Chapter 30 Section 3 The Tragedy of the United Nations University

What is quite different from Guan Linzheng is that Li Zonghuang, who returned to Chongqing with his bedroll in his arms, still has a lunatic personality. , defended his actions, and insisted that he was not only innocent of the Kunming tragedy, but also contributed to the party-state and the government's "putting down the chaos".Until May of the following year, Li Zonghuang still complained everywhere, and complained to Song Ziwen, the president of the Executive Yuan, insisting: "The Kunming student movement is purely a planned and systematic political conspiracy of the reactionaries. Those who use it as a pretext are nothing more than the prohibition of gatherings and the occurrence of tragedies." When the tragic tragedy occurred on December 1, "Zong Huang had already handed over the post of provincial chairman, but he was still on the hunt for the culprit with the military and political authorities. The case was solved the next day. Under the order of the Central Committee, the new chairman Lu Han, the commander-in-chief of the police, Guan Linzheng, and Zong Huang were appointed to try together, severely punish the murderer, and decided to give preferential treatment to the deceased. From the standpoint of the state law, the case could have been closed. Unexpectedly Conspirators and unsuccessful people, who use tragedies as rare goods to live in, use students as tools for political struggle, go around everywhere, try to slander, do not hesitate to confuse right and wrong, turn black and white, even spitting blood, killing people with knives, extremely vicious and insane. You must know us The revolution, with benevolence as the goal and youth as the backbone, has always been caring and considerate to ordinary students, that is, the individual stands for himself, especially for the people of the world to see..."

After Li left Kunming and went to Chongqing, he jumped up and down, screaming for grievances, which made Chiang Kai-shek in a dilemma, and he was unable to make a choice between dismissal or promotion for this "loyal minister and counselor" who "served the party and the country".As for Li's publicity and dismissal, there are rumors from the outside world, but most of them don't take it seriously. Mei Yiqi directly said "just ignore it" in his attitude.In Fu Sinian's letter to his wife Yu Dacai, he called out "Li Zonghuang should be killed" in the style of a hero in Liangshan!He made it clear that "the origin of the Kunming Student Movement is due to the complicated situation in the school, but the authorities' measures are absurd and extremely important."For this reason, Fu Sinian described in detail the absurd process of the authorities:

On the evening of November 25th, the students had a meeting, but the local authorities (Guan Linzheng, Li Zonghuang, Qiu Qingquan) banned it. The students still held the meeting, so they fired guns outside the school. Fortunately, no one was hurt, and the class was called off the next day.While protesting to local authorities, school authorities persuaded students to resume classes.The "Joint Action Committee" formed by Li Zonghuang (acting chairman) actually sent a brigade to enter the United Nations University five times on December 1, and Yunda twice.In one of them, a bomb was planted in a teacher's college. Four people were killed, one had their thigh amputated, and one could be disabled. In addition, more than ten people were seriously injured. How could those who have political effects not make full use of such tragedies?Four coffins and one leg are really rare goods to live in, and the whole Kunming is in great trouble.It was under such circumstances that I went to Kunming (on the 4th), and my indignation towards Li Zonghuang and others was not diminished by others.At the same time, I also hope that the school can return to normal.My method is really daring to do something. At that time, everyone was furious, but I couldn't do anything new.On the 11th and 12th, I had things that could be ended, but suddenly realized that it was not easy (because of the agitation of the party), and then changed a method, that is, to put pressure on the students.At this time, Mei also returned to school, and the two of us asked to resign. The professor decided that if the students did not resume classes, he would resign altogether.With this pressure, some attend classes.And the student union is gradually stepping down.When I left, the game had already been decided, and there was a tail. I did not agree to make any further concessions, and Mei would take care of it, so I left first.Roughly speaking, about one-tenth of the students attend classes on the 20th, about two-tenths attend classes on the 24th, and all attend classes on the 26th.I returned to Chongqing on the 24th.

