Chapter 5 The Secret Behind the Five Peace Treaties

Two days later, Zhao Heng issued an imperial edict to the Northern Expedition, starting the first and last personal expedition in his life. Before the expedition, Li Jilong and Shi Baoji were ordered to line up on the left and right in front of the driver, and all the generals accompanied them on the expedition.It was the midwinter season at that time, the weather was cold and the wind was bitter. Seeing the cold weather on the left and right, they offered mink fur hats and velvet furs to Zhao Heng.Zhao Heng believed that the soldiers marched and fought in the cold wind and endured the cold wind that cut their faces. As the emperor, he could not enjoy it alone.He rejected the mink hat and velvet fur offered by his servants.

It seems that Zhao Heng knows how to encourage soldiers. When the soldiers heard that the emperor refused to wear a sable hat and velvet fur, they were greatly moved, and they all said, "Your Majesty misses us so much. This Northern Expedition must serve the country with all our might!" The army of the Northern Expedition is still on the road, and the former army has arrived in Chanzhou.Xiao Talin, king of the Khitan commanding army, boasted of his bravery, and led his troops straight to the front of the Song army camp. Xiao Talin led a few cavalry out to observe the terrain. When Li Jilong, the former commander of the Song Army, learned that the Khitan soldiers were coming, he sent people to report to the emperor, and at the same time led all the soldiers to the front of the camp to watch the formation.

When Li Jilong arrived at the front camp, he saw the Khitan soldiers waiting in formation. Several leaders were standing on the hill in front of the camp and gesticulating, so he ordered his general Zhang Huan to stand guard beside the bed crossbow, watching closely the movements of the enemy soldiers. The rear battalion went to dispatch troops and generals. The bed crossbow is a heavy weapon. It relies on the joint force of several bows to shoot an arrow. Due to the high tension, it takes dozens of people to draw the bow to draw the bow. The shooting range can reach 500 meters. At that time, it was regarded as a It is a powerful long-range weapon.

Zhang Huan was guarding the bed crossbow. He saw a yellow-robed general standing in front of the formation and gesticulating. In an instant, a hundred arrows were fired at the few people in front of the enemy barracks. Xiao Talin was setting up an formation there, and he was caught off guard. He was shot like a hedgehog and killed on the spot. None of the people around him made it back alive. . When the Khitan soldiers saw that the general had been killed on the spot, they hurriedly dispatched troops to retrieve the body, and retreated to set up camp.When Zhang Huan sent someone to report to Li Jilong, the soldiers under his command drove him away, but the Khitan soldiers had already fled away.

Xiao Talin was a fierce general of the Khitan, and the troops he led were also the elite divisions of the Khitan. Before the battle started, he was shot and killed by the Song army in front of the formation, which dealt a major blow to the morale of the Khitan army. At this time, Yang Yanzhao defended the Guangxin army and stationed in Suicheng, and Wei Neng defended the Ansu army and stationed in Liangmen. The two armies were closest to the Khitan territory.Yang Yanzhao pursued the Khitan army and won a complete victory every time. People at that time called the two armies Tongliangmen Tie Suicheng.

Only Wang Qinruo guarded the Tianxiong army and was helpless. He practiced fast and recited Buddha all day long, praying silently behind closed doors, asking the gods to bless him to tide over the difficulties.Fortunately, the Khitan soldiers did not attack the Tianxiong army, which made Wang Qinruo retreat in the Northern Expedition. When the battle ahead was tense, news suddenly came that Zhao Yuanfen, who was left behind in Tokyo, died of a sudden illness.Zhao Heng immediately ordered Wang Dan, the political adviser, to rush back to Tokyo to deal with the aftermath and take over Zhao Yuanfen's post.

Wang Dan was well aware of the danger of the current battle situation. Before returning to Beijing, he specially called Prime Minister Kou Zhun to Zhao Heng, and asked Zhao Heng what to do if he did not receive a victory report after ten days. Zhao Heng was silent for a long time, and said, "Establish the Crown Prince!" In fact, this is the entrustment of Jiangshan Sheji to Wang Dan. Wang Dan was born in a famous family, mature and prudent, Zhao Heng thinks highly of him, and often looks at him when he withdraws from the performance, and says in his heart, the one who sends me the title of Emperor Taiping must be this person.Once, Zhao Heng chatted with Qian Ruoshui, and Qian Ruoshui also said that Wang Dan could be a big deal in front of Zhao Heng.Zhao Heng said, I thought so too.

