the world into brilliant conspiracy, and displayed them in broad daylight. Down, become the eternal iron law of power field operation.A "Han Feizi" dwarfs all the theories of power and politics throughout the ages, and it is the only one in human civilization!Even Machiavelli's "The King", which is highly respected by the West in later generations, is far from being able to stand shoulder to shoulder with it.It is profound and clear, it is cold and steep, it is majestic and austere, it is fierce and sharp, it is ferocious and treacherous, it is mysterious and supernatural, it is colorful and eloquent, and it is vivid and humorous. education banner. The fate of "Han Feizi" is the same as the fate of the reformers revealed in his "Solitary Anger": in an era when political reform became the mainstream, he was a raging torch that burned the darkness; Cursing and cursing one generation after another, if one cannot use public law to destroy one's studies, one must use words and pens to pursue those who slandered him, and pursue his heart.However, no matter how cursed, "Han Feizi" is always an irreplaceable law in the field of power, and all those in power must quietly operate according to its law.Later scholars Feng Zhen and Zeng Yun said: ""Han Feizi" is a powerful drug among stones. He is suffering from chronic diseases and cannot be cured. If it is used improperly, it can kill people! Even if you know medicine, you should be cautious!" This is a later story. . That night, Yingzheng couldn't sleep peacefully, and drank the old wine without knowing what it tasted like. At five o'clock the rooster crowed, and Ying Zheng let out a long cry: "Wow! If I can see this person and swim with him, I will never regret it!" In the early morning of the next day, Yingzheng immediately summoned Li Si and Yao Jia, and the reason was only one sentence: "No matter what method, Han Fei must enter Qin." Disapproval.Yao Jia said: "Whether Han Fei can enter the Qin Dynasty depends not only on Han Fei, but also on the king of Han. Yao Jia knows Han very well, and has made various investigations on Han Fei. It is not necessary to refuse; only by using power to suppress the King of Han, and using the King of Han to suppress Han Fei, Han Fei may enter the Qin Dynasty. When the long history enters Han, the focus can only be on Han Fei, a villain who is addicted to tricks like the King of Han Your Majesty, I'm afraid you won't be able to catch him!" Li Si laughed and said, "Han Wang is a villain, how can I restrain him?" Yao Jia replied, "A villain with good skills only recognizes deterrence, how can there be anyone else!" Li Si He laughed again and said, "Do you know that Li Si has no talent to deter the King of Han?" Yao Jia said, "The ruler is short, but the inch is long. From a long history, I am a man of great talent and long strategy, but he is not good at dealing with despicable villains. That's all." Li Si cupped his hands to the King of Qin and said, "Yao Jia said that the minister has no objection, but it is up to the emperor to make a decision." Yingzheng immediately made a decision: Yao Jia sent Han to ask Han Fei to enter Qin as soon as possible.