In summary: (1) The local authorities are ridiculous. Li Zonghuang should be killed, Qiu Qingquan should be killed (the fifth army commander), and Guan Linzheng should be killed. (2) There are many unspeakable things in the school, which are not comparable to Peking University and Tsinghua University. (3) It was not easy for this tragedy to come to an end.What I do, except for some Communist Party and C. Besides, there are not yet those who blame me, but many who praise me. (4) I really can't handle the aftermath of the school. My resignation is uncertain, but I must resign from the post of the General Assembly, and I will never go to Kunming again.What is Mei Yuehan's plan in mind, I can't help it anymore, he only listens to what Pan Guangdan and others say, especially incomprehensible, how can I bear it on his behalf again.You can take the post of Peking University without resigning and wait for Shizhi to return to China.I was supposed to go to Peiping earlier, but these things interrupted me. It is too cold in Beiping now.At this time, there is a political conference, and I can't come back to Lizhuang. I resign from the Political Consultative Conference, but I can't resign.Of course, wouldn't it be great to go home and rest at this time!Everything is so difficult, because of two thoughts, I went to Yan'an (there was a consultation meeting); for Peking University, there was a public-private relationship, which is deplorable, and the loneliness is up to you. If you go to a monastery, you will be silent.I have been busy with people's affairs all my life, so busy.

The Political Consultative Conference is under great pressure from abroad, and there may be some results, otherwise nothing will be achieved. I am in it, and I am suffering. My colleagues in the Political Consultative Conference quite scolded the participants. I have not had a moment in the past few years... At this time, Fu Sinian It was just empty talk, and the indignation quickly turned into bubbles and drifted away with the wind. Not only did Li Zonghuang, who "deserved to be killed", not be killed, but he was unscathed and was able to find another job. On February 13, 1946, the "Central Daily" released a message saying that "Li Zonghuang, a member of the Yunnan Provincial Government and Director of the Civil Affairs Department, has other tasks, and should be relieved of his duties. Zhang Banghan, a member of the Provincial Government and Director of the Civil Affairs Department, was appointed On the 14th, another message was sent, saying: "Shen Honglie, the secretary-general of the party and government appraisal committee, was sent to the north for inspection. The charge was approved by the Supreme Council of National Defense on the 11th."

After the report came out, Fu Sinian may have understood, or may still be kept in the dark, that Chiang Kai-shek was under pressure from all walks of life in society. Although Li was exempted from his concurrent positions in Yunnan through the Executive Yuan and punished on the surface, he actually did not want to go too far. Crack down on the emotions of a group of hardcore loyalists like Li Zonghuang.Since the chairman of Yunnan Province promised in the early stage could no longer be fulfilled, and Li himself could no longer count on it, Jiang had no choice but to settle for the next best thing, appointing Li as the Secretary-General of the Party and Government Work Evaluation Committee through the Supreme National Defense Committee. This method can be regarded as saving face for Li Shi.

Li Zonghuang, who was originally "deserving to be killed", suddenly became a party member with a new look. The evolution of this trick is bound to lead to a new round of rebound in Kunming academic circles.When the Union Student Union got the news, it immediately sent a representative to question the school, but as Feng Youlan later said in his "Self-Report", "The professor will say that what we promise is to make Guan (Southern press: Shi Nai Li) resign, as long as he resigns." As for promotion or demotion, we have no guarantee. Someone proposed to hold a faculty meeting, but it did not become a reality.” According to Feng, the idea of ​​letting students resume classes first and then punishing the perpetrators was the idea of ​​him and the dean of the United Nations University. It was written by Zha Liangzhao, and later the professors' association also had its own part in the reply.Looking at Feng Youlan's life as a human being, it is very possible that this kind of sophistication is mixed with cunning excuses. It would be inconceivable if it came from other people's schemes.It's just that the tactful rhetoric of Feng Youlan and others made the leaders of the Union University Student Union very angry, so they made up their minds to fight back and retaliate with an eye for an eye and an eye for an eye.

