Chapter 35 postscript

creative talk The Qing Dynasty is a fascinating historical period in the modern history of our country. Over the years, the creation of the Qing Dynasty has been prosperous for a long time. Writers love to write about the Qing Dynasty, and people love to see Wei Wei in the Qing Dynasty. What is the reason that makes the Qing Dynasty so attractive? ? The Qing Dynasty ruled China for 268 years from 1644 to 1911. In 1644 AD, the Qing Dynasty established its capital in Beijing after Renguan. After Renguan alone, the Qing Empire experienced ten emperors including Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong. There were prosperity in Kangxi and Qianlong period and decline in late Qing Dynasty, and experienced historical waves of ups and downs.The Qing Dynasty, especially the late Qing Dynasty, was an eventful era for the Chinese feudal dynasty.

First of all, there were three kinds of stories in the Qing Dynasty, that is, many legends, many suspicious cases, and many secret histories. Among them, only Kangxi, Qianlong made unannounced visits in disguise, and seven trips to the south of the Yangtze River left many legendary stories, and the romantic affairs among them left even more unspoken stories. An endless story. Suspicious cases of the Qing Dynasty: including the mysterious case of the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang’s marriage, the mysterious case of Emperor Shunzhi’s renunciation, the mysterious case of Yongzheng’s succession to the throne, the suspected case of Yongzheng’s assassination, the mysterious case of the life experience of the romantic emperor Qianlong, the mysterious case of the sudden collapse of Empress Dowager Ci’an, the mysterious case of the sudden death of Emperor Guangxu, and the mysterious case of Shunzhi The mystery of Emperor Ying's premature death, the mystery of the violent death of Emperor Yongzheng, the mystery of the death of Emperor Kangxi...

Many secret histories of the Qing Dynasty: including the secret history of the official career of powerful ministers, the secret history of officialdom, the secret history of court coups, and the history of eunuchs... That's why people are more interested in the Qing Dynasty. I chose this topic for three reasons: One is that I have always been more interested in the history of the Qing Dynasty and the culture of upright officials, and I like to read history books of the Qing Dynasty. The second is that when I wrote the history volume and character volume of "China's Five Thousand Years of Cultural Classics", I once conducted serious research on the history and historical figures of the Qing Dynasty, especially the Empress Dowager Cixi, Emperor Guangxu and Concubine Zhen, Li Hongzhang, Li Lianying, etc. It was hard work.

The third is that my family lives near the beautiful Summer Palace. For more than 20 years, I often went for a walk in the Summer Palace, which further enhanced my interest in Qing history. A Summer Palace can be regarded as a history of the late Qing Dynasty.Therefore, the study of late Qing history must focus on the vicissitudes of the Summer Palace, because the Summer Palace once became the highest power field that overwhelmed the Forbidden City.It was in this power field that the Empress Dowager Cixi, who ruled China for 48 years, lived, and this garden was one of the residences where Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned.

It is rare in Chinese history that a garden is so closely related to an imperial court.So a Summer Palace can be said to be a Qing History Museum. It can be said that the Summer Palace is the royal officer bought at the price of sacrificing the navy. Whenever I walk to the warships displayed on the west bank of the lake, looking at the rusty small warships, I can't help but think of the Beiyang Navy in the north. The tragedy of the annihilation of the entire army in the Sino-Japanese naval battle can't help but feel a surge of enthusiasm and emotion. The Summer Palace really makes people feel too much. Whenever you walk into the Yulan Hall and see the brick wall isolated by the embankment, you can’t help but think that this is the six gentlemen who were killed after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 that shocked China and the world. Witness of Emperor Guangxu's imprisonment.

Renshou Hall is also the place where Emperor Guangxu summoned Kang Youwei and Yuan Shikai. The ups and downs of history are recorded here. The honor and disgrace of the country are recorded here. Renshou Hall is the place where Empress Dowager Cicao monopolizes power. Le Shoutang is the place where Empress Dowager Cixi spent her life, and where she and Rong Lu planned a coup. Therefore, although the Summer Palace is beautiful, it cannot hide the ugliness of those who fought for power and profit back then.Although the lakes and mountains are beautiful, they can't contain the tears of the emperor.

Although the history has turned a page, the Summer Palace has recorded the rise and fall of a period of honor and disgrace in modern Chinese history.So visiting the Summer Palace is like reading Chinese history.Therefore, the Summer Palace should also be renamed the Summer Palace Museum, which is as famous as the Palace Museum. The Reform Movement of 1898 was an extremely tragic scene in modern Chinese history. I had long planned to reflect this period of history with the swan song of love between Emperor Guangxu and Concubine Zhen, but I postponed it because I was busy finishing my series of "Chinese Classics of Five Thousand Years of Culture" , I didn’t have time to complete my historical novels until my twenty-year historical and cultural work was published. Fortunately, my writing of historical and cultural works laid a solid foundation for writing historical novels, so I started writing Historical fiction seems to be more emboldened.

The images of historical characters in historical novels should be different from those in history books, that is to say, the images of characters in historical novels can be sublimated to a certain extent, that is, there is a difference between historical characters and literary characters in artistic sublimation.But this sublimation must have a certain degree, that is to say, it must be based on the premise of respecting historical facts, and it can neither be too beautiful nor too ugly.This is crucial.Appropriateness or disapproval of characters is the key to character image creation in historical novels.

So, how to grasp this scale? In my opinion, the combination of historical materialism and apologetic materialism is a measure of this degree. The so-called viewpoint of historical materialism is to use the scientific view of history to evaluate and analyze historical figures.Specifically, it is necessary to look at problems from a historical point of view, including commenting on historical figures.Only after the correct evaluation of historical figures can we talk about artistic sublimation.Therefore, to shape the image of historical figures, we must first "eat" the historical figures thoroughly.Such as the three protagonists in the novel, Emperor Guangxu, Concubine Zhen, and Empress Dowager Cixi.Only by "eating" the history can we "eat" the three of them thoroughly.

How to determine the character's view of history? To judge a character's view of history, one must first judge historical events. There are three most important historical events: First, about the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu) was a Sino-Japanese war. Because it was the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, it was also called the Sino-Japanese War.The Sino-Japanese War occurred when Japan first provoked North Korea and China, and China was forced to declare war on Japan.After the Meiji Restoration, Japan gradually became stronger, and it had long coveted China and its vassal state Korea. Later, taking advantage of the Donghak Party uprising in Korea, Korea sent troops to Korea, and Korea asked for help from the Qing government of China.Then the Japanese soldiers made a surprise attack on China's sea and land, sinking the Chinese ships, and 700 of our soldiers were martyred. On August 1, China was forced to declare war on Japan.Due to the weak resistance of the Qing government, the Chinese navy and army suffered successive defeats. The Japanese army took the lead in Dalian and Lushun, and our fleet suffered heavy losses in the Yellow Sea Battle.Afterwards, the Japanese army captured Weihai Weijun Port, an important coastal defense area of ​​our country. The entire Beiyang Fleet was wiped out, and the main general Ding Ruchang committed suicide.In the end, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" with Japan on April 17, 1895. The Qing government ceded the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan, and the Penghu Islands to Japan, and compensated Japan with 200 million taels of silver and opened Changsha and Chongqing. , Suzhou, and Hangzhou are commercial ports, and Japan is allowed to open factories in our treaty ports.