It can be seen that Zhao Heng appointed Wang Dan with such a heavy responsibility because he had no doubts about Wang Dan. Three days later, Zhao Heng arrived in Weicheng, but the battle situation ahead was unclear, and Wang Chao's troops did not go south to meet them as agreed in advance. Zhao Heng began to hesitate whether to continue north as planned.Among the accompanying officials at this time, some advocated withdrawing to Jinling as soon as possible, while others advocated withdrawing to the capital.Kou Zhijian resolutely opposed it. He said to Zhao Heng: "Your Majesty can only advance now, not retreat! The troops in Hebei are looking forward to your Majesty's arrival day and night. If they retreat now, the army's morale will be in chaos. captured by the Khitan army."

Zhao Heng was shocked when he heard this, and because of his father Taizong's disappearance, he didn't dare to mention the retreat. The Song army marched northward day and night, and the Liao army continued to move southward. Their main force arrived at the city of Chanzhou (Puyang, Henan) earlier than Zhao Heng.The army of the Song Dynasty moved slowly, and did not reach the southern city of Chanzhou until November 25th in the first year of Jingde. Chanzhou is bounded by the Yellow River and divided into two cities, the south and the north. The south city is relatively safe.Zhao Heng saw the smoke and dust billowing across the river, so he wanted to stay in the south city instead of going to the north city.Kou Zhun persuaded: "The main force of the Song army is in Beicheng. If Your Majesty does not go to Beicheng, the personal conquest will be meaningless. Besides, all the armies have already arrived in Chanzhou, and there will be no danger for Your Majesty to go to Beicheng."

Gao Qiong, the commander in front of the palace, also persuaded Zhao Heng to cross the river and go to Beicheng, and patted his chest firmly and said: "Please rest assured, Your Majesty, I will lead the troops to protect you, and you will be safe." After all, without waiting for Zhao Heng's consent, He ordered the guards to escort the emperor forward. Zhao Heng reluctantly crossed the river with the army, arrived at Beicheng, and summoned all the generals on the tower.When the generals of the Song army saw the yellow dragon flag on the tower, they knew that the emperor had arrived. Immediately, all the people rejoiced and shouted "Long live" in a majestic voice, which could be heard dozens of miles away. The Khitan soldiers were terrified when they heard the shout.

