Chapter 4 Chapter Three

After 60 years of hard work by Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, father and son of the Qing Dynasty, a solid foundation was laid, and the Republic of China was prosperous and strong.The Ming Dynasty in the south has been on the decline under the blow of the peasant uprising.The Qing army entered the customs and the time was ripe for the unification of the Central Plains. Dorgon was born in 1612, the fourteenth son of Qing Taizu Nurhachi.When Nurhachi died, Dorgon was only fifteen years old. After Huang Taiji came to the throne, he named Dorgon Baylor. Because he was the ninth in the sequence of age, he was called Jiubaile or Nine Kings.

In the second year of Tiancong (1628), Dorgon accompanied Huang Taiji to march into the Chahar tribe of Mongolia. Because of his bravery in battle, he was named Mergen Daiqing by Huang Taiji, which means king of wisdom.In February of the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Huang Taiji appointed Dorgon as Marshal, and attacked Ezhe, the son of Lindan Khan of the Chahar tribe.Dorgon successfully solved the problem of Chahar's surrender to the Qing Dynasty without a single soldier, and made extraordinary achievements, winning a very high prestige among the Manchu nobles.On April 23rd of the first year of Chongde (1636), Huang Taiji conferred the title of brother and nephew in Shenyang, and Dorgon was conferred the title of Prince He Shuorui, one of the six princes, listed among Daishan and Jierha After Lang, his political status rose steadily.

In August of the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Huang Taiji passed away suddenly in Shenyang. Many people in the clan tended to support Dorgon for the throne. The third son of Taiji, Aixinjueluo Fulin, who was only six years old, came to the throne. His reign name was Shunzhi, which means "govern the country smoothly and unify China". After Dorgon took the oath to assist the government, he gradually took the power of the government into his own hands and became the "chief regent".However, the young Emperor Shunzhi couldn't take charge at all. Therefore, the Qing army's entry into the customs and unification of the Central Plains was actually completed under the leadership of Dorgon.

Dorgon led the Qing army to enter the customs, and the great cause of unification after entering the customs is inseparable from the help of Fan Wencheng. Fan Wencheng's ancestral home is Shenyang, and his grandfather was an official in the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty.In the early years of Chongde, Huang Taiji appointed Fan Wencheng as a bachelor of the Academy of Internal Secretaries, and entered the second-class La Zhangjing to participate in secrets.Although Fan Wencheng was a Han Chinese, he was clear-headed and thoughtful, and won the trust of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty.On the fourth day of April in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), when Dorgon was about to lead his army against the Ming Dynasty, Fan Wencheng proposed to him the following strategy for unifying the Central Plains: (1) The Ming Dynasty was attacked by enemies, and the opportunity to march into the pass should not be missed. (2) The Central Plains should be pacified in one fell swoop. (3) The peasant army will be the opponent of the competition. (4) When attacking the interior, we should pay attention to military discipline. (5) Guard the strongholds in the pass and fight steadily.

Fan Wencheng's suggestions had a great influence on Dorgon who was in power at the time. In fact, Dorgon's actions after entering the customs were all proposed in accordance with Fan Wencheng's memorial, without major revisions. Everything was ready, and on the ninth day of April in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Dorgon led a mighty army and set off from Shenyang. In 1644 AD, Li Zicheng, the leader of the peasant uprising at the end of the Ming Dynasty, established a political power in Xi'an, and the country was named Dashun. Li Zicheng led a million uprising soldiers, crossed the Yellow River, and divided his troops into two groups to attack Beijing.The two armies were as powerful as a bamboo, and in March of this year, they successfully joined forces under the city of Beijing. The three elite Ming armies stationed outside the city all surrendered, and the city of Beijing was broken in one fell swoop.

After entering Beijing, Li Zicheng made a list to calm the people, and severely punished the imperial relatives and corrupt officials of the Ming Dynasty.He sent Liu Zongmin and Li Guo to order those dignitaries to hand over the property they usually plundered from the people to serve as the rebel army's salary, and those who refused to hand over would be severely punished.Wu Xiang, a great bureaucrat of the Ming Dynasty, was also led by Liu Zongmin to confiscate his family property and was arrested to recover the stolen goods.At this time, someone told Li Zicheng that Wu Sangui, Wu Xiang's son, was the commander-in-chief of Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty, and he had hundreds of thousands of troops under him.