The signing of the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" deepened the colonization of China. In this war, Japan is the aggressor and unjust, and China is the resisting aggression, so it is the just side. Emperor Guangxu and Weng Tonghe resolutely fought the war from beginning to end, and fought against the peace faction in refusing to sign the treaty, showing their patriotic spirit.The main peace faction, represented by the Empress Dowager Cixi, held heavy troops but held back the main war faction. They dreamed of reconciliation between Germans, Russians and foreigners. Because they did not actively resist, the result was a disastrous defeat.Finally, they actively signed the unequal "Treaty of Shimonoseki" with the Japanese. They are full capitulators. Second, the Reform Movement of 1898 is the main historical event in this book. After the "Treaty of Shimonoseki", the channels for the imperialist powers to carve up China were opened. The country is even more facing the partition of the great powers, and it is imminent to save the survival of the nation.The Chinese learned from the painful experience. Chinese intellectuals, represented by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and Tan Sitong, launched the reform movement to save the country. They received the firm support of the enlightened emperor Guangxu and started the reform movement determined to reform the system. It was blocked by the diehards represented by the Empress Dowager Cixi. Emperor Guangxu broke through the obstruction and issued the "Ming Ding Guoshi" edict in Tiananmen Square on June 11, 1898, and began to carry out reforms.Empress Dowager Cixi launched a coup on September 21 to imprison Emperor Guangxu and beat Concubine Zhen to the cold palace.Killed Tan Sitong, Liu Guangdi, Lin Xu, Yang Rui, Yang Shenxiu, and Kang Guangren, the Six Gentlemen of 1898, wanted Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who had fled overseas, and announced the cancellation of all reforms related to the new law, and the reform failed.The Empress Dowager Cixi announced "training the government", and China has since retreated into the abyss of the feudal autocratic society under the dictatorship of the Empress Dowager Cixi. Since the Reform Movement of 1898 is a movement to save the nation and preserve it, and to reform and strengthen the country, it is a movement to save the nation, and it is progressive and bright.Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and Tan Sitong who initiated this movement were patriotic, and Emperor Guangxu and Concubine Zhen who supported the reform were also patriotic and enlightened. After brutally suppressing this movement and massacring Tan Sitong and six others, Empress Dowager Cixi Hanging is decadent and reactionary. This is the historical view of the Reform Movement of 1898. Third, the Boxer Incident was the Boxer Rebellion. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Empress Dowager Cixi monopolized power, Emperor Guangxu existed in name only, and the Manchu government became more corrupt and weak.The imperialist powers stepped up their efforts to carve up China, and foreign churches took advantage of the opportunity to enter and run rampant in China, causing dissatisfaction among the people.As a result, the Boxer Movement with the slogan of "helping the Qing and destroying the foreigners" emerged in Shandong, Henan, and Tianjin in China. In order to suppress the anti-imperialist movement of the Chinese people, the Eight-Power Allied Forces attacked Beijing from Tianjin. The Boxers and the Patriotic Qing Army fought bloody battles with the enemy. The Empress Dowager Cixi took advantage of the Boxers' patriotic enthusiasm to push them to the front line, and secretly suppressed them. The Boxers suffered from enemies and were quickly suppressed.Empress Dowager Cixi hijacked Emperor Guangxu and fled to Xi'an. In September 1901, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" with imperialism, which was an unprecedented humiliation and humiliation.The rest of the Boxer Regiment finally recognized the true face of the Manchu Qing government, so they changed the banner of "helping the Qing and destroying the foreigners" to "sweeping and destroying the foreigners" and continued to struggle. The Boxer Movement was an anti-imperialist and patriotic movement of the Chinese people, which effectively struck down the aggressive forces of imperialism in China, aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of the Chinese people, and further shook the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Empress Dowager Cixi's despicable tactics of using the Boxers first and then massacring them in this movement exposed her reactionary and corrupt even more.Emperor Guangxu, who was imprisoned, had no real power during the Boxer Movement, but he also proposed to Cixi that he did not want to flee westward, and asked to sit in the capital and deal with foreigners. up. After the historical view of historical events is determined, the roles played by the characters in the book in these historical events should be further determined.Once the view of history is determined, the praise and criticism of characters will have a historical basis. If so, the theme can be clear, and the characterization can be strongly loved and hated.This is the thickness of history. About historical figures: First, the protagonist of this book is Emperor Guangxu. Emperor Guangxu is an emperor, the supreme ruler of the feudal society, logically, he is the opposite of the people, but, according to the point of view of historical materialism, he is a historical figure, he is in a specific historical period in China, that is, in the The king of decline in China's feudal society.His fate was both lucky and tragic. The Empress Dowager Cixi took a fancy to his age for the convenience of holding power, so the four-year-old Guangxu was established as emperor.Guangxu had been emperor for thirty-one years, but he was always an emperor in name only. Only the ten years before he was in power until he was imprisoned was the only period in his life when he could exercise a little power, and only this period was the time when he was most effective. The patriotic spirit of the young emperor was fully reflected through two events that determined the destiny and future of the country. Hao embodies the spirit of resistance of the Chinese nation.Second, after the "Treaty of Shimonoseki", Emperor Guangxu learned from the pain and insisted on reforms to save the country. