Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Emperor Kangxi Creates a Prosperous World

Kangxi once gave an overview of how he managed the government: "If you want to achieve peace in the sea, the people will be happy in their work, work hard, be careful, and never let go." This is very true. It is precisely because of his diligence all his life that he has made brilliant achievements in martial arts and martial arts. He became the founder of the Kangxi and Qianlong prosperity in the Qing Dynasty. He is known as the most wise monarch in the Qing Dynasty and the most outstanding emperor in ancient my country. one. Emperor Kangxi, surnamed Aixinjueluo and named Xuanye, was born in the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654).When he was eight years old, his father Shunzhi Emperor Fulin died, and he inherited the throne. In the second year, he changed his reign name to Kangxi, Kang, peace;

When Kangxi ascended the throne, due to his young age, his grandmother, the Empress Dowager, equipped him with assistant ministers.In order to avoid the situation where the regent Dorgon was arbitrarily arbitrary in the early years of Shunzhi, he decided not to let the elders of the royal family be regents, but selected four assistant ministers from heroes with different surnames to restrain each other. You supervise the assistant ministers, and then the empress dowager is in charge of the military affairs.In this way, after Kangxi ascended the throne, there were his grandmother, the empress dowager Xiaozhuang Yixun, and four ministers, Sony, Sukesaha, Ebilong, and Aobai, to assist him.At the beginning of the four ministers assisting the government, it was not yet possible to form a faction and work together to fulfill their oath before the throne of Emperor Shunzhi.But then gradually formed a situation where Oboi formed a clique for personal gain and bullied the young master.

Aobai first took Sukesaha as the first operation. In the early years of Shunzhi, the regent Dorgon used his power to give up the good land in Yongping Mansion, which was originally encircled by the Yellow Banner, to Zhengbai Banner, and the land in the Hejian Mansion. Give the inlaid yellow flag again and again.This incident caused a storm at the time, but after more than 20 years, the people of the banner have lived and worked in peace, and the old grievances have been forgotten, but Oboi brought up the old story again, and let the Zhengbai Banner and the Xianghuang Banner exchange land to please himself. And the Xianghuang Banner where Ye Bilong is located, and attack the Zhengbai Banner where Suke Saha is.

This incident immediately aroused widespread opposition from the ruling and opposition parties, and the people who were in charge of the white flag reported to the Ministry of Finance.University scholar and Household Minister Sunahai thought it was impossible. Governor Zhu Changzuo of Zhili protested that this move would cause hundreds of thousands of unemployed people, saying it was inconvenient. Governor Wang Denglian of Baoding asked to stop the land exchange by enclosing land to disturb the people. move.Aobai Jiaozhao murdered the three ministers.Taking the opportunity to forcefully play the decree for another seven days in a row, Suksaha and his descendants were all executed and their property was confiscated.Aobai was unscrupulous and domineering, and some important government affairs were implemented after being discussed at home, and the young emperor Xuan Ye was not taken seriously.Aobai saw no ruler, and the whole court was shocked.Although Emperor Kangxi was extremely dissatisfied with Oboi in his heart, he did not show it on the surface.

In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), when Xuanye was fourteen years old, Suo Ni, the minister of the auxiliary government, granted the ancestral system of introducing Shunzhi Emperor Fulin to be in charge at the age of fourteen, and invited Emperor Kangxi to be in charge of the government.After obtaining the consent of his grandmother, Kangxi allowed Sony to play, and began to take charge of the government. At this time, Sony passed away, and Obai became the chief assistant minister.Aobai and Ye Bilong form a faction of the same clan, and the Xianghuang Banner is in charge of the government alone, and they are even more domineering.After Kangxi secretly negotiated with his grandmother, he decided to eradicate Obai.

But Oboi was an honored official of the three dynasties, he had a heavy army and he had many party members, so it was inconvenient to take action easily.So Xuan Ye pretended to practice wrestling and play with a group of young guards every day, and never interfered with the government.One day, when Oboi was still swaggering into the palace, Xuan Ye suddenly ordered the young guards to rush up, tied up Oboi firmly, and then announced the thirty crimes committed by Oboi.But Kangxi leniently dealt with Oboi, exempting him from the death penalty, and only imprisoned this old, treacherous and powerful minister for life.Later, Ye Bilong was also dismissed from the post of grand master, but also retained his title of duke.

In this way, Kangxi not only eliminated Oboi and his accomplices in one fell swoop, but also stabilized the bordered yellow flag.At that time, Emperor Kangxi was only fourteen years old, so well-planned, calm and tactful, handled properly, and without loss of proportion, he had initially demonstrated his outstanding statesman demeanor and strategy.Since then, Emperor Kangxi abolished the old system, implemented new policies, was diligent in state affairs, studious and tireless, defended against enemy invasion, unified mountains and seas, focused on agriculture and rivers, advocated culture and education, and created a great situation of "the prosperity of Kangxi and Qianlong".

Looking at Kangxi's contribution to Chinese history and world civilization throughout his life, there are eight main points: 1. To flatten San Francisco and consolidate unity In the twelfth year of Kangxi (1673), the 20-year-old Xuan Ye started the struggle to put down the San Francisco rebellion. San Francisco refers to the three Ming generals who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty: Wu Sangui, king of Pingxi, was in Yunnan; Shang Kexi, king of Pingnan, was in Guangdong; Geng Jimao, king of Jingnan, was in Fujian.These three feudal lords occupied important areas and supported their own self-respect. They became the three local separatist forces in the early Qing Dynasty, of which Wu Sangui was the strongest.Starting from the Shunzhi Dynasty, the military expenditure of the Qing government was huge, and it was beyond their means every year.Take the 17th year of Shunzhi (1660) as an example, the state received 8.75 million taels of silver from official taxation, while the province of Yunnan had to spend more than 9 million taels of silver.Even the financial resources of the whole country were not enough to meet the needs of one feudal clan. In the early years of Kangxi, this financial difficulty had not improved.Occupying land and plundering people.Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi, also selected officials on his own. Therefore, after removing Obai, San Francisco became Kangxi's biggest heart disease.