Li Zicheng thought it made sense, so he asked Wu Xiang to write a letter to his son Wu Sangui, persuading him to surrender to the rebel army.Wu Sangui received Wu Xiang's letter of persuasion, he was in hesitation, he surrendered to the rebel army, he was unwilling from the bottom of his heart; if he didn't surrender, the rebel army was brave and good at fighting, with powerful troops, and he was not an opponent.At the same time, there are still his family members and property in Beijing, and he is reluctant to throw them away.As a result, he decided to take his troops to Beijing to see the situation before discussing it.

Wu Sangui led his troops to Luanzhou, which was very close to Beijing, and met some people who had escaped from Beijing.Wu Sangui came to ask, and heard that his father, Wu Xiang, had been arrested by the rebel army, and his family property had been confiscated. Soaring to the sky, he immediately ordered all the troops to return to Shanhaiguan, and asked all the soldiers to put on white helmets, saying that they would avenge their father. Li Zicheng learned that Wu Sangui refused to surrender, so he decided to personally lead an army of more than 200,000 to attack Shanhaiguan.When Wu Sangui heard the news, he didn't care about his national integrity, so he quickly wrote a letter for help, sent people out of the customs on flying horses, and asked the Qing soldiers to enter the customs to suppress the rebels.

When Dorgon, the assistant prince of the Qing Dynasty, received Wu Sangui's request for help, he really hit his heart, and immediately led hundreds of thousands of Qing soldiers to Shanhaiguan.When the Qing army came to Shanhaiguan, Wu Sangui couldn't wait to go out with five hundred soldiers to meet Dorgon. When he saw Dorgon, he humbly begged Dorgon to help him avenge him. agreed. Li Zicheng's army marched to the vicinity of Shanhaiguan from the south.More than 200,000 rebels, relying on the mountains and the sea, formed a mighty formation that could not be seen at a glance.Dorgon saw the rebel army lined up from the top of Shanhaiguan City, and expected that it would not be easy to deal with, so he asked Wu Sangui to lead the vanguard and told the Qing army to lie in ambush, while he and several Qing generals hid on the hill behind to watch the battle.

The battle started, and Li Zicheng dressed neatly, rode on a horse to the west mountain to command the battle.As soon as Wu Sangui led his troops out of the city, the left and right wings of the rebel army encircled and surrounded Wu Sangui's troops. .When the two sides were fighting fiercely, unexpectedly, there was a gust of wind by the sea, and the dust and sand on the ground were blown up. Suddenly, the sky was dark and no one could be seen on the other side. Dorgon saw this opportunity, and ordered the tens of thousands of Qing soldiers who were in ambush to launch a surprise attack on the rebel army. Messed up.For a time, thousands of horses galloped, arrows flew like rain, and the peasant army was defeated and fled. In the chaos, the horses trampled on each other and killed countless people. The corpses were everywhere, and blood flowed like rivers.