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, which shocked China and foreign countries, although Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned by the Empress Dowager Cixi, his spirit of reform and striving for strength has written a shining chapter in Chinese history. one page. What is especially valuable is that even in captivity, he did not forget his patriotism. After the Eight-Power Allied Forces broke the city, the Empress Dowager Cixi and princes and ministers were busy fleeing westward, but Emperor Guangxu refused to be a deserter. He solemnly offered to stay and negotiate with the Eight-Power Allied Forces , but was flatly rejected by Cixi and took him away. During the ten years in captivity, he endured the humiliation, studied English and history assiduously, studied the successful experience of other countries, and looked forward to the day when he would return to power after the death of Cixi and change China with the way of great powers.His beloved Concubine Zhen is dead, and the reason why he is still willing to live is for this day.It's a pity that he failed to fulfill his wish. How could his political enemy, the Empress Dowager Cixi, let him live beyond her own?So twenty hours before Cixi's death, Emperor Guangxu died mysteriously, and the cause of death is still inconclusive.His death left behind eternal regrets and eternal mysteries. Emperor Guangxu worked hard all his life to make China "turn crisis into safety, turn weakness into strength".For this reason, he even said to the Empress Dowager Cixi that "he would rather abdicate than be the king of subjugation". Although Emperor Guangxu is an emperor, he strictly disciplined himself and never fornicated, especially after the death of his beloved concubine Zhen, he was not close to women. The product is really amazing. During the reform period, he made an exception and summoned Kang Youwei, who was below the fourth rank, as well as Liang Qiqi and Tan Sitong, and was willing to speak out. China after the reformation may be able to change its destiny early. In the past, the views on Emperor Guangxu were not objective enough. They only said that he was a puppet and that he was weak and incompetent. In fact, Emperor Guangxu was a rare hero. Emperor Guangxu should re-evaluate. Although Emperor Guangxu did not have as prominent political achievements as Kangxi and Qianlong, he was undoubtedly a patriotic and accomplished emperor.This is the view of history of Emperor Guangxu, the protagonist of this book. Second, Concubine Zhen is a famous concubine in the Qing Dynasty. She is the favorite concubine of Emperor Guangxu and the second main character in this book. Concubine Zhen is the like-minded partner of Emperor Guangxu, and also a pair of rebels in the feudal autocratic society.Together with Emperor Guangxu, she experienced the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1898, the Reform Movement of 1898, and years of imprisonment. She actively encouraged Emperor Guangxu to resist Japan, supported Emperor Guangxu's reform, and opposed Cixi's taking Emperor Guangxu away to the west. The queen mother was killed. Concubine Zhen is the daughter of Changxu, an official in the Qing Dynasty. She is lively and cheerful, and has lived in Guangdong for a long time, because her uncle Changshan was a general stationed in Guangzhou by the Qing court. She lived with her uncle in Guangzhou for a long time.Guangzhou is located on the coast and is more open and influenced by it, so she has been more open-minded since she was a child, and she is easy to accept new things.In addition, her teacher Wen Tingshi is a gifted scholar from Jiangxi, and her brother Zhirui is a radical who is good at absorbing advanced foreign ideas. Concubine Zhen grew up in such an environment, of course she is more sensitive to new things and new knowledge.After becoming an official, he was influenced by Weng Tonghe and Wen Tingshi, and soon absorbed the thoughts of Kang and Liang, and had an important influence on Emperor Guangxu. I used three things to show the glorious image of Concubine Zhen, that is, Concubine Zhen knelt down in front of Empress Dowager Cixi three times to plead for Emperor Guangxu. One is that Concubine Zhen assisted Emperor Guangxu in governing the government, but was demoted to a nobleman by Empress Dowager Cixi, and was punished with a stick; As a result, Concubine Zhen was beaten into the cold palace.The third thing is that the Eight-Power Allied Forces broke Beijing. Before Empress Dowager Cixi fled west, Concubine Zhen asked the emperor not to leave, and please let the emperor stay and negotiate with foreigners.As a result, Concubine Zhen was pushed into the well by Empress Dowager Cixi.Therefore, due to the tragic death of Concubine Zhen and her role in the Reform Movement of 1898, Concubine Zhen should be listed as a gentleman of 1898. Because the love between Emperor