After Xiao Talin was shot to death, Khitan's morale was greatly affected. Seeing that the emperor of the Song Dynasty marched in person, and personally boarded the tower to supervise the division, he was even more frustrated.Empress Dowager Xiao sent two generals to select 5,000 elite cavalry and ordered them to say, "The Emperor of Song Dynasty has arrived in Chanzhou. You should go and attack for a while and give the Emperor of Song Dynasty a disarm." Two generals took the order and led five thousand cavalry to attack the city. Kou Zhun thought he was here to try out the battle, so he asked Zhao Heng to order his soldiers to fight hard, so as not to be underestimated by the enemy. Zhao Heng ordered Li Jilong to open the city to meet the enemy. Li Jilong led the three armies and fired cannons out of the city. Li Jilong was originally a brave and invincible general who won the three armies. Seeing the emperor personally overseeing the battle on the tower, he was even more energetic. He led the Song army, took the lead, rushed forward, and fought fiercely with the Khitan soldiers. Although Li Jilong's subordinates are also experienced and elite troops, they have never fought the enemy in front of the emperor. Like a tiger descending the mountain, each of them is like a dragon flying out of the sea, unstoppable.In an instant, the Khitan army was killed to pieces, either dead or wounded, and only a hundred or so cavalry escaped alive in the end. Zhao Heng commended the soldiers who fought.Then he handed over the command of the army to Kou Zhun, and he went down to the palace by himself. Although Zhao Heng handed over the command to Kou Zhun, he was still uneasy. After returning to the palace, he sent someone to investigate to see what Kou Zhun was doing.In fact, Kou Zhun and others were no less worried than Zhao Heng, they just couldn't show it.In order to stabilize the emperor's heart, Kou Zhun drank and had fun with Yang Yi and others every day, pretending not to care. The person sent to inquire about the news reported Kou Zhun's every move to the emperor.After Zhao Heng heard this, he felt relieved, and happily said to the left and right: "The enemy is in front of him, and Prime Minister Kou still has such a leisurely mood. He must have a well-thought-out plan and the ticket to win. In this way, I can rest assured." In fact, Kou Zhun was loose on the outside and tight on the inside. After he was ordered, he summoned several generals and made a careful deployment of the military. He commanded the three armies, and the military discipline was strict. The soldiers were both afraid and happy. win. Song and Khitan held a stalemate in Chanzhou for more than ten days. The situation was quite favorable for the Song army. The Song army held on to the town behind the Liao army, and shot and killed the Khitan army general Xiao Talin under the city of Chanzhou, repelling an attack by the Khitan army. , The morale of the Khitan army plummeted. Empress Dowager Xiao was afraid of being attacked by the enemy, so in desperation, she ordered Han Qi as an envoy to go to Chanzhou City with Cao Yong to make peace with Song Dynasty. Zhao Hengsheng is indecisive by nature, and has no determination to fight Khitan.Long before the war with Khitan, he followed Wang Jizhong's suggestion and ordered Cao Li to go to Khitan to discuss peace.After Cao Lili arrived in Khitan, because Empress Dowager Xiao insisted that the Song court cede the Guannan area, Cao Lili firmly refused, so the peace agreement could not be reached. Now, Empress Dowager Xiao took the initiative to propose a peace agreement, which of course played into Zhao Heng's arms. Cao Li brought the Khitan envoy Han Qi into Chanzhou, and first had an audience with Zhao Heng.He told Zhao Heng that the Khitan wanted the Song Dynasty to cede the land in the Guannan area to them. He had already rejected the Khitan people's request in front of the Khitan Lord and Empress Dowager Xiao. admit. Zhao Heng said: "I said before that the cession of the land is absolutely unacceptable. If Khitan insists on forcing me to cede the land, I am determined to use force to settle the matter with him. If compensation is required, the Han Dynasty once gave the jade and silk There is a precedent for giving it to Shan Yu, it does not harm the state, and it can be discussed. This was my opinion in the past, and I still have this opinion now." After finishing speaking, he sent the Khitan envoys to see him. The Khitan envoy Han Qi entered the palace, and after bowing down to the emperor of Song Dynasty, he presented the letter of credence and said that he would follow the order of the country's master to reclaim the Guannan area. If Song Dynasty could meet this requirement, the peace agreement could be reached. After Zhao Heng received the letter of credence, he did not reply immediately, but put it on the case table, and ordered Cao Li to take the envoy down, hold a banquet, and wait for the reply. Cao used the command to lure Han Qi out. Zhao Heng immediately summoned Kou Zhun to discuss peace talks with Khitan.Kou Zhun heard Zhao Heng say that he was going to accept the indemnity and negotiate a peace with Khitan, but he did not vote for it. He said to Zhao Heng: "If your majesty wants to keep the war from happening for a hundred years, you must make Khitan bow their heads and proclaim you and Ji. All the land in the sixteen prefectures should be returned to our country, and the matter of indemnity should