On February 15th, Mei Yiqi flew to Chongqing to handle the demobilization of Tsinghua University, and Southwest Associated University had no leader for a while.Taking advantage of this gap, Wu Xianyue, chairman of the Kunming Student Union and an underground member of the Communist Party of China, secretly united with ten groups including the Kunming Branch of the Chinese Cultural Association, the Kunming Branch of the Sino-Soviet Cultural Association, and the Democracy Weekly sponsored by the Democratic League, and gathered more than 15,000 people in the On February 17, a crusade meeting was held in the square of the new campus of the United Nations University.The meeting was chaired by Wen Yiduo, Chu Fucheng, Qian Duansheng, Fei Xiaotong, Wu Han and others attended the meeting and made generous speeches, strongly urging the government to immediately punish the main messengers of the "1.2.1" tragedy in Kunming, Guan Linzheng, Li Zonghuang, and Qiu Qingquan Wait for the military officials.In order to increase the weight and weight of the meeting, the meeting organizers specially carried Miao Xianglie, who had lost a leg, to the rostrum with a stick, and aroused everyone's anti-government fighting spirit with his own words.After Wen, Wu and other alternative professors provocatively and provocatively and Miao Xianglie’s tearful accusations on the spot, the participants’ emotions were quickly aroused and mobilized. Li Zonghuang", "Kill Guan Linzheng, Li Zonghuang to thank the world", "immediately reorganize the government" and other slogans, and at the same time put forward demonstrations to show off.Wu Xianyue, an underground member of the Communist Party of China, and other leaders of the student federation saw that the fire was coming, so they took advantage of the situation to encourage and responded.As a result, the entire venue was like a tidal wave bursting, and the crowd rushed out of the UNU campus with a "boom" and roared in the streets and alleys of Kunming.

Because Lu Han was also very dissatisfied with Li Zonghuang, his enemy, assuming a new post, he did not send military police to stop him, and the turbulent crowds on the streets of Kunming rushed forward.Where the tide rolled past, piles of propaganda slogans and slogans written on various colored papers were left behind.When everyone returned to the campus with an empty stomach, weak legs, shaking eyes and dizzy eyes, Wen Yiduoyu, who was mixed with the dusty face in the team, said to the people beside him in a hoarse voice proudly "Where did the military and police agents go? Did they learn to behave, or were they discouraged?" In fact, how did he know that the local authorities with great power and heavy troops gathered suddenly became vegetarians and discouraged?If there is no secret, why come here?Hearing Yiduo's remarks, it is really a scholarly spirit who does not know the way of officialdom.Just when Wen, Wu and others supported and encouraged Kunming students to flock to the streets, Mei Yiqi, who was far away in Chongqing, met with Fu Sinian and Zhu Jiahua successively.At that time, Zhu Jiahua, who was suffering from stomach problems and lying on the bed in his apartment, did not know that Wen Yiduo and others were screaming and screaming in the Kunming parade thousands of miles away at the moment. Worrying, thinking that "the actions of Zhang, Wen, Pan, etc. are very unfavorable to Tsinghua University", and specifically warned Mei Yiqi. In the late afternoon of February 26, Feng Youlan sent a confidential telegram to the Chongqing Ministry of Education as the dean of the Faculty of Arts of Southwest Associated University, saying that students would hold a strike on the 27th, and urged Mei Yiqi to return to Kunming to plan countermeasures.When the translators of the Ministry of Education finished translating the message, it was already 7:00 pm. At that time, Mei Yiqi, Weng Wenhao, Fu Sinian and others were attending a banquet held by the Foreign Affairs Association. Hang Liwu, who was in charge of the Ministry of Education, immediately drove to the banquet venue with the message. , Hastily told Mei La out of Kunming, and urged Mei to return quickly.After hearing this, Mei was shocked, "Although I don't think it's serious, and I feel that the task in Chongqing is not finished, but I have to go back determinedly, (because) this responsibility is hard for others." Immediately return to the guest house of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to pack your luggage, and take the flight back to Kunming early the next morning.

Mei Yiqi rushed back to Kunming United University in a hurry, and learned that the student union had decided to postpone the strike for two days. Although Mei "sternly warned the representatives of the student union who came to him, if they acted like this, it would be especially inappropriate, and the school would find it even more difficult to sympathize with them." "Wait, but the stalemate lasted until March 4, and the school strike still happened.Helpless, Mei Yiqi wrote in her diary that day: "Students from Lian Da and other schools in Kunming went on strike for one day today to express their dissatisfaction with the handling of the Li case. Let’s hope that there are no other troubles.” After all, the top authorities of the Kuomintang are too unwise and a bit excessive in handling this matter, and Mei Yiqi, who is the last pillar of the UN General Assembly, naturally cannot follow them to be confused. Without better countermeasures Under such circumstances, it would be wise to take a lenient attitude towards school strikes.

