Chapter 27 Section 3 Fu Sinian in the turbulent student tide

The situation after Fu Sinian stepped into the gate of the Southwestern United University with his fat body shaking, panting heavily, the internal briefing of the school’s “Strike Union” said in the form of a question and answer titled “Conversation on the “1.2.1” Tragedy” : After the return of Standing Committee Member Fu, the Communication Section of the Strike Committee sent two representatives to visit Jin.Member Fu said: "When I heard about the massacre of my classmates in Chongqing on the afternoon of the 2nd, I knew I had to come back. I waited at the airport all morning on the 4th, and it was 4:00 in the afternoon when I arrived in Kunming, so I didn't make it to the professor meeting. I visited Chairman Lu this morning and went to see Guan Linzheng in the afternoon. I said to him: "On behalf of the school authorities, I am extremely indignant about this massacre. I used to be friends with you, but now I am in an opposing position." Guan Linzheng Said: "Why bother, we are still friends." I said: "You killed my classmate, it hurts me more than killing my children." Guan Linzheng said: "How do you say that I killed my classmate?" He argued for a long time." When the representative asked how the Standing Committee Fu handled the matter, the Standing Committee Fu said: "I will do my best to follow the decision of the professor's meeting. Please tell the students and ask them to trust me. Me and the gentlemen, if I do not stand on the standpoint of my classmates, I will be sorry for my conscience." When the representative came out, he asked: "Does the standing committee member Fu wait until this matter is completely resolved before leaving?" Fu The standing committee member said: "Of course."

Obviously, Fu Sinian flew to Kunming under the orders of the government, as the head of the school, with the important task of calming down the situation.Before leaving, Zhu Jiahua specifically asked Chiang Kai-shek for instructions. Chiang believed that Fu Sinian was a suitable candidate, and he would deal with the government and the teachers and students of the United Nations, so that he would not arouse the disgust of intellectuals like other politicians.After a little understanding of the incident, Fu Sinian used his shrewdness and experience in dealing with student riots in the past to think that it is necessary to persist in handling the resumption of classes of students and the punishment of murderers separately. Only in this way can it be possible to deal with it. This idea coincides with Zhu Jiahua's .The next day, Zhu Jiahua sent a confidential telegram from Chongqing to Fu Sinian and forwarded it to Feng Youlan, Zhou Binglin, and Yao Congwu, saying that "if the student unrest does not stop early, the impact will be far away." Guaranteed".However, from the standpoint of the government, he strongly advocated that "the resumption of classes and the punishment of criminals should be handled separately, and the resumption of classes is very important", and asked Fu Sinian and others to "fully assist, make appointments with other best friends, and persuade students to go to class as soon as possible, and it is best to resume classes as soon as possible. It is better to come back later, otherwise the strike will be delayed for a long time or it will spread to other places, making it difficult to deal with it."

On December 5, Chongqing's "Xinhua Daily" published an editorial titled "Kunming Student Bloody Tragedy", pointing out that the Yunnan authorities "did their hands in Kunming, and at the same time published a bold article in Chongqing's official newspaper, insisting that they opposed the civil war. The professors and students are all instigated by the Communist Party as a reason to treat them as 'bandits' and use American machine guns to deal with them. Such a careful arrangement and cooperation with public opinion are beyond the reach of Duan Qirui and Song Zheyuan." .At the same time, other newspapers and periodicals across the country published articles one after another, pointing the finger at the Kuomintang authorities, and the Kunming tragedy became a hot topic of discussion in the streets and alleys of Chongqing.

When all kinds of rhetoric reached Chiang Kai-shek's ears, Chiang became obviously impatient.According to Tang Zong's diary on December 6: "U.S. Secretary of State Bernas wrote to Anderson to clarify the U.S. policy in China, advocating the establishment of a 'strong, united and democratic China', trying to assist China in achieving domestic unity and stability, based on opportunities The principles of equality and respect for national sovereignty are being worked out in legitimate and legal ways. From this we can see that Marshall's mission to China is to investigate the Soviet Union's power and dynamics in the Far East, and will considerably modify Hurley's attitude towards China, and use various methods and strength to promote the unity and democracy movement in China.” Also note: “The chief made two phone calls to inquire about the situation of the student unrest in Kunming. The chief sent a telegram to Chairman Lu, saying that if the problem cannot be resolved, the school should be disbanded and the students should be trained separately.”