In this year, Shang Kexi wrote a letter wishing to return to the old Liaodong, and to inherit the title with his son Shang Zhixin, and stay in Guangdong.Emperor Kangxi approved Shang Kexi's return to his hometown, but did not allow his son to take over the title of King Pingnan, which touched Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong (son of Geng Jimao).They also wrote a letter to report their old age, hypocritically offered to remove the title of the vassal king, and tested the court.Kangxi then seized the opportunity and decided to withdraw from San Francisco.At that time, the vast majority of the imperial court advocated that the vassal should not be withdrawn, thinking that the withdrawal of the vassal would prompt the rebellion of the San Francisco, and only a few officials such as Minister Mingzhu of the Ministry of War and Secretary Mi Sihan of the Ministry of Finance supported the withdrawal of the vassal.The young Kangxi Dili rejected all opinions and said: "Sangui and others have planned for a long time. If you don't get rid of it early, you will become a disease. If you withdraw today, you will fight back. If you don't withdraw, you will fight back. It is better to preemptive strikes."

Sure enough, Wu Sangui saw that stealing chickens would not work, first publicly raised the flag of rebellion, and Geng Jingzhong, Shang Zhixin, etc. also joined the crowd.Immediately, from southeast to northwest, a stone stirred up waves.There was Yang Qilong's rebellion in the capital, Arni's rebellion in Chahar, an earthquake in the capital, a fire in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and Hesheli, the empress of Kangxi's love, also collapsed.Inward and outward, external rebellion and internal change, natural disasters and man-made disasters, all hit the young emperor.People were panicked for a while, and many officials in the capital even sent their family members back to their hometowns.

Calmness is the basic quality of an outstanding statesman.In the critical moment, Emperor Kangxi insisted on keeping calm and not panicking. Suo'etu, the minister who originally advocated that the vassal should not be withdrawn, proposed to execute the ministers who proposed to withdraw the vassal. Is there a crime?" This strengthened the determination of the counter-insurgency minister. Emperor Kangxi first issued an edict to cut off Wu Sangui's official rank and announced his crimes. Soon after, Wu Sangui's son Wu Yingxiong and grandson Wu Shilin who stayed in the capital were arrested and executed.Furthermore, on the one hand, they dispatched troops and generals to concentrate their forces to attack and suppress Wu Sangui; The troops surrendered. Wu Sangui started to fight some victories. Later, the number of Qing troops increased and the fighting became stronger. Wu Sangui gradually couldn't hold on anymore. In the end, with remorse and hatred, he died after suffering a serious illness.After Wu Sangui's death, his grandson Wu Shifan continued to lead the rebellion.In the 20th year of Kangxi (1681), the Qing army invaded Kunming, Yunnan in three ways, and Wu Shifan committed suicide. In this way, after eight years of anti-insurgency war, Kangxi finally won the victory of flattening San Francisco and unified the South. 2. Penghu sea battle, unification of Taiwan As early as Zheng Chenggong died of illness in May of the first year of Kangxi, when his younger brother Zheng Shiji and his son Zheng Jing were fighting for succession, the Qing court sent people to appease Zheng Jing, but failed.But at the same time, the Qing government sent troops to recover the main strongholds of the five coastal provinces controlled by the Zheng family, such as Xiamen and Kinmen.In the sixth and eighth years of Kangxi, the Qing government sent officials to Taiwan to appease, but they were all rejected.Zheng Jing tried to continue the separatism and independence, and demanded to maintain the vassal relationship like North Korea and Ryukyu. As a result, these negotiations could not proceed.Kangxi believed that Taiwan was all Fujianese and could not be compared with other regions, so he resolutely refused to allow Taiwan to become independent.This shows Kangxi's political foresight and great talent.During the San Francisco Rebellion, Zheng Jing took the opportunity to send troops to capture the seven coastal prefectures of Fujian and Guangdong, but the Qing court still treated him differently from the San Francisco, ordering the frontline commanders to suppress Geng Jingzhong, but to appease Zheng Jing, and to punish Zheng Jing. Significant concessions were made to the terms of solicitation. When the appeasement was rejected again, the Qing court shifted the focus of appeasement to Zheng's subordinates, formally put forward the "Ten Items of the Regulations on Appeasement", and set up a "Xiu Lai Guan" in Zhangzhou to treat surrendered officers and soldiers with generous gifts and rewards for senior officials, etc. As a result of the preferential treatment policy, defectors from Zheng's army came one after another.In the 19th year of Kangxi, Zhu Tiangui, a general of the Zheng family alone, led more than 20,000 men and more than 300 ships to surrender, laying the foundation for the Qing army to build a powerful navy.Then the Qing army took advantage of the momentum to recover the southeast coastal islands, making the Zheng family lose the frontier base for attacking the mainland, and gradually grasped the strategic initiative to unify Taiwan. In April of the 20th year of Kangxi (1681), Zheng Jing died of illness, and conflicts broke out within him.Power minister Feng Xifan and others killed Zheng Kedu, the eldest son of Zheng Jing, and made his second son Keshuang succeed to