Guangxu and Concubine Zhen is a life-and-death love that is closely related to the fate of the country and the future of the nation, it is an immortal love swan song.Since ancient times, it is not uncommon to have prominent love affairs between emperors and concubines, such as King Zhou and Daji, King You and Baosi, Xiang Yu and Concubine Yu, Tang Xuanzong and Yang Yuhuan, Emperor Shunzhi and Concubine Dong E...but they are not as noble and tragic as Emperor Guangxu and Concubine Zhen . They are either a faint king and a beautiful woman, or a hero who writes about a beautiful woman, but Emperor Guangxu and Concubine Zhen are a wise king and a virtuous concubine. They are not a love affair that leads to the subjugation of the country, but to save the country and strengthen the country. Dying for such a love is a real life-and-death love. It is also the true love that is worthy of praise.It is precisely because the love between Emperor Guangxu and Concubine Zhen is noble, so I focus on expressing their concern for the country and the people, and write about their awe-inspiring righteousness, rather than selfishness. Third, the third character in this book is Empress Dowager Cixi. The Empress Dowager Cixi is also the main character of this book, she is the uncrowned empress of China, the next de facto female emperor of China after Wu Zetian.She controlled the imperial power of the Tongzhi and Guangxu dynasties and ruled China for forty-eight years.During the half century of her dictatorship, due to her luxury, decadence and conservatism, she did not bring prosperity to China, but pushed China into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudalism. During her reign, she signed three treaties that forfeited power and humiliated the country, including the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" and "Treaty of Xin Chou" that shocked China and foreign countries.During her reign, she suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion.During her reign, she launched two court coups, the first Xinyou coup, massacred and imprisoned the eight ministers appointed by Emperor Xianfeng, including Zaiyuan, Duanhua, and Sushun, and the second coup of 1898 imprisoned Emperor Guangxu. Kill Concubine Zhen and Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen. Empress Dowager Cixi is also a woman with the most poisonous heart and the most ruthless hands. The Empress Dowager Cixi puts the desire for power as paramount throughout her life, and whoever violates this rule that interferes with her will have no good ending.isn't it?The sudden death of the Empress Dowager Ci'an, the tragic death of Queen Arut, the tragic death of Concubine Zhen, and the sudden death of Emperor Guangxu have nothing to do with her? This is a most scheming woman.Most of the other women were crying when they were sent to the palace, but she was the only one who was elated.She was originally an inconspicuous orchid nobleman, but later she had a plan and bought the eunuchs with money, and seduced the emperor with a Jiangnan ditty on the way Emperor Xianfeng passed by. As a noble concubine Yi, she was finally regarded as the Queen Mother of the Holy Mother, competing with the Empress Dowager Ci'an on an equal footing, which shows her skill. Empress Dowager Cixi is a typical traitor.She resolutely suppressed domestically and never relentlessly; she tried her best to curry favor with foreign countries, not to mention other treaties, just the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" was enough to expose her ugliness. On the way to Xi'an, she ordered the suppression of the Boxer Regiment who had been used by her to fight the Eight-Power Allied Forces. In order for foreigners to erase her from the list of culprits, she actually sent an order to Li Hongzhang to "measure the material resources of China and make the country happy."It means that as long as the foreigners agree to sign the contract, they will not hesitate to pay all their property.Cixi also agreed to carry out foreign affairs and carry out reforms, but there is one thing that must be done under the premise of not affecting her power.It shows his traitorous behavior. The Empress Dowager Cixi believed that she was unique among women. It can be said that there was no one in the past, and no one in the future. In the future, there will be no one who can surpass her, unless there are two rules, so the last words of the Empress Dowager Cixi are: Women are not allowed to interfere in politics! Don't let the eunuch interfere in politics! That's the way history is: it makes people laugh and cry. It is common sense that history should be judged by future generations. Although the official history of Cixi's era praised her, history is ruthless. No matter how much official history praises her, history cannot escape the denial of her.The crime of forfeiting power and humiliating the country, flattering the outside world, suppressing peasant uprisings at home, strangling reforms, confining the emperor, and killing the six gentlemen and concubines of the 1898 Movement are ironclad evidence that she will be nailed to the pillar of historical shame forever. Cixi was an uncrowned queen who ruined the country. She signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" and "Treaty of Xin Chou" that humiliated the country and made China heavily in debt and plunged into the abyss of semi-colony.Cixi is the most vicious woman suspected of murdering two empresses (Empress Ci'an, Empress Arut's mother and son), a concubine (Concubine Zhen) and an emperor (Emperor Guangxu). Cixi is also the most political and scheming The Iron Woman, the one whose hands were stained with the blood of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army, and