It wasn't until the wind settled down that Li Zicheng discovered that the Qing soldiers had entered the pass on the west mountain. He wanted to order the army to stabilize the position and command resistance, but it was too late, so he had to send an order to retreat.Dorgon and Wu Sangui's troops took advantage of the momentum to attack from inside and outside, and the rebel army suffered a disastrous defeat.Li Zicheng led the soldiers to retreat while fighting, while Wu Sangui and the Qing army followed closely behind. The rebel army retreated back to Beijing, their strength had been greatly weakened, and the powerful Qing army had become unstoppable.On the second day after Li Zicheng returned to Beijing, he led the rebel army to leave Beijing and retreat to Xi'an. Dorgon then led the Qing soldiers into Beijing smoothly, and Wu Sangui was granted the title of King Pingxi for his meritorious service against the peasant uprising army. In October 1644, Dorgon took Emperor Shunzhi from Shenyang to Beijing based on Huang Taiji's last words "If you win Beijing, move the capital immediately, and make progress" and Fan Wencheng's steady and steady strategy, and made Beijing the capital of the Qing Dynasty. Established its rule in Guannei. In the second year, the Qing Dynasty divided its troops into two groups to attack Xi'an.One was led by Azige, Wu Sangui, and Shang Kexi, and the other was led by Duoduo and Kong Youde.Li Zicheng led the peasant army to fight against the Qing army in Tongguan. After fierce fighting, he finally couldn't resist and was forced to abandon Xi'an and move to Xiangyang.A few months later, the peasant army was suddenly attacked by local landlords in Jiugong Mountain, Tongshan County, Hubei Province. Li Zicheng was defeated and sacrificed at the age of thirty-nine. After Li Zicheng withdrew from Beijing, Zhang Xianzhong proclaimed himself emperor in Sichuan, the country was named Daxi, and led the team to continue to fight against the Qing Dynasty.By 1647, the Qing army drove straight into Sichuan, and Zhang Xianzhong was killed by an arrow in a battle in Fenghuang Mountain, Xichong, northern Sichuan.In this way, the two main peasant uprising armies in the late Ming Dynasty failed successively. The news that Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Meishan spread to Nanjing, the accompanying capital of the Ming Dynasty. The ministers in Nanjing hastily appointed Fu Wang Zhu Yousong as emperor, and established a regime in Nanjing, which was called Nanming in history, and Zhu Yousong was called Hongguang Emperor. Hongguang Emperor Zhu Yousong was a fatuous emperor who was obsessed with wine and sex and did not think about making progress.Ma Shiying, governor of Fengyang, and a group of Wei Zhongxian's remnant party took advantage of Emperor Hongguang's incompetence to manipulate the Nanming regime.Shi Kefa, Minister of the Ministry of War of the Nanming regime, originally disapproved of making Zhu Yousong emperor, but in order to avoid internal conflicts, he reluctantly agreed.After Emperor Hongguang ascended the throne, Shi Kefa took the initiative to ask to go to the front to fight against the Qing soldiers. When Shi Kefa fought against the Qing Dynasty, there were four Ming armies on the north bank of the Yangtze River, called Sizhen.The generals of the four towns are all arrogant and domineering people.They divided their territory, competed with each other for power, and indulged soldiers to kill the people.Shi Kefa had a high prestige among the soldiers in the south. When he arrived in Yangzhou, those generals had to obey his command. He took the command in Yangzhou and became a supervisor.Everyone called him Master Shi. After Shi Kefa became a supervisor, he set an example, shared joys and sorrows with the soldiers, and was sincerely supported and loved by the soldiers. Not long after, the Qing army, led by Prince Yu Duoduo, marched southward in a large scale. Shi Kefa commanded the soldiers to resist tenaciously and won some victories.However, at this time, internal strife broke out within the Nanming regime. Zuo Liangyu, the Ming army general stationed in Wuchang, raised troops in Nanjing in order to compete with Ma Shiying for power.In the name of Emperor Hongguang, Ma Shiying asked Shi Kefa to lead troops to Nanjing to protect him.Shi Kefa knew that the Qing army was under pressure and could not leave, but in order to quell the civil strife, he had to lead his troops back to Nanjing.Just after crossing the Yangtze River, news came that Zuo Liangyu had been defeated, and Shi Kefa hurriedly dispatched troops to the north of the Yangtze River. At this time, the Qing soldiers had already approached