the throne. The internal political situation in Taiwan was in chaos.Emperor Kangxi believed that the time was ripe to attack Taiwan by force, and in June of the same year launched an order to capture Penghu and Taiwan.Then, against all opinions, Shi Lang, the former general of Zheng Chenggong's Ministry, was appointed as the admiral of the Fujian Navy, and together with the governor of Fujian Yao Qisheng, he planned the strategy of capturing Peng and Taiwan.By the summer of the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), the preparations for the march were basically ready, but Yao Qisheng and Shi Lang had a dispute over how to capture Taiwan. Yao Qisheng advocated waiting for the north wind and taking Taiwan directly, and then taking Penghu. Shi Lang advocated taking advantage of the south wind to take Penghu first, seize its gate, and Taiwan would be destroyed without an attack.The two sides were at loggerheads, and Shi Lang played against Emperor Kangxi to ask for the right to conscript. Emperor Kangxi knew that Shi Lang had combat experience at sea, so in order to prevent Yao and Shi from hindering each other, he decided to let Shi Lang alone take charge of commanding Taiwan. Responsible for food and salaries. Zheng Keshun was very nervous when he heard the news of Shi Lang's acquisition of Taiwan.At this time, the secret letter written by the spies of the Qing army about Penghu's defense situation was cracked, and the key points of the Qing attack on Taiwan were known.So General Liu Guoxuan was ordered to be the governor, leading more than 200 large and small warships, and more than 20,000 sailors and infantry to guard Penghu. All places where landing can be made are built with low walls and guarded by troops.Liu Guoxuan moored his ship in the central bay and commanded the battle. On June 14th in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), Shi Lang led more than 230 warships of various types, and more than 20,000 officers and soldiers, from Tongshan to Penghu. Liu Guoxuan thought that the defense of the Penghu Islands was strong. It was the typhoon season again, Shi Lang would not rush to send troops.Therefore, when the Qing navy suddenly appeared in the Penghu waters on the 15th, Liu Guoxuan panicked and urgently ordered the defenders on the islands to strictly defend themselves.The next day, Shi Lang led the navy to attack Penghu, and the Zheng army lined up to fight. After being wounded, the flagship of the Qing army was in danger, and the rest of the ships joined forces to advance to repel the siege and rescue Shi Lang.In the evening, the Qing army withdrew from the battle and retreated to Xiyutou. The next day, Shi Lang summed up the lessons of the failure of the naval battle yesterday. The "Five Plum Blossoms" tactic against one enemy ship.On the 18th, the Qing army captured Hujing and Pantongyu, and then, using the old and weak and arrogant soldiers, the small fleet pretended to attack the inner and outer trenches of Penghu to divide the Zheng army's forces. On the 22nd, the Qing army stormed the main island of Penghu and fought an unprecedented naval battle with the Zheng army in the Penghu waters. Shi Lang divided the troops into three groups and ordered Chen Mang to lead fifty warships to form a left-hand fleet. One hundred and thirty-six ships formed the middle fleet, and directly attacked the artillery fortress of Niangma Palace.Qing generals Lin Xian and Zhu Tiangui rushed into the enemy's battle line first, and the ships also rushed to approach the enemy's ships. Then, using the "five plum blossoms" tactic, five warships besieged one of the enemy's warships.In the afternoon of the battle, the south wind was strong, and the Qing army was in the upper hand. All the ships sailed forward, dividing and encircling and annihilating the enemy ships.After a whole day of fierce fighting, the Qing army won a great victory, destroying a total of 190 warships of the Zheng army and annihilating more than 17,000 enemies, while the Qing army only lost 329 people and injured 1,800. More than a hundred people.Seeing that the general situation was over, Liu Guoxuan led his remnants to flee back to Taiwan. Since then, the main force of Zheng's army has been wiped out. Zheng Keshuang saw that Penghu was lost, his elite was exhausted, and he was unable to resist the Qing army, so he had to send envoys to Penghu to ask for surrender. On August 11, Shi Lang led his army to Taiwan to accept the surrender.After Kangxi unified Taiwan, he opened government offices and established counties, which strengthened the central government's jurisdiction over Taiwan and promoted the development of Taiwan's economy and culture. 3. The Battle of Yaksa and the Treaty of Nerchinsk After the Qing army entered the customs, the Heilongjiang area was repeatedly invaded by Tsarist Russia.At that time, the Qing government was busy capturing the south of the Yangtze River, pacifying San Francisco, and recovering Taiwan, etc., and had no time to take care of the Heilongjiang area in the northeast.They built bunkers in these places, established colonies, imposed taxes on local residents, and even issued diplomatic documents to the Qing Dynasty, asking the Qing emperor to concede to them, unreasonably demanding that China pay 40,000 taels of silver and silk to Tsarist Russia every year. He was sternly rejected by Emperor Kangxi.Tsarist Russia then increased its troops to Yaksa, built more fortresses, and expanded the scope of its aggression. After the San Francisco was pacified, the domestic political situation was basically stable.Emperor Kangxi believed that troops should be sent to Heilongjiang at the right time to give the Tsarist Russian invaders a due counterattack, so as