the Boxers. Embalming Cixi’s corpse is made of golden coffins and jade strands. Inside the coffin, there are pearl crowns and jade clothes, decorative treasures, tens of millions of pearls and jade, rare treasures made of jade, agate, coral, and jade carvings inside and outside the coffin, and golden Buddha statues. All of them are priceless, and there is everything that one expects to find. The treasures laid in the coffin in the underground palace, such as jade ruyi, carved dragon, golden jade Buddha, jade rosary, tasseled east beads... are countless. The funeral was even more extravagant than ever. The royal relatives, civil and military officials of the Manchu Dynasty were all dispatched. In the front was the strict guard of honor, behind and on both sides were the mighty imperial guards, and in the middle was Empress Dowager Cixi, whose shoulders were lifted by 108 people. Discretionary official coffin.Chuichuidada, mighty and mighty, it took seven days and seven nights to reach the mausoleum, and a grand ceremony was held before the burial, costing as much as 1.2 million taels of silver.He was extremely luxurious and wealthy during his lifetime and after his death.It can be regarded as the most empress in Chinese history. Empress Dowager Cixi is one of the most successful characters portrayed in this book.Through a large number of political conflicts, I used irrefutable historical facts to lock her into the list of reactionary figures who blocked the progress of history, and used a large number of inner contradictions to fully reveal the inner activities of this uncrowned queen who ruled China for forty-eight years. The cover represents the soul of the ruler at the end of Chinese feudal society. Fourth, Li Hongzhang is another important figure. Li Hongzhang is a native of Hefei, Anhui, and a Jinshi of Daoguang. In his early years, he worked under Zeng Guofan to organize and train the Huai army, and was deeply appreciated by him.Later, he was promoted to governor of Jiangsu and governor of Liangjiang.After that, he succeeded Zeng Guofan as an imperial envoy, and in his later years, he became the governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang. In 1873, he was awarded a bachelor of Wuyingdian. Li Hongzhang was a Han official in the late Qing Dynasty and an important official in the late Qing Dynasty. Li Hongzhang is a controversial figure in modern history.Induction is nothing more than an evaluation of his merits and demerits.In fact, Li Hongzhang's merits and demerits are not difficult to discuss.Li Hongzhang's so-called achievements were nothing more than training a Huai army with strong combat effectiveness for the Manchu Qing Dynasty and establishing China's first naval fleet. Unfortunately, the greatest achievement of this Huai army was to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army uprising.His Beiyang Fleet was not actively fighting the Japanese devils in the Sino-Japanese War of 1899-1895, but was passively beaten, and the entire army was eventually wiped out.Only the "Westernization Project" Li Hongzhang actively repaired railways, opened mines, set up factories, opened post and telecommunications, and built a navy. Give him a credit.But it was the only achievement in his life. However, Li Hongzhang's crimes were repeated. He was sinister and vicious internally, and he fiercely suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army and other peasant uprisings.Compromising to the outside world, every time they sell their sovereignty, make profits and lose losses, and sign treaties with foreign powers that forfeit power and humiliate the country.Among them, the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" alone is enough to convict him of treason. In the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, he only listened to Cixi's concession policy, and adopted the method of obedience to the will of Emperor Guangxu's main battle and "neglected war preparations".He blindly preserved his strength, and because he did not actively resist, he dreamed that Britain and Russia would come forward to mediate. As a result, the Beiyang Navy was ruined, and he had to sign a contract with Japan.That is to say, before signing the contract, he has actually handed over the sovereignty of the country, so what else can he complain about? The "Treaty of Shimonoseki" also included the cession of Taiwan to Japan, which shows its crime. Even if Li Hongzhang was not responsible for the "Xin Chou Treaty" signed with the Eight-Power Allied Forces in 1900, because this time the Empress Dowager Cixi transferred him back from Guangdong and Guangxi to sign the contract. , Finally signed the "Sino-Russian Secret Treaty" with the Russians to sell their sovereignty, and actually let Russia build railways in China.In the Sino-French war, although our side had achieved a major victory on the border of Yunnan and Guangxi, he advocated the policy of "taking advantage of the victory and taking it away" and signed the "Sino-French New Treaty" with the legal person.If this is not his fault, what is it? Li Hongzhang is not unpatriotic. He is actively engaged in foreign affairs, running a navy, and training an army, which is a manifestation of self-improvement and prosperity. .These are the two sides of his complex personality.Therefore, in my novel, I focus on revealing his psychological contradictions to highlight his complex personality. Li Hongzhang is indeed capable, and has the talent for maneuvering, so the big powers at the negotiating table only recognize him and not others.Of course, he has been in politics for decades, and there are also things that make people sympathetic. For example, when he went to Japan