not be brought up. Otherwise, the Khitan will seek me out again in decades. Only when the Khitan agrees to this condition can peace negotiations be allowed. The war will be resolved with him. Since the arrival of His Majesty, our army has become stronger and stronger, and the generals have gathered, and we are about to defeat the enemy in a single battle!" Zhao Heng wanted to pay compensation to negotiate a peace, but Kou Zhun not only disagreed with the compensation, but also wanted Khitan to become a vassal, taking the opportunity to recover the land of the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun.The opinions of the monarch and his ministers were very different. Zhao Heng said with embarrassment: "According to what you said, it must be a war, but the outcome is unpredictable. Even if we win, the soldiers will have to pay a lot of casualties. I really can't bear the suffering of the people in war." Difficulty. Decades later, when the Khitan invades again, there will be defenders at that time, so you don’t have to worry too far. If the reparations can be negotiated, I would like to negotiate a peace with him for the time being, and call it quits.” Seeing that Zhao Heng could not be persuaded, Kou Zhun said that he would discuss with the Khitan envoy after he went to see the situation.Zhao Heng agreed to his request. Kou Zhun went to meet Han Qi, and the two argued with each other, but neither of them convinced the other. The peace talks have not yet come to fruition, but word spread in the army.Everyone is talking about peace and war.These soldiers who came out to fight were all old and young. They didn't care about the long-term benefits and disadvantages of the country.They all know that the emperor is in charge of peace, and Kou Zhun is in charge of war.I don't know when, suddenly rumors spread from the army, saying that the reason why Kou Zhun wanted to lead the battle was to show off, blackmail the emperor, and claim credit, not necessarily for the sake of national security. Rumors in the army quickly reached Kou Zhun's ears, and he knew that someone was playing tricks on him.However, people's words are terrible, especially in front of the army, such rumors can kill people.In desperation, he had no choice but to agree to Zhao Heng's decision against his will. Seeing that Kou Zhun no longer insisted on his opinion, Zhao Heng immediately ordered Cao Yong to go to the Khitan army with the Khitan envoy Han Qi to discuss the details of the peace talks. Even if they want a million, they will not hesitate. It seems that Zhao Heng is determined to negotiate a peace. Although the emperor did not hesitate to bid one million, Kou Zhun was not happy at all. He called Cao Li aside and warned, "Even if the emperor has promised to limit the price to one million, if you dare to exceed thirty Wan, come back and I will kill you!" Kou Zhun is the prime minister, and he ordered Cao Li to die. Cao Li had to weigh the weight of this sentence. Although the emperor's words are imperial decrees, the prime minister can also kill people. What's more, he is also for the country, not for his own personal benefit. .He felt that his neck was not strong enough, and wanted to keep his good head.Therefore, Kou Xiang still has to listen to what he said, and make sure to complete it. Kou Zhun's words saved 700,000 yuan, which is really worth a word. Cao used to go to the Khitan army, and sure enough, the Khitan brought up the Guannan area. Empress Dowager Xiao said: "The places in Guannan were given to our country by the Jin Dynasty as a thank you gift, and Chai Rong took them by force. You Obliged to return that area to our country." Cao Li refused. He said: "The Jin gave the land to others, and Zhou took it back. It has nothing to do with us in the Song Dynasty. What we guard is our own territory. I can't tell the emperor about the land. Some money can be used to assist the military, this matter can still be discussed." Some ministers in Khitan threatened: "We send troops this time to restore the old land. If we want to get some money, we will be sent away, no!" Not to be outdone, Cao Lili retorted: "I was ordered to come here to negotiate a peace, and I will die at worst." Then he said, "If you are a lion and ask for prices, let alone you can't get the land, this battle will continue. At that time, it is not certain who will win the deer!" Empress Dowager Xiao heard them quarreling and bargaining, thinking quickly in her heart, seeing the attitude of the Song envoy, the old Guannan land would definitely not come back, and there would be no result if the debate continued. Therefore, the Khitan accepted the terms of peace in exchange for money. Regarding the specific number and details, of course, quarrels are inevitable, but if it exceeds 300,000, you will lose your head. Cao Yong firmly remembered this, so he tried his best to hold this last line of defense. After bargaining, it was agreed that Song would give Khitan yearly coins 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk every year. Cao took advantage of the mission and was not in danger of losing his head.The Liao Kingdom is in a dangerous situation and has obtained so much money.Both sides are happy. Cao Li excitedly went back to his command, and was so happy that he forgot to look at the sun. When he was in the palace, it was time to eat, so Zhao Heng raised his chopsticks. Hearing that Cao Li was back, he hurriedly ate, and at the same time asked the little