Yangzhou. Shi Kefa issued an urgent call to action, asking the generals of all towns to lead their troops to Yangzhou to guard.But after a few days, none of the generals sent troops to rescue.Shi Kefa knew that now he could only rely on the army and people of Yangzhou to fight alone. As soon as the Qing army arrived at the city of Yangzhou, Duoduo first sent people to the city to persuade Shi Kefa to surrender. He sent five people in a row, but Shi Kefa sternly rejected them, saying: "The city is alive, and the people are dead. My head can be broken. And unyielding." Duoduo became angry and ordered Yangzhou City to be tightly surrounded. Yangzhou City was in critical condition, and some timid generals were afraid.The next day, a general soldier and a supervising army surrendered to the Qing army with some troops.As a result, the guards in the city were even weaker. Shi Kefa called all the city officials together, encouraged them to work together to resist the Qing soldiers, and assigned the task of defending the city.He analyzed the situation and thought that the west gate was the most important line of defense, so he personally led troops to defend the west gate.The soldiers were very moved to see Shi Kefa's firmness and composure, and he went out to fight in person, and they all expressed their willingness to fight to the death with the supervisor. Duoduo ordered the Qing army to take turns to attack the city frantically day and night.Under the leadership of Shi Kefa, the soldiers and civilians of Yangzhou fought bravely and repelled the fierce attacks of the Qing soldiers time after time. Seeing that they could not win for a while, Duoduo ordered the army to attack the city with cannons. The leader of the artillery bombarded the northwest corner of the city wall.The howling shells fell one by one at the west gate of Yangzhou City, the city wall gradually collapsed, and finally a big gap was blasted open. The army and the people struggled to plug the gap, and a large number of Qing troops swarmed in.Seeing that the situation in Yangzhou was over, Shi Kefa drew out his saber and wiped it on his neck.The generals who followed hurriedly hugged Shi Kefa, and snatched the knife from his hand. The generals tried to persuade Shi Kefa to protect him, and prepared to escape from Xiaodongmen.At this time, a group of Qing soldiers came and saw that Shi Kefa was wearing the official uniform of the Ming Dynasty, so they shouted and asked, "Who are you?" Shi Kefa was afraid of hurting others, so he said loudly: "I am Master Shidu, kill me quickly!" In this way, Yangzhou City fell, and Shi Kefa was arrested and killed at the age of forty-four.After Shi Kefa was killed, the people of Yangzhou continued to fight in the streets and fought tenaciously with the Qing soldiers. Inspired by Shi Kefa's spirit, none of them surrendered, which dealt a heavy blow to the Qing army. Doduo was very annoyed by the heavy casualties of the Qing army who attacked the city. He ordered the soldiers to massacre the people of Yangzhou inhumanely. They killed hundreds of thousands of people in Yangzhou for ten days in a row. Make "Yangzhou Ten Days". After the massacre, Shi Kefa's adopted son Shi Dewei went to the city to search for Shi Kefa's body.In the end, only the robe worn by Shi Kefa was found, and it was buried on Meihua Ridge outside Yangzhou City.This is the well-preserved Shi Kefa "clothes tomb". Shi Kefa was the central figure in the Nanming government's fight against the Qing Dynasty. Once Shi Kefa died, the Nanming Hongguang regime soon perished. After the Hongguang regime was wiped out, the anti-Qing struggle in the southeast coastal areas continued. In June 1645, Huang Daozhou and Zheng Zhilong, the survivors of the Ming Dynasty, appointed Zhu Yujian as emperor and ascended the throne in Fuzhou. He was called Emperor Longwu in history. Although Huang Daozhou sincerely resisted the Qing Dynasty, the military power was helplessly in the hands of Zheng Zhilong.Zheng Zhilong just wanted to preserve his strength, and he was unwilling to actually send troops to fight against the Qing Dynasty.Later, when the Qing army attacked Fujian, Zheng Zhilong surrendered after being lured by high-ranking officials of the Qing Dynasty.In this way, the Longwu regime also perished. Although Zheng Zhilong had no integrity, his son Zheng Chenggong was the opposite of him. He refused the temptation of the Qing army several times, determined to resist the Qing Dynasty, and broke off diplomatic relations with his father. When Zheng Zhilong surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong was only 22 years old and a young general.Zheng Chenggong tried hard to dissuade his father from