to protect the country's territorial sovereignty from infringement.In the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), when Emperor Kangxi returned to Shengjing and Shenyang to pay homage to Taizu and Taizong's mausoleum, he went to the border to investigate the situation in person.He traveled north along the Songhua River by boat, asked the people who had fled from Heilongjiang, inquired about the situation there, and heard the people's anger and curses at Tsarist Russia. Strong guarantee.After on-the-spot understanding, Emperor Kangxi was full of confidence in the victory of sending troops to Heilongjiang. After returning to Beijing, in order to better understand the actual situation in Tsarist Russia, Emperor Kangxi sent Du Tonglang Tan to lead hundreds of healthy soldiers, disguised as hunters, to go deep into the Yaksa area to scout the enemy's situation and survey the terrain and traffic.After more than a month of reconnaissance, Lang Tan obtained reliable materials, drew a topographic map and returned to Beijing. In order to maintain the long-term stability of the border, Kangxi believed that it was necessary to build cities and garrison troops on the border, open up land, build waterways and roads, and strengthen the connection with the mainland. Only in this way can the defense capabilities of the border areas be fundamentally strengthened.In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), Emperor Kangxi sent troops to garrison Aihui and other places, appointed Sabusu as the general of Heilongjiang, and sent Isang'a, Minister of the Household Department, to Jilin to supervise the building of ships, build waterways, expand land routes, and connect the border with Beijing. The contact can be reached within a few days.Emperor Kangxi also earnestly warned Sabsu to care for and protect the border people and strengthen the unity of the army and the people. After two years of preparation, in the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi (1685), Emperor Kangxi sent Peng Chun as the capital commander, led the army and water army with 15,000 people, marched mightily to the city of Yaksa, surrounded Yaksa, and Tsarist Russia After several years of preparation, the army built the castle very firmly. After observing the terrain, Peng Chun built an earth hill in the south of the city, and asked the soldiers to stand on the earth hill and shoot arrows into the city. The Russian army in the city thought that the Qing soldiers were going to attack in the south of the city. Then he pulled his troops to the south of the city.Unexpectedly, the Qing army placed artillery in a hidden place in the north of the city. Taking advantage of the emptiness of the enemy's defense in the north of the city, they suddenly fired cannons.In the early morning of the next day, the Qing army piled firewood under the city again, preparing to set fire to the city. The leader of the Russian army panicked and raised a white flag to surrender at the top of the city. After capturing Yaksa, Emperor Kangxi warned Sabus to be vigilant against the return of the Tsarist Russian army.Sure enough, the Tsarist Russian army found out that after the Qing army demolished Yaksa Castle, they left the city and returned to Aigun City, and immediately returned to Yaksa to build the castle even stronger. So Kangxi ordered Sabusu to lead the army to attack Yaksa for the second time. The battle was very fierce. The war lasted for three months. In the end, Torb, the leader of Tsarist Russia, was killed, and 90% of the soldiers died. Recapture Yaksa. Later, Kangxi sent a letter to the tsar, proposing to resolve the boundary issue through negotiations. The tsar was frustrated twice and saw that it was hopeless to use force to occupy the Heilongjiang River Basin, so he agreed to negotiate. After trying all the rogue tricks, Suo'etu, the representative of the Qing Dynasty, was neither humble nor overbearing.In the end, Guoluowen was afraid that he would lose all the places in Heilongjiang if he continued to rely on it, so he had no choice but to accept the proposal of the Chinese representative. On July 24th in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi (1689), China and Russia signed the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk" in Nerchinsk, demarcating the border between the two countries and affirming the vast areas of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins All are Chinese territory.This is the first equal treaty signed with a foreign country in Chinese history, which shows the victory of Emperor Kangxi's independent diplomacy. 4. Three expeditions to Galdan, good governance of Mongolia In the second year after the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk" was signed, the Tsarist Russian government instigated Galdan, the leader of the Junggar tribe, to attack Mobei Mongolia.At that time, apart from Monan Mongolia, which had already belonged to the Qing Dynasty, Mobei and Moxi Mongolia also surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. The Junggar tribe was a branch of Moxi Mongolia. They lived a nomadic life in Yili area. After Galdan ruled the Junggar tribe, Ambitiously annexed other tribes of Moxi Mongolia, and then attacked Mobei Mongolia eastward. The Mobei Mongolian resistance failed for a while. Hundreds of thousands of Mobei Mongolians fled to Monan and asked the Qing government for protection. Emperor Kangxi sent envoys to Galdan and asked him to return the occupied land to Mobei Mongolia. Erdan thought that Tsarist Russia was backing him, so he was very arrogant, not only refused to retreat, but also aggressively attacked Monan in the name of chasing Mobei Mongolia, very arrogant. In order to safeguard the unity of the