On March 5, Huo Kuizhang, Commander-in-Chief of the Yunnan Police Department, sent a secret telegram to Chen Cheng, Minister of Military and Political Affairs of the Chongqing Nationalist Government, to report on the developments in Kunming: (1) The Union of Students controlled by the Communist Party of Kunming, with a total of more than 1,000 students from various high schools and high schools, held a meeting to strike against Li Zonghuang's new post, and tried to ask the provincial government to allocate 75 million yuan for the "12. a' event deceased alimony benefits.Most of the students in each school attended classes as usual, and the students who went on strike seemed to be returning to class. (2) The Communist Party recently sent Li Xiao (from the Northeast), Chen Dinghou (Jiangsu), and Zhang Xueyi (Northeast) from Yan’an and Guiyang, all graduates of the Southwest Associated University, to Kunming to strengthen the Communist Party organization in Yunnan Province. Order to investigate its actions in detail. (3) The Communist Party members are scheduled to sacrifice the dead on Hui Day and petition the provincial government. (4) Cai Linbi, a student of our party, is still actively instigating and organizing the patriotic movement, constantly publicizing it, which has achieved great results, and plans to expand the publicity in four districts of Kunming on auspicious days. etc. are special terms, which seem to refer to explanations such as yesterday, today, and tomorrow). Because the coffins of the four students who died in the tragedy are still parked in the UNU library and have not yet been buried, Li Zonghuang's appointment as a new post naturally linked the organizers of the Students' Federation with the funeral.Become an important bargaining chip in negotiations with local authorities.In fact, at the same time that the students were on strike, according to the instructions of the Yunnan Provincial Underground Working Committee of the Communist Party of China, Wu Xianyue, Xiao Di, a university student of the Southwest Union and members of the underground Communist Party, represented the Kunming Student Federation and the Funeral Committee of the students who died, and had already started negotiating with the Yunnan authorities about the deceased. He also stated that a large-scale funeral procession will be held on the day of the funeral to vent his anger.In order to curb this trend that is not conducive to harmony and stability, the Yunnan authorities, in addition to promising to advance 50 million yuan for the support of the deceased, in order to try to end this situation as soon as possible, specially recruited local so-called gentry celebrities and social sages to cooperate with Wu, Wu, and others. Xiao et al. negotiated.The gentry and sages who obeyed the orders of the Yunnan authorities stopped them with four unsuitable conditions, namely: (1) The deceased should not be buried according to the local custom. (2) The meaning of publicity is more than mourning, and it is not like a funeral. (3) Most of the students crowded the thoroughfare to affect public order, so it is not suitable for funerals. (4) The coffin and the burial place are in the same campus of the United Nations University. There is no need for a funeral. The deceased should be buried as soon as possible. After a lot of red-faced quarrels and debates, both parties finally made concessions and reached an agreement, that is, on the day of the funeral, the funeral procession can enter the city, but they will not post or shout slogans. On March 17, the funeral ceremony for the four victims began.The coffin of the deceased was covered with the national flag of the Republic of China in blue sky and white sun, and there was a banner with the words "Given by the Party and the State" (South press: I don't know if this banner satirizes the Kuomintang authorities, or it is a special glory to flaunt). According to Xiao Di, the person in charge of the funeral committee at the time, "on the eve of the funeral, there were twists and turns. We had already reserved the barn room for carrying the coffin, but we were suddenly ordered not to carry it. So we rented a carriage to carry the coffin. But when we arrived After we rented the carriage, the coachman said that the horse was taken away by the military police and could not drive. We decided to buy a few white cloths, tie the shafts of the carriage, and use people to pull it. A team of mourners pulled the hearse. A form of 'execution'." After such a toss, the horse-drawn cart carrying the coffin finally drove out of the campus and headed for the city of Kunming.Mourners and onlookers formed a large and chaotic procession. Amidst the accompaniment of blowing, playing, playing and singing and bursts of mourning music, they made a mighty turn around the thoroughfare in Kunming city, and then returned to the campus of the United Nations University for burial. Lu Han and Huo Kuizhang jointly sent a secret