The information revealed in this diary is that Chiang Kai-shek's anxiety and anxiety are closely related to the international environment, and he is extremely unwilling to be passive in the international political vortex because of the Kunming murder.But in fact, seeing that the Kunming student movement is spreading across the country, Chiang’s so-called dissolution of the school and intensive training of students are just crazy words for a while. Just like the historian Huang Renyu’s analysis of Chiang Kai-shek’s character and way of life: “When history has In front of Chiang Kai-shek's eyes and under his subordinates, he was unable to adopt the usual reasonable methods to deal with it. So he made judgments based on intuition, first used morality as a means, and then mixed it with expediency. Sometimes he was benevolent, and occasionally he was cruel. Then stick to it with religious philosophy and self-discipline."

Jiang's series of actions in dealing with this student movement corresponded to Huang Renyu's judgment and induction of his character.The measures Jiang took were to step up his efforts to appease the students, and issued an order to approve the immediate shooting of Chen Qida and Liu Youzhao to show the attitude of the authorities.When this approach was not recognized by students and public opinion, Chiang Kai-shek began to "use expediency" and ordered Guan Linzheng to suspend his post, ordering him to go to Chongqing to report immediately. Guan Linzheng had a premonition that something bad was going on, so in order to save face, he sent a telegram to Chongqing on December 7 asking for punishment.Dianyun: Chairman Jiang:

Since the Kunming Student Movement occurred, I have been well aware that there are people manipulating it and that it contains political conspiracy, so I am always vigilant and fearful. It is my intention to take precautions so as not to expand the situation and harm the innocent.However, in the afternoon of Dongri (one day), the fight between the Faculty of Grammar and Law of the Lianhe University and the Second Corps of Military Officers and the tragedy of the Faculty of Masters of the Lianhe University suddenly broke out.To apprehend the murderer and appease the murderer, all the things that should be done in one's duty, all of them forget to eat and sleep, and do their best.Today, the bombers Chen Qida and Liu Youzhi have been arrested. Under the chairmanship of Chairman Lu, about a hundred leaders from all walks of life were invited to a public interrogation. According to the testimonials, they were indeed instigated by the Communist Party member Jiang Kai, and the murder weapon was also given by Jiang. The situation has become clear , the student movement should come to an end.However, the terrorists are not satisfied with this. They will still use the students and their lives as tools to carry out their plots, and they will be responsible for public security. As a result, four lovely young people died and more than ten were injured. , I propose to ask you to be dismissed first, and to deal with it by law, so as to calm the anger of the traitors, comfort the hearts of the students who died, and give a warning to those who dereliction of duty.Kindly ask for verification.

The cruel reality of Zhiguan Linzheng, the strong repercussions from all walks of life and the attitude of Fu Sinian and others prompted Chiang Kai-shek to make concessions.It was decided to "suspend Guan Linzheng by explicit order and await punishment", and Lieutenant General Huo Kuizhang, director of the youth army's training, would take over his post.At the same time, regardless of Li Zonghuang, Lu Han was formally authorized to preside over the investigation and aftermath of the tragedy. On December 8, Kunming's "Central Daily" published Guan Linzheng's self-requested disciplinary message, and at the same time published Chiang Kai-shek's "Letter to the Kunming Educational Circle" drafted on the 7th.Shu Yun: "Student riots occurred in Kunming City, and students have dropped out of their studies. It has been more than ten days, which has hindered the youth's studies and delayed the future of the founding of the country. Thinking about this, I am very sad! Our country has suffered heavy sacrifices in the eight years of the Anti-Japanese War. Now the victory has just been achieved, and the revival The opportunity cannot be regained, and it is appropriate to unite in one mind, actively encourage, and carry out the work of building a country. It is rumors that spread, spread to schools, and turned into such an unfortunate incident. This is really what is said. Zhongzheng loves young people as much as their own children, and even more can't bear my pure young students who have acted against themselves and the country..."

After saying a lot of high-sounding words, Jiang changed his style of writing, and continued with a rather tough and murderous attitude: "It is the duty of Zhongzheng to maintain education and maintain discipline. Regarding this incident, we must make decisions based on right and wrong and laws and regulations. Fair and responsible treatment will never show favoritism, nor will there be appeasement. However, the faculty and staff of our schools also have a sacred responsibility to the school and the country. They should guide students on the right track and set an example for the society. They must not be ordered to strike If the trend continues, it will cause anarchy and disorder in schools and society, and bring shame to the country. At present, all problems must be solved with the premise of resuming schoolwork and normal procedures. Otherwise, no matter how much the government cares for the youth, it cannot give up its maintenance. It is the responsibility of education to ensure stability and order. I sincerely hope that the authorities and faculty members of our schools will deeply understand this, and earnestly persuade all students to return to normal school on the same day. Don’t live up to my earnest expectations, and look forward to it!” Finally, The signature is: Chiang Kai-shek's handwriting.