surrendering to the Qing Dynasty, so he ran to Nan'ao Island alone angrily, recruited thousands of troops, and raised the banner of resisting the Qing Dynasty. Zheng Chenggong's military strength gradually developed and strengthened, and a navy was established in Xiamen.In 1647 AD, the Yongli regime of King Gui was established, and Zheng Chenggong changed his title to Yongli and was named Marquis of Weiyuan.From then on, Zheng Chenggong and Li Dinggu, the anti-Qing general in the southwest, echoed each other and became the two pillars of the anti-Qing struggle in the south. Zheng Chenggong paid great attention to the construction of base areas during the struggle against the Qing Dynasty. He changed Xiamen (called Zhongzuo in the Ming Dynasty) to Siming Prefecture, set up six officials to manage common affairs, and divided the entire army into seventy-one towns.In the more than ten years when Zheng Chenggong raised troops to fight against the Qing Dynasty, he made nine southern expeditions and three northern expeditions.What his soldiers pointed out made the Qing army frightened. In 1659, in order to cooperate with the anti-Qing struggle in the southwest, Zheng Chenggong fought in the North again. He joined forces with Zhang Huangyan, an anti-Qing general, and led a navy of 170,000 people into the Yangtze River by sea boat, and attacked Nanjing by water and land. He went to the city of Nanjing, but the Qing army deceived him by pretending to surrender.Zheng Chenggong fell into the trick of the Qing army, and finally lost the battle and returned to Xiamen.At this time, the Qing army had occupied most of Fujian. They used a tight blockade to force the people along the coast of Fujian and Guangdong to retreat for 40 miles in order to cut off the supply of grain and grass to Zheng Chenggong, trying to trap Zheng Chenggong to death.No matter where Zheng Chenggong recruited troops and raised his salary, he encountered difficulties, so he decided to develop in Taiwan. Taiwan has been China's territory since ancient times. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the European Dutch took advantage of the corruption and incompetence of the Ming Dynasty to occupy Taiwan, built castles, and extorted exorbitant taxes from the people of Taiwan.The people of Taiwan continued to resist and were brutally suppressed by the Dutch invading army. Zheng Chenggong went to Taiwan with his father when he was a teenager and saw the suffering of the Taiwanese people with his own eyes, so he wanted to regain Taiwan for a long time.Now, he was determined to drive away the Dutch invading army, and ordered the soldiers to build ships, raise food and grass, and prepare to cross the sea to fight. Just at this time, He Tingbin, who had worked as an interpreter in the Dutch army, came to Xiamen to ask Zheng Chenggong to see him, persuaded Zheng Chenggong to recover Taiwan, and gave Zheng Chenggong a map of Taiwan, and told him in detail about the military deployment of the Dutch invading army. Zheng Chenggong.With this reliable intelligence, Zheng Chenggong is more confident in attacking Taiwan. In March 1661, Zheng Chenggong asked his son Zheng Jing to lead a part of the army to stay in Xiamen, and he himself led 25,000 soldiers in hundreds of warships. He set off from Jinmen and crossed the Taiwan Strait. Taking advantage of the high tide, the pilot sailed into Luermen and landed on Taiwan Island.Zheng Jiabing fell from the sky and caught the Dutchman by surprise.The leader of the Dutch army hiding in the castle sent more than a hundred soldiers to rush towards Zheng Jun. Zheng Chenggong gave an order and led the soldiers to surround the enemy tightly and killed one enemy general. The rest of the enemy soldiers fled in fright. The Dutch army also mobilized the largest warship "Hettok" to lead three warships, and drove over aggressively, trying to prevent Zheng Jun's ships from continuing to land. Surrounded by the "Hetok", they fired together and sank the "Hetok". Seeing this, the other three Dutch ships turned around and fled in fright. The Dutch army suffered a disastrous defeat and huddled in the two castles of Taiwan City (now Taiwan's Dongping area) and Chixian City (now Tainan area) and dared not come out to fight.On the one hand, they secretly sent people to Batavia (now Java) to rescue soldiers, and on the other hand, they sent envoys to Zheng Jun's camp to seek peace, and promised: "As long as you are willing to withdraw from Taiwan, we would rather offer one hundred thousand taels of silver as a token of condolence. " Zheng Chenggong raised his eyebrows and said majestically: "Taiwan was originally our country's territory. It is a matter of course