eunuch to go out and ask Cao How much money to use for Khitan? In this place, it is written in the history books that "the envoy asked the bribe", the word "bribe" is very expressive. When the little eunuch met Cao Lili, he asked how much it cost, but Cao Lili didn’t say anything, and when he asked urgently, he said, “This is a state secret. I have to tell the emperor in person, so I can’t tell you.” This is a shitty state secret. When Che Xiaoche sent silver silk to the Liao Kingdom, who would not know it? Zhao Heng was also anxious, so he sent a little eunuch to ask, "Even if it's a secret, let me give you an approximate number first." But this Mr. Cao still didn't open his mouth, just stretched out three fingers proudly, and tapped lightly. looking at his own face.He wants to talk to the emperor face to face, if you ask for one million, I will settle the deal with three hundred thousand. I am a capable minister, a great loyal minister! The little eunuch couldn't get an answer, so he had to say to Zhao Heng: "Cao Li just stretched out three fingers. Could it be three million?" Zhao Heng trembled, his chopsticks almost fell off, and he blurted out: "Three million? That's too much!" Then he thought again, although three million is a little too much, at least he sent away the evil god Khitan , Then he said: "Well, it's okay at last, it's done." Cao Li listened to it sincerely outside, and was secretly happy in his heart. After Zhao Heng finished his meal in a hurry, he summoned Cao Lili immediately, and asked, "How much do the Khitan people want?" In order to set up suspense, Cao Li deliberately put on a trap, instead of answering directly, he just kept saying: "I am guilty, I am guilty, the money and silk that I promised to give are too much." "How much is it?" Zhao Heng was really anxious. "Three hundred thousand!" Cao Li proudly showed his hole card when he saw that the fire was almost over. "What, 300,000?" Zhao Heng was so happy that his face trembled, fearing that his ears might hear him wrong, he asked. Cao Li took out the initialed agreement text from his pocket and passed it over his head, saying: "Here is the draft document, please look over it, Your Majesty!" The servant took the document and sent it to Zhao Heng's case. Zhao Heng couldn't wait to pick it up, unfolded it, and saw that the agreement read: 1. Liao and Khitan are brother states. Liao Shengzong was young and called Song Zhenzong his elder brother. Later generations still judge it by the world. 2. With the Baigou River as the national boundary, both sides withdraw their troops.After that, if there are thieves and fugitives who cross the border, they will not stay with each other.In the two dynasties, everything was as usual in the city pools along the border, and no city gods could be built. 3. Song Fang provided Liao with "military assistance" of 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 pieces of silk every year.Delivery to Xiongzhou. 4. The two sides set up a market at the border to carry out mutual trade. After reading the agreement, Zhao Heng asked in surprise, "One hundred thousand taels of silver and two hundred thousand pieces of silk?" "Yes!" Cao Li said nervously, "One hundred thousand silver, two hundred thousand silk, a total of three hundred thousand." Zhao Heng was overjoyed when he heard that the peace agreement was settled with a mere 100,000 silver and 200,000 pieces of silk. He praised Cao Lili on the spot and rewarded him with a generous bonus. Zhao Heng sent Li Jilong to the Khitan army to formally sign the peace treaty, the Khitan also sent Ding Zhen to pay the peace treaty, and Yao Dongzhi came to offer royal clothes and food.Zhao Hengyu went to the south building of the camp to have a big banquet with all the ministers and Khitan envoys. Song and Khitan signed an agreement as a country of brothers, and they stopped fighting twice.The Khitan army all withdrew from the fortress, and the Song army also returned to Beijing, and announced the Khitan peace treaty to the Lianghe states. This peace treaty was signed in Chanzhou, and there is a lake named Chanyuan in the west of Chanzhou, so Chanzhou is also known as Chanyuan County. Therefore, this treaty was called "Chanyuan Alliance" in history. . Militarily, the Khitan army is already at a disadvantage. Although it is unlikely that they will be completely wiped out, it is still possible to attack back and forth and wipe out most of the living forces. If they negotiate at that time, the content of the peace treaty will probably be rewritten.Even if the Liao army bypassed Chanzhou and approached the capital as Zhao Heng was worried about, judging from the performance of the Liao army under the city of Chanzhou, it would be difficult to perform well.If they go to Bianliang City again, it may be much more difficult to withdraw safely than in Chanzhou. Does Empress Dowager Xiao really dare to take this risk?For many years, the Khitan army invaded the Song Dynasty, playing the role of robbers, robbing food and property and then leaving. It seems that they went deep into the interior a few times, but that was only occasionally.That is to say, the Khitan army did not dare to go too far into the Song Dynasty, and they were also worried that they would not be able to get out after entering. At that time, most of the people in the counties near Nanzhou in Hebei lived in the city villages, and the Liao army did not gain much from looting. When they besieged the Kelan army, they