report to the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang about the action organized by the Students' Federation: "On March 17th, more than 10,000 male and female students from more than 30 universities and middle schools in Kunming were the students who died in the 12.1 incident. The funeral was held at 11 o'clock from the new campus of the United Nations University, and a funeral parade was held along various avenues. During the parade, only brief publicity and leaflets were distributed. When the parade arrived, the shops in the market were closed by themselves to protest, and the audience was indifferent. Give a serious mental blow. At 5 o'clock in the afternoon, the parade is over, and the burial will be carried out the next day." He also said: "As for the activities of traitors and hypocrites, they have been carefully monitored in advance, and they have mobilized students from the party groups in various schools and local governments to target their weaknesses. Party and government personnel implemented prevention measures, and no accidents occurred. Although a small number of students are still doing various propaganda activities, they are all closely monitored by me, and I have instigated party and group students to launch relative speeches to curb them.” What Lu and Huo Dianwen said are generally not bad, but there are obviously some things that go against common sense. According to Lu Xun, the Chinese people's favorite scene is to watch the beheading, and the burial ceremony after the beheading is also among the "likes".Today, the students who were shot dead by the authorities hold a funeral and parade along the street. This should be regarded as a rare event in Kunming.According to the "Wen Yi Nian Pu Long Compilation", more than 30,000 people gathered on the lawn of the new campus of the United Nations University during the funeral. This figure should be credible, and there must be many people watching the funeral parade in Kunming More than 100,000 people, maybe more.But when the parade returned to the UNU campus and was about to be buried in front of the tomb that had already been repaired, it was like a dark cloud suddenly hit by a strong wind, and the chaotic crowd scattered in the blink of an eye, only wisps of thin curtains surrounded them.The officiant and accompanying personnel of the funeral are even more pitiful. Except for Zha Liangzhao, the dean of the United Nations University, who represented the school as the officiant, and only a few volunteers, including Wen Yiduo, Qian Duansheng, Shang Yue, Wang Ganyu, Wu Han, etc. Other professors attended or stopped by the grave.Wen Yiduo was puzzled and saddened by this desolate and embarrassing scene. After taking the stage, he was "unable to speak for a long time, and it took a long time to give a speech with grief and indignation", saying: "Today these four young friends are resting here. But we still have a long way to go, and a new democratic China is still far away. Let me look down and find out why there are so few people attending the sacrifice today (only two or three). Is it because of fear? Or is it closed? I don’t know if I’m dressed as a doorman? Don’t they even have any compassion for teachers, students and friends? Where did these people go? Is it because they are afraid? I participated today, but no one did anything to me. Today we are in the dead I made a promise in front of my father, our future direction is democracy, we must punish the murderers, Guan Linzheng, Li Zonghuang, they ran to the end of the world, we chased them to the end of the world, this generation can't catch up, the next generation will continue to chase, the blood debt is blood to repay." At this time, Wen Yiduo may have realized that the reason for the deserted and desolate scene in front of him was that besides most of the professors feeling tired and even a little tired of the continuous student movement, another reason was that the Kuomintang authorities passed Yao Congwu, Cai Jing, etc. A series of "countermeasures" measures adopted by Mengbi and other members of the UNGA Party and Youth League played an important role. Because the other professors refused to show up, it is obvious that there will be no mass incidents. However, Mei Yiqi, who is the "Dinghai God" of Southwest Associated University, has experienced too many political turmoil and academic turmoil, so he is worried about this. In the diary of that day, it is recorded that "I went out at eleven o'clock in the morning and stood at the Fuzhao Street of Wucheng Road for about three quarters. There seems to be no crowds but there are conflicts... Xiwen's funeral team has returned to school, and the burial is fortunately for no other reason." Only after the four coffins had completely fallen into the grave and were buried in the red soil, Mei Yiqi looked at some sparsely populated people. The campus and the sporadic cold rain drifted past, and a hanging heart fell to the ground with a bang.