motherland and the harmony of the nation, Emperor Kangxi decided to conquer Galdan himself. In 1690, Emperor Kangxi divided his army into two groups. On the left, General Fuquan of Fuyuan led out of Gubeikou; on the right, General Chang Ning of Anbei led out of Xifengkou;The Qing army on the right first contacted the Galdan army, and after fierce fighting, they were defeated.Emperor Kangxi ordered the left army Fuquan to fight back with all his strength. Galdan gathered tens of thousands of cavalry at the foot of Dahong Mountain, where the terrain was complex, covered by trees behind, and blocked by rivers in front. He tied tens of thousands of camels to their four feet, made them lie on the ground, and added more horses to the camels' backs. Put on the box, wrap it in a felt blanket, and place it in a long camel city.The rebels hid behind the box and shot arrows and guns to prevent the Qing army from attacking. However, the Qing army quickly opened a gap in Tuocheng with artillery fire, and then the infantry and cavalry rushed over, and Fuquan led his troops around the mountain to attack it back and forth, killing the rebels in pieces.Seeing that the situation was unfavorable, Galdan quickly sent a lama to the Qing camp to seek peace, and led the remnants to Mobei himself. After returning to Mobei, Galdan expressed his surrender to the Qing government on the surface, but secretly recruited troops again, preparing to wait for an opportunity to counterattack. In 1694, Emperor Kangxi asked Galdan to come to meet and prepare to sign a covenant.Unexpectedly, not only did Galdan not come, but he also secretly sent people to Monan to incite rebellion, threatening everywhere that he had borrowed 60,000 shotgun soldiers from the Tsarist Russian government, and would attack the Qing Dynasty and overthrow its rule.The princes of various tribes in Inner Mongolia reported to Emperor Kangxi one after another. In 1696, Emperor Kangxi couldn't bear it anymore and decided to make a second imperial conquest.The Qing army was divided into three groups. Heilongjiang General Sabsu marched from the east; Shikou set off.The Three Route Army agreed to attack at the same time.Emperor Kangxi's Central Route Army reached Ketu first and encountered the enemy's forward.On the top of the mountain, Galdan saw the yellow flag of the Qing army fluttering, and the army was in order. He was so frightened that he pulled out his camp and retreated overnight. Emperor Kangxi sent troops to pursue closely, and at the same time informed the West Route Army Feiyanggu to intercept the rebels on the way.Galdan led his troops and fled to Zhaomoduo (now southeast of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia).Zhaomoduo was originally a large forest, and there was a large open area in front of it, which has always been an important battlefield in Mobei.Fei Yanggu set up an ambush in the thick woods of the hill, and sent 400 people to lure them into battle, retreating while fighting, and led the rebels to the place where they had ambushed beforehand.With the sound of a horn, the Qing army launched an attack on the rebels from the mountain, and Fei Yanggu sent another team to attack the rebels' luggage at the foot of the mountain, carrying out front and rear flank attacks.The rebels were beaten badly.In the end, Galdan escaped with only a few dozen cavalrymen. A year later, Kangxi led his troops across the Yellow River for the third time.At this time, Ili, Galdan's original base, had been occupied by his nephew Tsewang Arab.When his cronies heard that the Qing army was coming, they all surrendered one after another and expressed their willingness to be the guide of the Qing army.Seeing that he had betrayed his relatives and had nowhere to go, Galdan had no choice but to commit suicide by taking poison.So far, the 13-year Galdan Rebellion has been completely quelled. The Qing government regained control of the Mobei Mongolia east of the Altai Mountains, and compiled the Khalkha Mongolia into the Forty-Nine Banners, and gave various titles and titles to the local Mongolian nobles. At the same time, he set up a general in Uliasutai to govern Mobei Mongolia and implement effective management.From the Xiongnu in the Qin and Han to the Mongolian ethnic problems in the Ming Dynasty, it was finally solved by Kangxi.Regarding this, Kangxi said: "In the past, the Qin Dynasty used earth and stone work to build the Great Wall. I favored Khalkha to make it guard against the Shuofang, and the Great Wall was stronger." These words are worthy of people's aftertaste. 5. Kangxi Dingzang Tibet has had a close relationship with the Central Plains since the Tang Dynasty. As a subsidiary state, Tibet has been in contact with the mainland every year and has exchanged marriages. By the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it had become an administrative region of China.In the early Qing Dynasty, Gu Shihan, the Heshuo Special Department of Mongolia in western Moxi, moved to Qinghai and established friendly relations with Dalai V and Panchen Lama IV.They were dissatisfied with the Tsangpa Khan who ruled Tibet, and Gu Shi Khan sent troops to kill Tsangpa Khan, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama to jointly manage Tibet. Soon, Gu Shihan died of illness, and the fifth Dalai Lama passed away, and the power fell into the hands of Diba Sangjie. This Dalai Lama is a suave young man who does not abide by Buddhist rules.This aroused the anger of Lazang Khan, who was dissatisfied with Diba Sangye. Lazang Khan reported the matter to the Qing court. Diba Sangye was very panicked.After Lhazang Khan came to power, he first escorted the Dalai VI appointed by Dipa Sangye to Beijing and asked the Qing court to deal