for us to take back this place. If you insist on not leaving, we will resolutely drive you out from here." After Zheng Chenggong repelled the Dutch envoys, he ordered troops to storm Chixian City.The enemy army in Chixian still wanted to resist stubbornly, but they couldn't attack for a while. At this time, a local gave Zheng Chenggong an idea and said: "The water in Chixian City flows down from the high ground outside the city. As long as the water source is cut off, the enemy will not stop. Attack yourself." Zheng Chenggong accepted this idea and cut off the water source. Sure enough, within three days, the red-embattled Dutch obediently surrendered. The Dutch army entrenched in Taiwan City attempted to continue to resist, waiting for reinforcements and preparing for the final struggle.Zheng Chenggong adopted a long-term siege method to force them to surrender. After eight months of siege, Zheng Chenggong ordered a strong attack on Taiwan City. The Dutch army had no choice but to raise the white flag. In 1662, the leader of the Dutch army went to Zheng Chenggong's camp, signed the surrender document, and then left Taiwan in despair. So far, the 38-year (from 1624 to 1662) history of the Dutch colonialists' occupation of Taiwan has come to an end. After Zheng Chenggong regained Taiwan, he changed Chixian City to Mingjing, the eastern capital, and set up one prefecture and two counties. The prefecture was Chengtianfu, which governed Tianxing and Wannian counties.In terms of economy, Zheng Chenggong actively encouraged the development of production and vigorously promoted the reclamation of wasteland and farmland. In a short period of time, Taiwan's economy developed rapidly. Zheng Chenggong worked hard to regain Taiwan and build Taiwan. He became sick from overwork and died of illness in Taiwan at the age of 39.To commemorate this national hero, people of all ethnic groups in Taiwan have built 50 or 60 Zheng Chenggong Temples across the island, among which the Yanping Junwang Temple (also known as Kaishanwang Temple) is the most famous. In 1683 AD, the Qing army entered Taiwan, and the descendants of Zheng Chenggong returned to the Qing Dynasty. In the following year, the Qing government established "Taiwan Prefecture", which was under Fujian Province. When Emperor Longwu established his regime, there was another Nanming regime established by Lu Wang Zhu Yihai in Shaoxing at that time. After the Qing army wiped out these two regimes successively, they divided their troops into three groups to attack the southwest.At that time, Qu Shixu, an official of the Ming Dynasty who was stationed in Guangdong and Guangxi, supported Guiwang Zhu Youlang to the throne in Zhaoqing. His reign name was Yongli, and he was called Emperor Yongli in history. In November 1647, Ming general He Tengjiao relied on the strength of the rest of the Dashun Army to defeat the Qing army in Quanzhou.However, due to the disunity within the Yongli regime, the war opportunity was delayed, and Huguang and Guangxi were occupied by the Qing army.Two years later, He Tengjiao was captured in Xiangtan after his defeat and was brutally killed. Qu Shixu also died after Guilin was captured by Qing soldiers.Subsequently, the Great Southwest Peasant Uprising Army led by Li Dingguo continued to resist the Qing Dynasty in the southwest for more than ten years. Li Dingguo is one of Zhang Xianzhong's four brave generals and his adopted son.The eldest of Zhang Xianzhong's adopted sons was Sun Kewang, and Li Dingguo was the second child. After Zhang Xianzhong died, 50,000 to 60,000 rebels were left behind, led by Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo, to go south to Guizhou and Yunnan.Later, they sent people to get in touch with Emperor Yongli and jointly fight against the Qing Dynasty.Emperor Yongli named Sun Kewang the King of Qin.But Sun Kewang didn't take the major event of fighting against the Qing Dynasty to heart. He firmly controlled Emperor Yongli in his hands, and acted arbitrarily and arbitrarily in Guiyang. However, Li Dingguo was ready to fight against the Qing Dynasty. He spent a year in Yunnan training 30,000 elite soldiers, stepped up manufacturing weapons and armor, and found a group of people who could tame elephants, forming an elephant team. After full preparation, Li Dingguo sent troops to attack the Qing army. His army's morale was high and their military discipline was strict. They fought from Yunnan and Guizhou to Hunan, winning consecutive battles and regaining several important towns. Then, the troops were divided into three groups to attack Guilin.Kong Youde, the commander of the Qing army stationed in Guilin, sent troops to fight several times, but