Zhu Jiahua, who is well aware of Chiang Kai-shek's temper, has already smelled softness and hardness from this public letter, and it really has the meaning of disbanding the school.Zhu was deeply afraid that the expansion of the student movement would force Chiang to make such a bad move, so he asked Chiang Kai-shek for instructions and allowed Zhu Jingnong, the deputy director of the Ministry of Education, to fly to Kunming to deal with the aftermath of the dead and injured students with all parties. On the other hand, he sent an urgent telegram to Fu Sinian and others, emphasizing: " The chairman issued a statement on the 7th, instructing fair handling of the unfortunate incident in Kunming City. The government has been responsible for handling it. All schools in Kunming City should return to normal and resume classes in the near future. Brothers, professors and colleagues in all schools are urged to give my young students earnest advice. Focus on academics and schools, but more importantly on the future of education and national honor. Our responsibility is to deal with the aftermath. All opinions and measures that are beneficial to the aftermath will be adopted by the government. should be expelled."

After Zhu Jingnong arrived in Kunming, he delivered a letter from Chiang Kai-shek to Fu Sinian, saying: Mr. Meng Zhen: After returning to Kunming, how is your physical strength?For the sake of virtuous labor.Regarding the handling of student riots, a separate book has been sent to the faculty and staff of each school. I think they can read it at the same time. I hope my brother will elaborate on it for general friendship.Wu hopes to jointly take responsibility for the country, the youth and the reputation of the school.Yu Tuo Jing Nong followed by face-to-face, not redundant. The "send another letter to the teachers of each school" mentioned in the letter refers to Chiang Kai-shek's "Letter to the Educational Circle in Kunming" published by the newspaper.Wanting to come to Chiang Kai-shek, he was afraid that Fu Sinian would be surprised and that there would be a misunderstanding that the authorities did not trust him in handling this incident, so he wrote this letter to express his comfort.The content of the letter is obviously much milder than the words in the newspaper. This should be due to Chiang's strategy of "using religious philosophy and self-control" after his anger subsided. Fu Sinian studied and figured out Chiang Kai-shek's psychology in detail, and felt that the matter was acceptable. After a few days of internal inspection and external transfer in Kunming City, and several discussions with teachers and students, he also understood the tragedy and the anger of teachers and students.According to the situation in Kunming, Fu deeply felt that the punishment of the murderer must be paid close attention, otherwise the night would be long and dreamy, and it would be even more difficult to clean up.The so-called punishment of the murderer does not mean that one or two small soldiers can get away with it. The real chief murderer, the big murderer, such as Li, Guan, Qiu and other military and political officials, must be punished, otherwise the matter will not be easily settled.After Guan Linzheng resigned, the spearhead of the Kunming academic circle turned to Li Zonghuang again, and there was a call to turn Li Zonghuang.In view of this situation, on December 8, Fu Sinian sent a confidential telegram to Zhu Jiahua and Chen Bulei, clearly expressing his position: "This matter has been messed up by Li Zonghuang, Qiu Qingquan, etc. The commander dragged in. The inside story of the grenade case is well known by people from all over the place, including American diplomatic reporters, and it is spread everywhere. Only the government will occupy the ground first, and then most of the professors' ideas can be changed. Now that Commander-in-Chief Guan has gone to Chongqing, Can Li and Qiu be transferred temporarily? If so, the professor can exert great power and have 19% certainty in resuming classes. Even if classes cannot be resumed immediately, the professor will impose moral sanctions on the students who insist on strike, and the next step is easy to handle anyway. Moreover, Li Zonghuang still insists that the student movement was initiated by the government sending Lu Han, and he attacked Lu Han and most people in Yunnan violently. Zhu Jiahua reported Fu Sinian's secret telegram to Chiang Kai-shek, and Chiang asked Zhu to tell Fu Sinian to quickly persuade the students to resume classes and restore order, without mentioning the matter of going to Li and Qiu at all.At this time, Li Zonghuang didn't know or didn't want to take into account the difficulties of his master, and he still pointed fingers in Kunming, with an arrogant attitude, and he refused to resign.At the same time, they let the wind go around, saying that the responsibility for the student movement was the result of Lu Han's appointment as the provincial chairman and the secret instigation of the Communist Party.Because he had made great wishes to Li before, Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to ignore Li's actions, gritted his teeth, and struggled to support the huge pressure from all around, insisting not to give Li any punishment for this matter.On the one hand, Jiang secretly asked Fu Sinian and others to explain to the Kunming academic community that the students should resume classes first, and then gradually solve Li Zonghuang's problem; At this time, Fu Sinian, who was on the front line and sandwiched between the government and the students, changed from a "rare cricket" (in Luo Jialun's language) into a mouse in a bellows, receiving