with it. As a result, the Dalai VI died of illness on the way north.Lazang Khan wanted to establish a Dalai VII in his own mind, but Qinghai also established a Dalai VII. The two sides refused to give in to each other and accused each other of being a fake.For the sake of prudence, Emperor Kangxi sent his servant Heshou to assist Lazang Khan in handling the matter. A few years later, the two sides played Emperor Kangxi again, and both asked their Dalai Lama to be enthroned.In order to avoid accidents, Emperor Kangxi asked the Dalai Lama from Qinghai to come to Beijing, but Qinghai did not agree, and disregarded Lazang Khan's objection, he arbitrarily enthroned the Dalai Lama he had chosen.Due to the dispute between the true and the false of the Dalai Lama, the contradictions between the two sides are getting bigger and bigger, which created an opportunity for Tswang Arab of the Junggar Department. In the winter of the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi (1716), Tsewang Alab sent troops to Tibet. The two armies fought for two months. Lhazang Khan was defeated and killed. Nor was it spared. Emperor Kangxi was very shocked when he heard the news that Tswang Alab had entered Tibet. The Seventh Dalai Lama abolished the Seventh Dalai Lama established by Lhazang Khan, and ordered the fourteenth prince Yunti to be the general of Fuyuan to go to Tibet.General Yanxin of the Qing army led a large group of troops to attack Tswang Arab's army head-on. Before the encirclement and suppression by the powerful Qing army, and then there were attacks by Tibetans and Lama soldiers. Defeated, fled back to Yili, and then returned to the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing army defeated Tsewang Alab, they entered Tibet to stabilize the social order. Yanxin brought the Dalai Lama VII from Qinghai to Tibet, and held a grand enthronement ceremony again. Thousands of lamas and Tibetans flocked to Tibet. Dala Palace, worshiping the seventh Dalai Lama, Yanxin read the emperor's edict in public, which stipulates that Tibet will be unified with religion and politics, and will be under the unified management of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, with the Dalai Lama in charge of the front Tibet and the Panchen Lama in charge of the back Tibet.Since then, a long-term stable situation has emerged in Southwest China. 6. Emphasis on agriculture and river management, construction of water conservancy After the Qing army entered the customs, the biggest malpractice was the occupation of land, galloping horses to occupy fields, and arbitrarily seizing land.Emperor Shunzhi once ordered a ban, but the ban never stopped.Emperor Kangxi ordered to stop enclosing land, attract land reclamation, and resume production. In order to promote agricultural production, Emperor Kangxi made six tours to the south, harnessing the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Canal, and Yongding River, and building water conservancy projects, which achieved great results. 7. Move the sky and shrink the land, build a garden Kangxi successively built Changchun Garden, Chengde Mountain Resort, Mulan Paddock and so on.Later, Qianlong revived the "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" and built Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain, Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain (later changed to the Summer Palace) and Yuanmingyuan, which pushed Chinese garden art to its peak, especially the one built by Kangxi. The famous Chengde Mountain Resort and Mulan Paddock transform the complex political purpose and military significance, as well as the educational mechanism to maintain the brave and powerful life style of princes and ministers, into a quiet and leisurely garden, which is a rare flower in the construction of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign gardens. Kangxi often rode a horse, wandering among the mountains, forests and grasslands in northern China. This is where his ancestors rose. He was looking for a point of support for his life and career. He had to pass the Great Wall every time. The Great Wall has been in disrepair for many years and has been dilapidated. .Looking at this piece of city wall that has been so concerned by Chinese emperors of all dynasties, he thought a lot. His ancestors broke through the Great Wall to enter, and they would definitely be able to enter without Wu Sangui. So what is the use of the Great Wall?Can such a huge country be defended by these bricks?However, if there is no Great Wall, where is the defense line of the Central Plains?After careful consideration, Emperor Kangxi came to the following conclusions: Since the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall, the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties have also often repaired it. Was there no danger at that time?At the end of the Ming Dynasty, my Taizu commanded a large army to drive straight in, and all roads collapsed, and there was nothing that could be done.The only way to guard the country now is to cultivate virtue and secure the people.If the people's hearts are happy, the country will be able to gain, and the border will be self-reliant. This makes sense.Kangxi hoped to build an invisible Great Wall.To this end, he has a hard hand and a soft hand.The tough one is to set up the "Mulan Paddock" outside the Great Wall. Every autumn, the emperor personally leads princes, ministers, and more than 10,000 officers and soldiers at all levels to conduct a large-scale "hunting". This is actually a massive military exercise. , This can not only keep the princes and ministers to maintain a brave and powerful life style, but also play a threat to the northern border by the way.The soft