to sign a contract, the Japanese almost died of being shot in the face in order to intimidate him.When signing the "Xin Chou Treaty", he came to Beijing with an illness, and died of vomiting blood on the eve of the signing.Li Hongzhang's life was indeed a life of diligence, but because of his weakness and flattery in his bones, he was finally fixed in the list of reactionary officials who went against the will of the people. Fifth, Weng Tonghe is an important figure. Weng Tonghe was born in a family of officials and scholars, and was the teacher of the Tongzhi and Guangxu emperors. His father Weng Xincun was the teacher of the Tongzhi emperor.Weng Tonghe and his son were the most family friends with Prince Yichun, the father of Emperor Guangxu. Weng Tonghe and Emperor Guangxu had a teacher-student relationship for more than 20 years. The two were really teachers and students, just like father and son. Weng Tonghe was upright and upright. He was very dissatisfied with the dictatorship of Empress Dowager Cixi and had great sympathy for Emperor Guangxu.During the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1899-1895, he firmly supported Emperor Guangxu's resistance to Japan, was dissatisfied with Li Hongzhang's concession policy, and encouraged Emperor Guangxu to refuse to sign the "Treaty of Shimonoseki", which aroused the hatred of Empress Dowager Cixi. The "Treaty of Shimonoseki" aroused great indignation among the people in the country. Under the influence of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, he learned from the pain and deeply felt the shame of losing power and humiliating the country, so he actively recommended Kang Liang to Emperor Guangxu, and enthusiastically supported Emperor Guangxu's implementation of reforms and reforms to strengthen the country The road to prosperity.Because he encouraged Emperor Guangxu to take back his due power, he was hated by the Empress Dowager Cixi and the diehards, so he was vacated by Cixi and returned home on the eve of the reform.After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, he was dismissed by Cixi, never employed, and handed over to local officials for strict control. In 1904, he died in anger in his hometown. Weng Tonghe belonged to a virtuous minister and a good minister. He was a clean and honest government official. He served as the emperor's teacher of two dynasties. He was also the number one prime minister.He has a prominent position, but he is neither humble nor overbearing.The most worthy of affirmation in his life is his support for Emperor Guangxu during the Sino-Japanese War and the Reform Movement of 1898, for which this book fully affirms him.In particular, it highlights their teacher-student relationship based on patriotism, and it becomes one of the most touching chapters in this book. Among them, when the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" was signed, Emperor Guangxu and Weng Tonghe faced each other with tears in their eyes. After Emperor Guangxu issued an edict at Tiananmen Square, the two had tears in their eyes. The most touching scene is the scene of gazing tearfully at Emperor Guangxu inside the golden sedan chair on the ground. After Weng Tonghe left, Emperor Guangxu was like a goshawk soaring soaring when his wings were suddenly broken. This book uses Emperor Guangxu's transformation of grief and anger into strength to speed up reform and reform, and Weng Tonghe looked at him from a distance along the Yangtze River, reflecting their noble teacher-student relationship. And the relationship between the monarch and his ministers. Sixth, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and Tan Sitong were the core figures of the Reform Movement of 1898 and one of the main figures in this book. They are all reformist standard bearers, radicals with keen thinking and far-sighted vision. The treaties of losing power and humiliating the country repeatedly made them unable to bear it any longer. Their determination to save the country brought them together.They held high the banner of reform and reform, and threw their heads and blood for China's reform. In my novel, with regard to Kang Youwei, I highlighted his appeal through the shock caused, and expressed his eloquence through the attack on him by the five ministers of the Prime Minister’s State Affairs Office, and through the two-hour summoning of Emperor Guangxu, Reflecting his appeal to Emperor Guangxu, so for Kang Youwei, I focused on portraying the agitation of this rebel leader. For Liang Qichao, I used his "Current Affairs News" and his famous argumentative essay "Reform General Discussion" to highlight this reformer who used his writing as a battle cry.Liang Qichao's articles were like a flood in midsummer, turbulent and surging for thousands of miles. The gentle Guangxu Emperor saw his blood rushing, and wished he could immediately declare a reform, which shows the gravity of his writing. As for Tan Sitong, this book highlights his glorious image of righteousness on the execution ground, and highlights his famous saying: "All reforms in various countries are formed by bloodshed. Today China has never heard of anyone who shed blood because of reforms. The reason why this country is not prosperous .If you have one, please start with your heir!" The most valuable thing about Tan Sitong is that he could not have died. He could have fled to Japan with Liang Qichao, but he resolutely gave up in order to wake up more people to participate in the reform with his bloodshed.I was deeply moved by Tan Sitong's noble sentiments, so when I wrote about the martyrdom of Caishikou Six Gentlemen, I highlighted his heroism with tears in my eyes. Seventh, about Yuan Shikai. I think he is