air from both ends, and his blood pressure shot up.But in his position, he couldn't disobey orders, he had to run quickly in both directions as the feather piston in the bellows twitched back and forth, otherwise he might be crushed to death.After shaking his obese body and panting like a cow, he ran back and forth among the professors and student union representatives of various schools for a while, but he still came to the conclusion that if Li Ruo did not go, all his efforts would be in vain.In order to survive and seek hope in the cracks, after some thinking, Fu had to take the "delayed strategy" temporarily, exchanging time for space, and waiting for the opportunity when the will of the will of the willows and the flowers will brighten. On December 8, Lu Han invited professors from various schools to talk. On the 9th, a meeting of student representatives from various schools was held for a talk, expressing that the murderer would be punished, the injured students would be compensated, and the losses would be compensated.However, when the student representatives returned to the school to talk about the conversation, they were strongly opposed by another group of students. The other party believed that the student representatives were weak and incompetent and should not accept class resumption. government request. On the evening of December 9, Fu Sinian sent another confidential telegram to Chiang Kai-shek, saying in a friendly way: "Today, I persuade the representatives of the student unions of the four schools, and they have accepted Junzuo's advice to resume classes as soon as possible. In the morning, I will talk to them in detail.” On the same day, media from the United States, the United Kingdom and some other countries reported the situation of the Kunming massacre, and sharply criticized the United States government for interfering in China’s internal affairs, which aroused great international repercussions. In order to give Fu Sinian a helping hand, and at the same time achieve the purpose of putting pressure on the "strike union" and forcing it to submit. On December 10, Kunming's "Central Daily" published the "Letter to Students from All Schools" by Lu Han, Chairman of Yunnan Province.The first sentence is: "Unfortunately, the day of his inauguration is the time when the Kunming student movement led to a tragedy." Then, seemingly blaming himself, he actually slapped Li Zonghuang and said: "There is no way to eliminate, and there is no way to protect. Although it has been a short time, please forgive me, but how can I not be ashamed of my duty? Who has no parents? Who has no children? How sad is it to make my children the victims of the tragedy? Today's officials are the past How about your indignation when you moved to another place?" After Li Zonghuang slapped Li Zonghuang and cleverly cleared up his responsibilities and got clean, Lu immediately put on the face of a party and state official, acting both hard and soft, persuading The student resumed class, and said sarcastically: "I, Chairman Jiang, love you all like children. Yesterday, I ordered Han to forward a letter to the principals of the major schools, and put it in the newspapers. I hope that I will return to normal after class. Every word and action should be a model for the society and the lifeblood of the country. You must distinguish right from wrong, recognize your responsibilities, pay attention to your studies, and abide by discipline. This incident must be dealt with fairly and responsibly according to right and wrong and the law. I read the chairman’s handwriting three times, and the love is beyond words. This is a true loving mother and strict father. Chairman Jiang is the head of the Republic of China. Han believes that every Chinese Officials and citizens of the Republic of China have the obligation to accept and obey their orders." Lu Han hinted that as a local governor, he could not "indifference" to strikes, and might take decisive measures at a certain time.Finally, he said: "Recalling the Anti-Japanese War, in the eighth year here, the monarchs either migrated to Yunnan, or went to Jin Province, and those who shared joys and sorrows will have a day. Today, the Han is the governor of the place. In the past, the friends of the monarchs are now friends. The schools are about to be demobilized, bid farewell to Il, for your own sake and for the country, I hope you will take this advice!" The last few sentences, which seem to be touching and emotional, actually imply a bigger secret, that is, deliberately revealing that if classes are not resumed, the authorities will disband the UNU, in order to warn students and coerce most of the professors who tend to be centrists in dealing with student unrest. Prompting it to turn to the government for its own benefit. Unexpectedly, the publication of Lu Han's statement not only failed to quell the student unrest, but instead aroused a new round of hatred against Li Zonghuang in Kunming's education circles, "Who has no parents? Who has no children? Make me Children are the victims of the tragedy, how sad? The officials of today are the students of the past."These bloody and tearful narrations all hurt the hearts of teachers and students, and inspired hatred for Li.Deduced according to Lu Han's words, that is: You, Li Zonghuang, also have parents and children, and you also spent your time as a student.Now that he is a member of the party and the state, he does not seek profit for the well-being of the people of the country, but he frantically picks up the butcher's knife and chops at innocent students.Where is the law?Where is the morality?Where is the law of the country?If Li is not severely punished, how