hand is to establish a frequent friendly relationship with the various ethnic minorities in the northern frontier. Their leaders do not have to travel long distances to Beijing to have various opportunities and places for friendship with the Qing court. This is the Rehe Palace and its surrounding temples, which is today's Chengde Mountain Resort. In a word, both soft and hard hands finally came together in this garden and this villa.It is said to be summer vacation, said to be a rest, but the meaning is far more than that, transforming the complex political purpose and military significance into a quiet and leisurely garden, a circle of temples surrounded by incense, this is Emperor Kangxi surpassing the emperors of Qin, Han, Tang and Song Dynasties. Superb political wisdom.The Summer Resort is the "Great Wall" of Kangxi. Compared with the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang, which one is better? 8. Promoting literature and emphasizing education, compiling classics Kangxi was one of the Chinese emperors who was particularly knowledgeable and who paid special attention to learning. This shocked and moved a large group of Han intellectuals who stood on the sidelines and refused to cooperate with the Qing Dynasty. Who could have imagined it?The emperor of the Qing Dynasty actually loved and mastered the traditional culture of the Han nationality more than the emperors of the Ming Dynasty. He also personally approved the "Compendium of Zizhi Tongjian Compendium", studied Zhu Xi's philosophy deeply, and often conducted academic discussions with a group of famous Neo Confucianists at a high level, and ordered them to compile "Zhu Zi Encyclopedia", "Xing Li Jing Yi" and other works.He ordered the collection of rare and precious books scattered among the people to be sorted out, and organized manpower to edit and publish voluminous collections of ancient and modern books, Kangxi Dictionary, Peiwen Yunfu, Daqing Huidian, "Law Calendar Origin", "Complete Tang Poems", "Qing Wen Jian" (Manchu script), the cultural spirit is overwhelming.Until today, we cannot study ancient Chinese culture without these extremely important reference books.He sent people to compile the national map "Huangyu Quanpan Map" through the actual survey of the country's land.Under the cultural atmosphere he advocated, a large number of humanists and scientists who can be regarded as the first-class masters in the entire history of Chinese culture have emerged. In this regard, few dynasties can compare with the Kangxi Dynasty. The above is just "Chinese learning", and what surprises modern readers is his "Western learning" because even in modern times, in our impression, although Chinese learning and Western learning can communicate, there are not many people who are well versed in both sides in the same person. For some officials, this is even more so, but as early as three hundred years ago, Kangxi reached this point. Kangxi was very interested in medicine and also had a lot of research. He ordered the Jesus missionary Ba Doming to translate the Western "Human Anatomy" into Manchu and Chinese.He once ordered the dissection of a hibernating bear and participated in it himself. Kangxi also liked to study natural science. One of the reasons why he studied and studied natural science was that he encountered difficulties in political affairs because he did not understand natural science.Qin Tianjian Yang Guang first sued Tang Ruowang, so the court meeting launched a big debate on Tiansuan Gongfa.At that time, Kangxi ordered all the ministers to observe the shadow of the sun in front of the Meridian Gate, but none of the Jiuqing knew astronomy and calendar, and Kangxi himself did not understand.So he thought: I don't understand, how can I judge right from wrong?So study hard. On November 28th, the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi (1688), six French scientists including Bai Jin and Kong Cheng were summoned by Emperor Kangxi in the Qianqing Palace. They presented 30 scientific and technological instruments and books brought from France As a meeting ceremony, these unusual gifts made Emperor Kangxi very happy, and immediately decided to call them into the palace to serve as his own scientific advisors. From then on, foreign scientists began to engage in scientific activities in the Qing court for decades. In the Palace of Versailles in Paris, France, the "Kangxi Emperor Exhibition" was held in 2003, displaying the Western scientific instruments from the Kangxi period collected by the Forbidden City, which are still functioning freely and radiantly.These exhibits mainly include: (1) Manual computer.The world's first hand-operated computer was manufactured by the French scientist Busby in 1642. The calculations were carried out through the gears inside. The Palace Museum has collected ten hand-operated computers, all of which were manufactured during the Kangxi period. They can add, subtract, multiply and divide operation. (2) Gold-plated copper scale gauge.This was originally a calculation tool invented by Galileo, which can perform various calculations such as multiplication, division, division, and square.Kangxi's proportional gauge added different calculations such as bisection and sine. (3) Kangxi square.The four characters "Kangxi Imperial System" are engraved on the ruler. (4) Plane and solid geometric models.They are all made of nanmu, and they are teaching aids for Kangxi to learn geometry supervised by the Qing Palace Manufacturing Office. (5) Plotter.The textures include silver, wood, lacquer, shark skin, etc., and each set ranges from six to twenty pieces.The box is equipped with scale gauge, hemimeter, centimeter, ruler, compass, duckbill pen, etc. For field