very similar to An Lushan, with big head, big eyes and big mouth. He looks simple and honest, but he is actually a person with ulterior motives, so that Tan Sitong and Emperor Guangxu fell for him.In this book, I show his treachery and cunning through his psychological activities before he informs Rong Lu.I have really worked hard on the description of this psychological activity. Yuan Shikai's whistleblowing was undoubtedly a betrayal of the Reform Movement of 1898.It is obvious that it is a betrayal, and there is no need to dispute it. What is it if it is not a betrayal?He went through a fierce ideological struggle before making the whistleblower. This man with two boats and ulterior motives carefully weighed all aspects of the imperial party and the empress party before making the decision to lean on Cixi. Yuan Shikai would not only betray his friends, but also curry favor with his superiors. Otherwise, why did Shuang Hongzhang know his despicableness before he died, and openly recommended him to succeed him in power. This book shows Tan Sitong's thieves through the two plots of Tan Sitong's night visit to Yuan Shikai and Yuan Shikai's denunciation.He later threatened Sun Yat-sen to abdicate, stole the provisional president of the Republic of China and publicly proclaimed himself emperor, and a series of evil deeds also confirmed the ugly face of this soldier who usurped power. Eighth, as for Queen Longyu, she is a supreme queen, but an unfortunate woman. Because she is the niece of Empress Dowager Cixi, she was pushed to the throne of empress by Cixi.But because she and Emperor Guangxu were not of the same mind, she was indifferent all her life. Her marriage was tragic, but her political career was lucky.Before Cixi died, she issued a will to ask the Empress Dowager Longyu about important affairs of the court.She also wanted to follow in the footsteps of her aunt, Empress Dowager Cixi, to listen to politics behind a curtain, but unfortunately times have changed, feudal emperors were soon swept into the grave of history, and Empress Dowager Longyu also failed to realize her dream of listening to politics behind a curtain.But she handed over the power to Yuan Shikai. Yuan was so grateful to her that after her death, she was respected by Yuan as the mother of the country and held a very grand state funeral, which brought her an honor that she should not have had. Ninth, Rong Lu is also an important figure in the family. In particular, he was an important figure in the Reform Movement of 1898. He sent Yuan Shikai's secret report and Chengdi's secret edict from Tianjin to the Summer Palace overnight.It was also he who conspired with the Empress Dowager Cixi to abolish Emperor Guangxu during the military parade in Tianjin. He and Cixi jointly took charge of the military and political power of the Qing Dynasty.In fact, before Yuan Shikai informed the police, he had secretly mobilized his troops and surrounded Beijing, including Yuan Shikai's troops also came out of his iron siege.After the Reform Movement of 1898, it was also he who suggested establishing a elder brother in order to replace Emperor Guangxu. Rong Lu resolutely opposed the Reform Movement of 1898. He challenged Liang Qichao and said: "The family law of the ancestors cannot be changed." , only under Cixi.Why Rong Lu became the Empress Dowager Cixi's confidant, one is that he was able to help Cixi in the "Xinyou Coup", and then he was promoted step by step, from the commander of the infantry to the minister of the Ministry of War (Minister of Defense), the Minister of Military Aircraft, and the Governor of Zhili and the Minister of Beiyang , competing with Li Hongzhang's official position when he was alive.Another reason is the rumored special relationship between him and Cixi, saying that he was the lover of Laner before Cixi entered the palace.Therefore, Cixi favored him very much, and many major decisions were secretly agreed between him and Cixi. He and Cixi are neither relatives nor relatives, if it is just a general relationship between monarchs and ministers, it is impossible to trust so much, so in my novels, I have to use vague hints, and let the readers experience it for themselves. Tenth, Li Lianying is also one of the important characters in this book. He was the chief eunuch of the imperial palace of the Qing Dynasty, the eunuch of the Qing Dynasty, and the confidant eunuch of the Empress Dowager Cixi.Although he is a humble eunuch, he is powerful, not to mention that he is afraid of being a military minister, even he dares to pee on the emperor's head.Just two shocking events are enough to show his power.One is that in the fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888), under the authorization of Empress Dowager Cixi, Li Lianying, an eunuch actually became the supervisor of the army and accompanied Emperor Guangxu's father, Prince Chun Yi, to Tianjin for a military parade.In this regard, some censors raised criticisms and were demoted and dismissed by Cixi.Another thing is that the Empress Dowager Cixi actually gave him the second-rank top wear and award yellow mandarin jacket with the same reputation as Li Hongzhang.Isn't this a mockery of the feudal dynasty? How can a eunuch be so developed, so extraordinary?The truth lies in the decay of Chinese feudal society.一般都认为李莲英凭着他会梳头，会按摩，会迎合而得到慈禧的宠爱。其实，会梳头，会按摩……的何止李莲英一人！那么李莲英靠什么让慈禧宠爱到了只要是李莲英喜欢吃的菜她连筷子都舍不得动一下，就专给李莲英留了下来？原因在于李莲英是慈禧太后的一根得力的政治拐杖，又是慈禧太后的一只耳朵。李莲英生性机警狡黠，敏悟过人，加之长期在宫里生活，经历了咸丰、同治、光绪、宣统四个朝代，对宫廷官宦风云、官里宫外、朝野上下都十分谙熟，高高在上的慈禧太后必须依靠他去贯穿上下，了解四方，他的作用是任何一个大臣都取代不了的。 本书就着重反映他在这方面的手腕。如他去窃听光绪帝与军机大臣商议时被光绪帝发现后给了他一个耳光，从此与光绪积怨更深。他经常给慈禧太后献计出策，提醒指迷，这才是李莲英的超人之处。这样慈禧愈加离不开李莲英，对他越发宠爱有加。所以财李莲英我是通过一些小事来反映他的大心计。 第十一，关于恭亲王奕祈。 他是一个比较复杂的人物，办洋务、办总理衙门外交，都是他的功劳。