were defeated because of insufficient food and grass. Juncai told Song Ting about his worries. If we go deep into the Song Dynasty and go back to the north, we are also afraid that your border will steal our way! The Khitan army was in such a dangerous situation, and they were able to rely on intimidation to blackmail such a sum of money. It is not so much the empress dowager Xiao's courageous strategy, but it is more accurate to say that the emperor and ministers of the Song Dynasty were short-sighted and cowardly. Emperor Zhao Heng doesn't need to say any more. Look at Bi Shi'an, another chancellor. During Zhao Heng's personal conquest, he excused his illness and stayed in the capital. The person who "bought" the peace with 300,000: "If you don't give that much, you won't be able to impress the hearts of the Khitan people. I'm afraid the peace won't last long." It seems that if he goes to negotiate, he might really be able to sell a million dollars. Come. Prime Minister Kou Accurate is no one to be taken lightly, he has a clear understanding of the situation, not only opposes the peace talks, but also wants to fight with the Khitan people, take the opportunity to take back the Yanyun sixteen prefectures, and fulfill the unfulfilled wishes of Emperor Taizu and Taizong.It's a pity that it is difficult to stand alone when the king wants peace talks and the treacherous crafty tricks. The enemy's strength is not the most terrifying thing. If you don't live up to it, then it will be completely useless. The Khitan army made a trip to the border of the Great Song Dynasty, obtained something that could not be obtained on the battlefield, and left with drums and gongs. Zhao Heng thought that after sending away a hungry wolf, the Great Song Dynasty had won a great victory, so he suddenly became proud, and his poetry flourished, and he wrote a poem "Fu Khitan Exits": I am worried about the people, and the army chariot temporarily saves the party. The banners are bright in summer, and the sharp tools are shining in autumn frost. Rui travels to the Huaizhong Festival, and the gang of murderers flee to the northern wilderness. The strong ice eliminates the huge waves, and Ji Jiaxiang is gently blown. Following the good safety of the border, and the same music well-off. God hangs down to help Shun, and back to the dragon jumps. Obviously he handed over the money to the robbers who came to rob, and the robbers walked away swaggeringly, but in his writing it turned into "a group of murderers fleeing to the northern wilderness", which is really "a brilliant pen". That Wang Jizhong also reaped huge benefits from the peace talks. Both Song and Liao regarded him as a great hero. Every year when the Song Dynasty sent envoys to the Liao Kingdom, the emperor would ask the envoys to bring him a large number of bonus gifts.The Liao Kingdom did not treat him badly, and gave him the surname of the country, and his official position was promoted all the way, and finally he was appointed as a privy envoy and named King of Chu. After the "Chanyuan Alliance", the Khitan nobles would get a large amount of money every year for nothing, and they were all satisfied. Empress Dowager Xiao's goal of consolidating her rule was achieved. Five years later, Empress Dowager Xiao passed away. Shengzong of Liao also abided by the peace treaty, and he really treated the emperor Zhao Heng of the Song Dynasty as his elder brother. Song and Liao have always lived in peace.In the first year of Qianxing (1022, the second year of Taiping in Liao Dynasty), Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty passed away, and Shengzong of Liao Dynasty suffered a serious illness because of this.In the ninth year of Tiansheng (1031, the eleventh year of Taiping in Liao Dynasty), Shengzong of Liao Dynasty died of illness. When he was dying, he also asked "not to lose the vow of the Song Dynasty". Since then, for more than 120 years, there has been no major war between the two sides, and a peaceful situation has been maintained. The "Chanyuan Alliance" has a far-reaching impact, and evaluations have always been mixed. From the perspective of economic development, Song and Liao can be described as "win-win". The decades of bloody battles are no longer, and a century of peace has come. Economic and cultural exchanges and development have promoted national integration, and its historical significance cannot be ignored. But for the Song Dynasty, economic success cannot cover up political failure. In any case, the "Chanyuan Alliance" is a humiliating alliance under the city, because the Song Dynasty formed an alliance with others under the dominant situation. It set a precedent of compromise and non-resistance, and became a model for resolving disputes with Xixia and Jin. Because of the superstitious peace talks during the Jingkang period, a good opportunity was missed. In the end, Fuguo and Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty reached an agreement of humiliation under the favorable circumstances of fighting with the Jin people. The Shaoxing peace talks, as well as the Longxing peace talks, Jiading peace talks, etc., all provide ancestral methods that can be used for reference. Throughout the history of the two Song Dynasties, in the external conflicts, the Song Dynasty was defeated and sued for peace, and the victory was also sued for peace. Zhao Heng was the initiator of the practice of giving money to the other party regardless of victory or defeat.