work, some are also equipped with knife, scissors, pencil, scythe, magnifying glass, blackboard, drawing stick, etc.This type of instrument was made by the Qing Palace Building Office during the Kangxi period according to Western plotters, and was used for field drawing. (6) Imperial Jianping and Diping Hebi Yi.It is a multi-functional measuring instrument integrating leveling instrument, horizon instrument, compass, quadrant instrument, and moment. It is easy to carry and has the characteristics of being suitable for field operations.It is divided into six floors and was manufactured by the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Qing Palace. After Bai Jin and Kong Cheng, many Western scientists came to the Qing Palace one after another.Their greatest achievement was to prompt Kangxi to create the Mengyangzhai School of Mathematics, which they called the "Chinese Academy of Sciences". Poor Confucianism, Kun Yu Tu Shuo, etc. were translated one by one, and some natural science works had already been translated into Chinese, such as the first six volumes of "Principles of Geometry", which Kangxi ordered people to translate into Manchu.It is especially worth mentioning that these Western scientists also enabled Kangxi to carry out the great pioneering work of China's geographic surveying and mapping. Here, people can't help but ask, since Western science and technology had been introduced to China three hundred years ago, why did Chinese science lag far behind the West after the 18th century?It is not surprising to see the many letters left by Ba Doming, who was working in the Kangxi court at that time.巴多明在康熙三十七年（1698）七月，从巴黎来到中国并进入宫廷，他在参与中国地理大测绘的同时，把对中国官场的观察也一一记录下来寄回法国，收入《耶稣传教士书简集》。比如在谈到清朝的天文机构——钦天监时，他说：“他们观察天象的条件简陋。在钦天监工作一生的人唯一的希望就是能当上钦天监的高级职位，如果监正本人很富有，又爱好科学，他就自己花工夫去搞研究，如果他想对他的前任工作精益求精，增加观察或对工作方式做些改革，他马上会在钦天监中成为众矢之的。众人顽固地一致要求维持原状，他们会说，何必自讨苦吃，多惹麻烦呢，稍有差错就会扣罚一两年的俸禄，这不是做了劳而无功反而自己饿死的事吗？毫无疑问，这是钦天监阻碍人们使用望远镜去发现视线达不到的东西和使用摆锤精确计算时间的原因。” 在这种仅有康熙皇帝与个别大臣对科学感兴趣的情况下，改进科研制度的社会条件根本不具备，就是皇帝个人这一因素也每况愈下，康熙朝以后，皇帝们对科学一个比一个缺乏兴趣，中国两千多年的儒家文化传统已经使中国人的科学思维停留在朴素状态，凝固化了，这就是中国科技文明在这个时代无法快速发展的原因。 康熙帝经过艰苦卓绝的努力，把大清帝国建成了当时世界上幅员最辽阔、人口最众多、经济最富有、文化最繁荣、国力最强盛的大帝国。那时清朝的疆域，东起大海，西至葱岭，南达曾母暗沙，北跨外兴安岭，西北到巴尔喀什湖，东北到库页岛，总面积约一千三百万平方公里。康熙大帝奠下了清朝兴盛的根基，开创出康乾盛世的大局面。他本人成为秦始皇以来少有的好皇帝，是一位英明的君主，伟大的政治家。 他为什么能取得上述巨大成功呢？归结起来，有以下几个方面： 1.一生好学不倦 过人的功业，必须要有过人的思想；而过人的思想，必须要有过人的学习。一生好学不倦是康熙开创大业的秘密之一。 康熙八岁丧父，十岁又丧母，两年之间，父母双亡，无疑是人生幼年最大的不幸，然而人生常是这样，生于忧患，死于安乐。忧患既使人痛苦，也使人奋进，幼年的不幸，激励了康熙奋发学习、自立自强的精神。 康熙身上有着三种血统、三种文化和三种品格。他的父亲是满洲人，祖母是蒙古人，母亲是汉族人，他深受祖母的教诲，又向苏麻喇姑（孝庄贴身侍女）学习蒙古语，向满洲师傅学习骑射，向汉族师傅学习儒家文化。康熙的勇武和奋进，受到满洲文化的影响；高远与大度，得益于蒙古文化的熏陶；仁爱与韬略，来自汉族儒学营养；他后来的开放与求新，则是受了西方文化的熏染。可以说，康熙帝吸收了中华多民族的，西方多国家的，悠久而又先进，博大而又深厚的文化营养，具有当时最髙的文化素质，这为他展现帝王才气，实现宏图大业，奠定了基础。 康熙是中国历史上少有的好学帝王，他五岁入书房读书，昼夜苦读，不论寒暑，甚至废寝忘食。他继位后，更是勤奋学习，甚至过劳咯血，他读书不是为了消遣，而是为了“体会古帝王孜孜求治之意”，以治国平天下。直到花甲之年，仍手不释卷，他喜爱学习西方自然科学的劲头，更是令人动容，1698年巴黎出版的白晋著《中国皇帝康熙传》中有过以下记述： 康熙带着极大的兴趣学习西方科学，每天都要花几个小时同我们在一起，白天和晚上还要用更多的时间自学。他不喜欢娇生惯养和游手好闲，常常是起早贪黑。尽管我们谨慎地早早就来到宫中，但他还是经常在我们到达之前就准备好了，他急于向我们请教一些他已经做过的一些习题，或者是向我们提出一些新问题。 有时他亲自用几何方法测量距离，山的高度和池塘的宽度，他自己定位，查看各种仪器，精确地计算，然后他再让别人测量距离，当他看到他计算的结果和别人测量的数据相符合，他就十分高兴。 康熙就是这样勤奋学习，善于学习，活学活用，是中国古代唯一一位了解西方文明、尊重科学精神的学习型皇帝。 2.对臣民仁爱宽宥 康熙继承了儒家为政“仁爱”的理念，并在施政过程中加以实践，他身后谥号为“仁皇帝”，这个“仁”字，正是他一生为人、行政的显著特点。 康熙屡次申令停止圈占土地，又免除钱粮达五百四十五次之多，银一亿五千万两，他赈灾、设义仓，关心民众疾苦。有一次康熙到塞外视察，发现一个人僵卧在路旁，他亲自询问，知道这个人叫王四海，是个佣工，在回家路上，因为饥饿，躺下起不来了。康熙立即下令给他喂热粥，等王四海苏醒后，又将他带到行宫，给他盘缠，送他回家。 康熙仁政的又一个特点是实行宽刑政策。康熙二十二年（1683），全国秋决（处死刑）的犯人尚不足四十人。 康熙仁政的第三个措施是惩办贪官，表彰清官。清官是康熙帝的一面旗帜，当时最著名的清官于成龙，有个绰号叫“于青菜”，就是因为他虽贵为封疆大吏，却常年不吃肉，只吃青菜。 于成龙是山西永宁（今斋石）人，先任广西罗城县知县，当时已经四十五岁，罗城县位于万山之中，历经战乱，没有城郭，遍地荒草，县衙是茅屋三间，居民仅有六百家。于成龙到任后，鼓励耕种，设养济院，宽免徭役，兴建学宫，县境大治，史书说他“居罗七年，与民相爱，如家人父子”。 于成龙升任合州知州，前往赴任时，百姓倾城出动，痛哭号泣相送，有一位瞎子，不肯离去，于成龙问他为什么不走，他回答说：“我想您路上盘缠不够，我会算卦，可以沿途赚点钱，以备不足之用。”于成龙很感动，就把他留下来。后来途中钱果然花光了，于成龙多亏瞎子赚些算命钱才补充路费到了合州。在合州，有政绩，又迁黄风。黄风社会治安很乱，他装成乞丐，深入罪犯巢穴，日夜杂处，探明实情，一举端掉贼窝。后来又升为福建布政使。当时清军平定三藩之乱，军中有掠良民子女为奴的现象，于成龙集资赎出被掠妇女放还。在任两江总督期间，他勤奉俭约，每天就是粗米、青菜，终年不知肉味，江南人于是称他为“于青菜”。他死后，将军、都统、官吏、友人到他家中一看，家里只有竹筐里粗糙纺织品制作的一身袍子和床头几罐食盐、豆豉而已。为追悼于成龙，市民罢市，聚哭致哀。百姓家挂他的画像祭祀。康熙曾说：“朕博采舆评，咸称于成龙为天下廉吏第一。” 3.勤慎理政 康熙处理军国大政有两个显著的特点：一是“勤”，二是“慎”。 康熙一生勤政。他认为“勤政实为君之大本，怠荒实亡国之病源”。明朝灭亡的一个重要原因，就是皇帝大多怠政。万历帝和天启帝都是有名的怠政庸君，万历二十几年不上朝，导致南北两京缺尚书、侍郎十四员，大学士病请假，内阁大门白天紧闭，尚书虚悬，无人理事，中枢机构瘫痪。天启帝也一样，整天不理朝政，却迷恋上了木工活，刀凿斧锯，玩得津津有味。这样没有责任感的皇帝执政，国家如何不衰败？ 康熙吸取了明朝灭亡的教训，勤政理事，每天都要亲自主持御前朝廷会议，即听政，最初主要在乾清门听政，后来听政的地点经常变化，有时在中南海瀛台勤政殿、畅春园澹宁居，避暑山庄澹泊殿等。参加会议的主要是六部九卿等官员，会议都有记录，听政的时间，一般在早上八点左右，所以又称“早朝”。康熙从亲政之日起，到去世之前，除因生病、三大节、重大变故之外，无论严寒酷暑，几乎是没有一天不听政的。 康熙理政不仅“勤”，而且“慎”。对于关系国计民生的大事，总要反复调查，慎重决策，下面以治河为例。康熙四十五年（1706）治河，康熙在御门听政时，大臣们发生意见分歧，经过调查、辩论、验证等，从正月初十开始到十二月二十七日结束，整整进行了一年，才做出决策，真可谓慎之又慎，请看他治河决策的全过程： 第一，重视治河。康熙亲政后将三藩、河务、漕运三件大事，书写在宫中柱子上，以日日提醒。 第二，寻根溯源。比如治理永定河，他巡视北京通州河堤，随驾的有皇太子、皇四子、皇五子、皇十四子等，他命诸皇子分钉木桩，学用仪盘，亲自检测仪器，记录测量。 第三，任用能臣。康熙任用治河名臣靳辅和陈潢，治河大成。 第四，御前辩论。每一治河方案，都要在御前辩论，即让不同意见的双方各申己见，互相驳难。 第五，集思广益。争论的双方各有各的理由，没有达成共识时，康熙又命乡里临河的在京官员，书写己见，上报朝廷。 第六，会议裁决。康熙听了各方面的意见，便在九卿会议上裁决。 第七，实践验证。方案定了之后，在执行过程中，康熙还要数次派人去视察河工，检验朝廷辩论意见孰对孰错。 第八，改正错误。若发现方案错了，便马上进行改正。 从上面，我们不难看出康熙是一位治政十分严谨的明君。 4.严格教育子孙 康熙对子孙的教育特别认真，也特别严格。康熙对皇子的教育，第一为成龙，第二为襄（助）政，第三为领兵，第四为务学，第五为书画。由此，康熙帝为皇子皇孙制定了严格的教育制度。据《养吉斋丛录》记载：“我朝家法，皇子、皇孙六岁，即就外傅读书。”学习时间，“刻至书房，先习满洲、蒙古文毕，然后习汉书。师傅入直，率以卯刻。幼稚课简，午前即退直。迟退者，至未正二刻，或至申刻”。休假日，“惟元旦免直入，除夕饭前一日巳刻，准散直”。即是说，一年之中，休假只有元旦一天和其前两个半天。相比之下，我们今天学生的假日可谓多矣。 康熙亲自为皇子们选定师傅，皇子老师中的汉人老师，都是一代名儒，主要教授儒家经典，满人师傅称谙达，内谙达教授满文和蒙古文，外谙达教授弓箭骑射技艺。 康熙对子孙的教育，除了上学，还包括言传身教，让子孙参加祭祀、打猎、巡幸、出征等。康熙三十二年（1693），康熙帝患病，便命皇太子代理政事，康熙帝病愈后，又命皇太子协助处理一般政务和旗务，对其他皇子常委以重任，既对其加强锻炼，又对其进行考察。 康熙对各皇子还注重因材施教。法国科学家白晋写给法王路易十四的信中说，康熙亲自给皇三子胤祉讲解几何学，并培养其科学才能。后又让胤祉等向意大利传教士德理格学习律历知识。后来胤祉成为康熙朝的一位杰出学者，主持纂修了《律历渊源》、《古今图书集成》等。 康熙教育子孙，是他为君之道中的重要内容。康熙的继承者雍正、乾隆都很杰出，康熙的皇子中，没有不学无术的庸人，也没有胡作非为的纨绔。他们都有一定素养，一技之长。 康熙的父辈本来已经给他打下了一个很完整的华夏江山，他八岁即位，十四岁亲政，年轻轻的一个孩子，按常理坐享其成就够了。但是，胸怀大志的少年天子，好学不倦，勤于国事，革旧图新，重整山河，开创出了“康乾盛世”的大好局面，使自己从一个继承者变成了创业者。历史将永远仰望这位英明的圣主、雄才大略的政治家。