年轻时，曾自动放弃皇位之争，把皇位让给哥哥奕詝，咸丰帝逃往热河时把与英法谈判的重任委托于他。可是，咸丰临死时，又不让他当顾命大臣，以致促使他和懿贵妃很快联合在一起除掉了肃顺等八大臣，帮助慈禧太后登上了垂帘听政的宝位，这大概是咸丰皇帝始料不及的吧！辛酉政变后，奕祈被慈禧封为议政王，位高至一人之下，但很快他又被慈禧猜忌而借故把他闲置回家长达十年之久。慈禧过六十大寿时，甚至拒绝他朝贺。中日甲午战争又被光绪皇帝起用为军机大臣领班，可是复出后，他却又与慈禧太后一鼻孔出气，站到求和派的行列，对光绪帝的主战加以掣肘。 变法维新他仍然站在守旧立场上，但不管怎样，他在光绪帝与慈禧太后之间毕竟起到了斡旋作用，以致他死后，让光绪皇帝感到怅然若失。我在小说中主要通过他的心路历程的刻画从另一个角度揭示清官权力斗争的冷酷。 第十二，关于寇连材。 寇连材是个小人物，他只是一个小太监，一个卑贱的人。但他却做出了惊天动地的事。为了忧国，他不惜以死相谏，他的死震撼了清朝也震撼了中国的大地。我深深地被他酌精神所感动。所以我流着泪创作了他夜别光绪帝及朝廷死谏的场面，真正再现了中华民族“位卑未敢忘忧国”的精神。 综上所述，历史小说的人物刻画首先必须确定其历史观，在此基础上作艺术升华，并把握其度，才能作好历史人物与文学人物的统一。 如何应用好历史资料是写好历史小说的关键，但历史资料的丰缺随朝代不同而异。清代属近代史离现代较近，所以历史资料保存的较多，但良莠不齐，毁誉参半，这就要靠作者运用历史唯物主义及辩证唯物主义的观点自己去分析、判断。 正史是官方编的，对人物的褒贬，当然是站在统治者的立场上进行的。如清正史有收入《二十六史》的《清史年稿》，是关于清代历史的纪传体史书，属断代史，包括实录、国史、诏书、典志、纪事、人物传记等六方面，此外，还有《清实录》、《清史列传》等。野史则是自由撰写，未经官方审定，流人民间的史书。野史一般敢于陈述己见，大胆评说，所以研究历史应将正史、野史，综合参考，整体分析才能得出正确看法而避免偏见。 例如，关于翁同龢的开缺回家问题，是因为慈禧及顽固大臣恨他向光绪引荐康有为、梁启梁支持变法，故惩处他回家之故。这个问题应以正史记载为主，不能根据《翁同龢日记》所载就断言翁同龢是光绪开缺走的。理由是“日记”中写有翁同觫与康有为有矛盾，不承认向光绪帝引荐康有为等。 其实如果分析作者写日记的背景就不难发现，翁同龢被慈禧太后开缺回老家后，令地方官严加看管，他怕被进一步加害性命，所以在“日记”中将他与康梁的关系删掉和修改，这是可能的，这也是出于他不幸的处境，怎么就能据此而说翁同龢与康梁有矛盾，开缺翁同龢不是慈禧而是光绪呢？得出这样的争议显然是对历史资料、历史背景的分析缺当所致。 尤其认为翁同龢走后光绪的变法加快速度是因为踢开了障碍更是大错特错。真正的原因是，因为光绪帝颁布了变法开始的国诏后，加快了维新的步伐。所以，写历史小说，如果不能从历史的角度进行分析就很容易误人岐途。 再如，有人据《袁世凯日记》中说，要袁世凯围颐和园软禁慈禧及到天津杀荣禄一事与光绪帝无关，说光绪帝不知此事，是康梁一手所为，这也是对历史资料应用错误的问题。 其实袁世凯这样做，名则保光绪皇帝，实则为自己开脱出卖皇帝罪名。所以不进行历史的综合分析只凭一两份历史资料就作判断未免轻率。尤其是当事入的资料，就更应全面分析。 上述可见，写历史小说只有对历史资料的综合分析才能得出正确的结论。 爱情是文学创作永恒的题材，因为人类生活离不开爱情，本书主题是通过爱情写政治、写历史兴亡，不是为写爱情而写爱情。所以全书突出的不是写形体的爱而是精神的爱。从来形体的爱好写，而精神的爱难抒，因为，精神的爱是爱情的最高境界。 珍妃与光绪帝的爱情不同于唐玄宗和杨贵妃，唐玄宗爱杨贵妃是沉湎于声色之中，达到了形体爱的顶点。而光绪帝爱珍妃则是振奋于政治见解的共同，他们的爱情和权力斗争交织在一起，使他们升华到了精神爱的颠峰。 所以我写他们的爱情重点不在歌舞升平、卿卿我我，而是突出他们的爱情与国家命运、民族存亡紧密相关的特点。重点集中在三次国难面前，突出表现他们爱情经受的考验，艺术地、真实地再现了他们生死恋的高尚和凄美，从而把爱情的精神美挥洒到了顶点，这就是中爱情写法的特点。 当然，完美的爱情应该是形体爱和精神爱的完美统一。所以，在我写他们精神爱的同时也尽量挥洒了他们形体的爱，但在封建社会深宫中，形体的爱是受到约束的，本书已经最大限度地作了发挥。但我认为无论突出哪一种爱，写形体的爱都一定耍把握好分寸，否则不但易落于俗套，弄不好还会跌入淫秽肉麻的泥坑。所以如何写好爱情小说，关键在于把握好神爱与形爱的统一，切忌形爱发挥太过。 光绪皇帝之死，疑团很大，如果只看官方的医案，得出的结果很容易认为是正常病死，但从前因后果仔细分析就会发现并非如此简单。 光绪皇帝平时所患疾病主要是肺痨（肺结核）、遗精及关节炎，郁症（神经官能症）等病。 但病案上始终未见大口吐血及高热不退，那就说明不是死于肺结核。至于遗精是光绪帝的慢性病也不可能因此病而死，关节炎、神经官能症等那就更死不了。那么，一个年仅三十七岁，正值人生壮年的光绪帝究竟死于什么原因？ 中毒吗？没有中毒症状诸如七窍出血、面黑、舌黑等，那光绪帝究竟死于何因？ 笔者分析光绪帝有可能死于谋杀，只不过手段比较高明而已。 光绪帝被谁所害？当然，以慈禧太后、袁世凯、李莲英等三人嫌疑最大。 其中，袁世凯因告密出卖变法，光绪将他恨之入骨，以至被囚时经常画一个袁贼，然后用飞刀戳他，光绪临死前还念念不忘严惩袁贼，所以袁世凯知道慈禧太后一死，光绪帝将会怎样的惩罚他。 不过袁世凯毕竟是在宫外，作案条件远远不及李莲英及慈禧太后。 即使有作案动机也奈何不得。 光绪帝是慈禧最大的政敌，慈禧最恨他欲夺权，光绪帝曾经要派兵围颐和园软禁慈禧太后，所以她当然不能让光绪帝活到她死之后，否则一旦光绪帝重新执政，就会把一切都翻了过来。 而李莲英因为对光绪帝及珍妃的作恶多端，他当然明白老佛爷没了，光绪帝将会怎样收拾他。 慈禧是最高权力者，李莲英又是掌管监视光绪帝的人，所以两人合谋害死光绪帝，还不是易如反掌之事。慈禧长年幽囚光绪帝于瀛台，本来就是置他于死地，她死前害光绪帝不过是加速他的死而已。 年事已高的慈禧自西逃返京后，身体状况已大不如前，加之重新训政后的操心，健康状况每况日下。慈禧不能容忍光绪帝活在她之后，所以对光绪帝一直都是残酷的虐待，不但伙食限制，而且还想把他冻死，内务府大臣杨立山实在看不过去，才派人将囚禁光绪帝的涵元殿的窗户裱了裱，就差点丢丁脑袋。 慈禧七十三岁生日后下痢日愈沉重，自知已不久于人世，于是更惧光绪帝活下去，就先在舆论上造光绪帝病重的声势，并取消了光绪帝参加重大活动从而让天下知光绪帝已病入膏肓。又故意下诏让全国督抚为光绪帝遍寻名医，而实际上是刻意造声势，目的在于让大家相信光绪帝已病入膏肓，从而绝了要慈禧归政于光绪帝的望，所以她怎么会真心让名医为光绪帝治好病呢。 相反，慈禧自己病情加重却不露声色，依然主持朝政事务，当她已知大限将至时，便突然对光绪皇帝的医疗居食等进行严格监护，并派亲信奕劻负责，凡进出瀛台的人必经奕劻严格监控，给光绪帝看病的医生甚至由袁世凯推荐，难怪把光绪帝的医案，从光绪二十五年（戊戌变法失败）就写得极严重，就像是在等死一样。 慈禧临死前也分秒必争地降懿旨公布了醇亲王载沣之子溥仪进宫准备继位，并定载沣任摄政王。这一切准备好后，虽已奄奄一息、却故作无事的慈禧便向光绪帝下毒手了： 在已限制光绪帝营养的基础上，断绝给光绪帝的饭食，将其身体本来虚弱的光绪帝活活饿死，或再辅以捂死、勒死，这样岂不更好，可以不留下把柄，也跟医生无关。难怪光绪帝临死前的医案上记载：“皇上脉息如丝欲绝，肢冷气陷。” “……阳散阴涸之象。” 这介办法可谓天衣无缝，既用不着杀人灭口，也不怕开棺验尸，最多就说他不思食，便可掩人耳目。 光绪帝死后不足二十小时，慈禧便戏剧般的死了。 两个年龄相差三十七岁的政敌在近一日之内先后死去，这是巧合吗？ 按辩证唯物主义原理，偶然性存在于必然性之中，没有孤立的必然性，也不存在孤立的偶然性。 光绪帝和慈禧的死，先后只二十小时，而且是光绪帝先死，看起来貌似巧合，然仔细分析疑团重重，这就提示我们写历史小说万万不可只信单方面资料，尤其官方资料，而应在历史背景的前提下把握因果关系，应用历史唯物主义及辩证唯物主义的武器进行分析。这样才能得出比较客观的结论。 我的小说中，对光绪帝的死，是慈禧通过李莲英对他进行营养限制或加以捂死、勒死而致死的。试想光绪帝是个皇帝，从小身体单薄，靠的是上等营养滋补，如一旦在营养饭食方面做手脚，那么本来就体虚多病的人当然很快便虚赢而死。清官档案光绪皇帝的医案记载便可知是脉细如丝，阳散阴涸，衰竭而死，并非大咯血、高烧不退、喘咳痰阻而亡，这些都可以作为光绪帝不是死于疾病的铁证。 以下几点说明光绪帝纯属暴亡而非正常病死： 1.慈禧有制造光绪帝病入膏肓的伎俩前科，早在光绪二十五年，戊戌变法后，光绪帝被慈禧囚禁，当时慈禧想废帝就曾大造光绪帝病重的声势。现在慈禧下决心不让自己死在他之前，当然更要制造光绪帝已病入膏肓，无可救药的议论。这难道不是慈禧的一贯伎俩吗？ 2.所谓病入膏肓： 正史拼命宣传光绪帝患病严重，早已病入膏肓，并日：“是时肝气大发，以手扭太监顶戴，以足踢翻电灯，情势日亟。”（《苌楚斋三笔》） 其实这只是光绪帝长期抑郁而发的狂症，虽然复杂却非死症。 3.所谓“调治已久，尚无大效”（光绪朝《东华录》），这是出于戊戌失败后，光绪帝被囚瀛台，慈禧故意制造光绪病重假象以便废掉他的皇位。无疑是慈禧夺权的借口，能相信光绪早已病危重了吗？ 4.从野史来看，也各说各唱。御医杜钟骏事后说：“死前四天，皇上气促口臭，带哭声而言：'你有何法救我？'予曰：'皇上大便如何？'皇上曰：'九日不解，痰多气急心空'……予案中有'实实虚虚，恐有猝脱'语。继大臣曰：'你此案如何这样写法，不怕皇上骇怕么？'予曰：'此病不出四日，必危。'”（《德宗请脉记》） 而名医屈桂庭则说：皇上临死前三天“在床上乱滚，并向我大叫'肚子痛得了不得。'且'面黑，舌黄黑'……此系与前病绝少关系。”（《诊治光绪帝秘记》载《逸经》29期。） 又御医杜钟骏《德宗请脉记》载光绪帝临终前一日，宫内并未传医请脉，而清官光绪医案中，又载他人诊云云，足见其自相矛盾，正野不一。 明摆着是各自追述之事，又无旁证岂可为凭？ 5.据恽毓鼎《崇陵传信录》载：“帝闻太后病，有喜色。”慈禧太后曰：“我不能先尔死。”表明慈禧太后决心要光绪死在她之前。这是慈禧太后要光绪帝先死的重要动机。 6.据中国第一历史档案馆清官医案（处方来源：《清官医案研究》，陈可冀主编，中医古籍出版社，1990年5月第一版）分析之，光绪帝死亡头三天药证不符，用药矛盾，有的开表药，有的开里药，但皆非危重病人的药，如十九日，同样为一天的药，同样为咳逆。 张仲元开：生桑皮六钱地骨皮六钱生甘草一钱五分肥知母四钱 而施焕则开：酸枣仁三钱浮小麦六分生龙齿八分海蛤粉三钱桑螵硝五钱肥玉竹二钱黑艺麻四钱枸杞根一钱五分火段龟极一钱引 分析之，上方治表，此方治里，互为矛盾。假如光绪皇帝是死于上呼吸道感染，名医辨症用药岂能矛盾至此？ ! 又如十月十八日，同样为咳逆，吕用宾方药：霸桑叶二钱、炒枳壳五分、桑螵蛸一钱五分、枇杷叶二钱、苦杏仁二钱、覆花一钱五分、川贝母二钱、地骨皮二钱、黑大豆三钱、云茯苓三钱 周景涛则开：乾桑椹二钱、甘枸札三钱、广化皮四分、抱木神三钱、金石斛三钱 分析之，此二方一是治表，一是治里，不仅自相矛盾，各吹各打，且毫无病势垂危的气氛。 7.死亡头天的药方非急救危重病人的药。 查光绪帝死亡头天夜里开的药，并非急救重危之剂。如海蛤壳一两、石决明五钱、甘枸杞三钱、盐乌梅三枚、酸枣仁三钱、金石斛五钱、广化皮五分、白石英三钱、左牡蛎一两 试看，这是濒死病人的药方吗？ 8.光绪帝死前头二天脉象并无危在旦夕之症。尤其死前脉象不符合疾病发展恶化，相反死前头天是“脉渐小”，“喘不甚而但觉气短”，说明疾病已好转，不符合肺炎死亡，且光绪帝死前并无心脏病也非心脏疾患而死。 总之，光绪皇帝不可能死于原患的慢性病如肺结核、遗精、关节炎、郁症。因无肺结核吐血、喀血，也无高热。至于遗精、关节炎、郁症更不是猝死的原因，如死于上呼吸道感染转肺炎之类，那死前应有高热、脉数、咳喘痰阻、面青鼻扇之类危症，但光绪帝死前头一天杜仲骏对皇帝诊的脉症是三部脉较小，惟右关独数，考脉书：“大则病进，细则病退，……秋虚之体，脉宜细不宜大也。今日恙情，火稍平而神益懑，喘不甚而气觉短……” 可见死前头一天，光绪帝的脉象转小，且喘不甚而气短突出属病候体虚，且并无痰壅之症，如此，脉症不符合感冒转肺炎的危症。 9.死时（二十一日），脉症不符合肺部感染而符合循环衰竭死亡。据清官光绪医案，张仲元、金顺、忠勋请得皇上脉息如丝欲绝，肢冷气陷…… 方以生脉饮（人参一钱麦冬三钱五味子一钱）尽其善后。 可见，姑且认为这些正史医案是真的，也矛盾百出，处方用药各吹各打不说，还或脉重药轻，或脉轻药重，且所到方子不像给危重病人开的，死前脉症也不符合危重病症发展规律。 10.再从慈禧太后的病分析，根据中国第一历史档案馆清官医案，慈禧十月十日七十三岁大寿后下痢不止，十月十四日大便泄又复加感冒咳嗽，并发上呼吸道感染，十月十九日便泻不止，十月二十日大便泄，气喘痰壅，十月二十一日大便尚泄，气短痰阻，气绝身亡。 显然，慈禧太后的病从十月十四日加剧，既泄痢又重感冒，后又并发肺炎，这在七十三岁的老年人来说却是大忌，所以十九日起，她的病更加恶化，便对光绪皇帝严加监“治”，并不奇怪。对比之下，慈禧的病症比光绪帝重的多，且给光绪帝看病的医生是走马灯式的变换着，一天要变换几个医生，而慈禧太后的医生就只专用一二个，死前十天固定是张仲元及戴家瑜，偶尔加上一个吕用宾。慈禧太后的居心可以见矣！ 据慈禧的医案记录：慈