before the two sides fought, the Qing soldiers fled in fright.Kong Youde had to personally lead troops to supervise the formation to Yanguan to confront the Ming army.As soon as Li Dingguo's army arrived, there were tall and mighty elephants in front and majestic soldiers behind. The roar of the elephants scared the Qing army's horses and ran around.Suddenly it rained heavily again, thunder and lightning flashed, and the elephant herd took advantage of the situation to charge. The Qing army was defeated and fled. The Ming army pursued bravely and defeated the Qing army. Kong Youde withdrew into Guilin City and closed the city gates.Li Dingguo surrounded Guilin City tightly and attacked day and night. The Ming army fired arrows like rain. Kong Youde, who was guarding the city wall, was shot in the forehead. Seeing that the situation was over, Kong Youde set a fire and threw himself into the fire. After receiving the news of Li Dingguo's victory over the Qing soldiers, Emperor Yongli was very happy and ordered Li Dingguo to be named King of Xining.Then Li Dingguo led troops to conquer Yongzhou, Hengyang, and Changsha, and approached Yuezhou.Shocked, the Qing court quickly sent Prince Nikan with 100,000 troops to counterattack Changsha.When Li Dingguo got the news, he voluntarily withdrew from Changsha, and set up an ambush on the way to Hengyang, preparing to catch the Qing army by surprise.Nikan personally led his troops in pursuit, and was ambushed by the Ming army. The Qing army was beaten to death, and Nikan was hacked to death by Ming soldiers on the spot. Li Dingguo's successive victories aroused the jealousy of Qin Wang Sun Kewang. Sun Kewang pretended to invite Li Dingguo to discuss the country's affairs and wanted to harm him secretly. After Li Dingguo discovered Sun Kewang's trick, he had to lead his troops to leave Hunan and return to Yunnan.Sun Kewang wanted to take the opportunity to improve his prestige, and personally led an army to Hunan to attack the Qing army, but he was defeated. Sun Kewang wanted to force Emperor Yongli to abdicate and become emperor himself. To achieve this goal, he must get rid of Li Dingguo, so he personally led 140,000 troops to attack Yunnan.He didn't expect that the soldiers under him hated his separatist activities long ago. As soon as the two sides started fighting, the soldiers turned to Li Dingguo's side one after another, and Sun Jun soon collapsed.Sun Kewang fled back to Guiyang, and was unanimously opposed by the soldiers who stayed behind in Guiyang. He was desperate, and finally fled to Changsha and surrendered to the Qing army. After Sun Kewang's rebellion and defection to the enemy, the Yongli regime was greatly weakened. In 1658, the Qing army, led by surrendered generals Wu Sangui and Hong Chengchou, attacked Yunnan and Guizhou in three ways.Li Dingguo ordered the army to attack in three ways, but they all failed and had to return to Kunming.When Emperor Yongli heard the news, he and several trusted officials fled to Burma in a panic. After Emperor Yongli fled to Burma, Li Dingguo continued to collect troops on the Yunnan border to attack the Qing army and prepare to restore the Nanming regime.He sent people to take Emperor Yongli back to his country thirteen times in a row, but Emperor Yongli dared not come back. In December 1661, Wu Sangui led 100,000 Qing soldiers into Burma, forced Burma to hand over Emperor Yongli, and took him back to Kunming. Once in Kunming, Emperor Yongli was strangled to death by Wu Sangui. The last Nanming regime arrived At this time, it died completely. Li Dingguo struggled against the Qing Dynasty for more than ten years, but in the end he failed to realize his wish, and finally died of depression and illness. The history of Qing soldiers entering the customs and unifying the Central Plains is full of tragic stories of conquest and anti-conquest. There have emerged some national heroes like Shi Kefa, Zheng Chenggong, and Li Dingguo who are full of national integrity and will always shine on future generations; at the same time, there have also been some nationalities like Wu Sangui. scum.The decay and decline of the Ming Dynasty, the pride and complacency of the peasant uprising army, the lack of political wisdom and strategy, the disunity among the generals, their own affairs, and constant internal strife, all these are doomed to their ultimate failure.Although the Qing Dynasty finally unified the Central Plains, it was obviously barbaric. It did not bring advanced culture and productivity to China. assimilation.At the same time, the dawn of a new civilization appeared in the western world, which laid the groundwork for the great changes in modern China.