can he treat the parents and children of the world?Faced with the government's protection of Li, the students who were deeply stimulated threatened to go to Li Xiang even more fiercely, and made a big wish that if Li Zonghuang did not go, they would never resume classes.At the same time, several other requests were put forward, and the authorities responded. Some researchers believe that the real purpose of Lu Han's publication of this article is to stimulate students, incite hatred, and use the power of students to put pressure on the highest authorities in Chongqing to bring down Li Zonghuang and remove this thorn in his side.Of course there is a reason for this statement, but if both Li Zonghuang is wiped out and the student movement is calmed down, that is the result that Lu Han would like to see most.It's just that the student movement failed to calm down, but Li Zhisheng's going to Li Zhisheng rose.Faced with this situation, on December 11, Kunming's "Central Daily" forwarded a Central News Agency news: Police Headquarters News: Commander-in-Chief Guan Linzheng once asked the chairman of the General Assembly to punish him for the hand grenade case of the United Nations General Assembly. Due to precautions, please do not pursue others. All punishments are willing to be taken by yourself. Obviously, this was a political strategy adopted by the top authorities in Chongqing to protect Li and Qiu. Since Commander-in-Chief Guan, who was in charge of public security, believed that the tragedy had nothing to do with others, and was willing to "take responsibility for it with his own body", he wanted to kill or chop Cutting in half, or cramping, skinning and brutalizing corpses are all willing to be borne by one person, so why do Li, Qiu and others have to hold on to the pigtails, wanting to bring them down to the ground or eradicate them quickly?Fu Sinian, who was in Kunming, saw the news and understood Chongqing's intentions better than ordinary teachers and students.However, his comprehension was not thorough, and it was limited to the superficial phenomenon of quelling the student unrest. As for the deeper internal causes, he didn't think about it, or couldn't think of it at all.Now that Guan Linzheng has made the announcement that he "does it all", Fu Sinian has no choice but to put pressure on the students again according to this intention, trying to persuade the student representatives to lower their requirements and resume classes as soon as possible.However, both sides were very angry when they were bargaining. Fu Sinian regarded himself as the leader of the "May 4th" student movement and an old man, and he was more emotional than rational.But at this time, the representatives of the "Strike Union" are also in a state of emotional agitation, and they don't pay attention to this strange, big, sweaty, panting member of the Standing Committee, let alone buy him the May 4th Movement. The old account of the student commander.In the eyes of the student representatives of the United Nations, Fu Sinian's glorious history has turned over, and today is not what it used to be. The new historical mission and glory need a new generation of young people to undertake and create.As a result, a conflict of opinions occurred between the two parties. Fu Sinian was so furious that he almost jumped up to fight the student representative with his "size multiplied by speed". scattered.Afterwards, Fu Sinian believed that all this was caused by the old monster Li Zonghuang. He was so angry that he sent an urgent telegram to Zhu Jiahua on the 11th, emphasizing once again that "Li Zonghuang will go if he can, and the professor can calm down" because "He is really the mastermind and the mastermind. If you go there, the government will occupy the ground, and you will only be fooled by Li Zhi." However, Fu Sinian obviously underestimated the influence of Li Zonghuang's years of political career in the Kuomintang, and he was not aware of the conspiracy between Chiang Kai-shek and Li in Yunnan personnel and Jiang's wish to Li. On October 5, 1945, Tang Zong recorded in his diary: "Now the reorganization of the Yunnan provincial government has been completed. It is all due to the chairman's own ingenuity. Few outsiders know." The so-called "little knowers" is not without one Outsiders know about it, but Fu Sinian certainly doesn't know its secrets.As a member of the Kuomintang, Zhu Jiahua, who has become the center of the Kuomintang, obviously sees farther and more clearly than Fu in the fight on the political stage, and knows the secrets of various political forces' alliances and intrigues.Although he didn't necessarily understand the behind-the-scenes transactions between Jiang and Li at this time, it was clear that Jiang would rather replace Guan Linzheng, the first-line favorite general of Whampoa, than Li Zonghuang. I have realized that there must be privacy and hidden feelings in the tough attitude of "Zhi".Therefore, based on the political sensitivity and judgment developed by years of experience in the officialdom, Zhu called back on the same day and clearly told Fu Sinian: "Li's matter will be difficult to deal with at the moment, so the extension will inevitably have side effects. Please go to class first and return to normal. Everything will be done after my brother returns." It seems that there is no problem after Yu reported to the chief." But "I hope to persuade the students to resume classes immediately, otherwise the consequences will be unpredictable, and my brother will not be responsible." After Fu Sinian received the call, he fell into great pain and depression. He couldn't understand that Guan Linzheng, who was directly related to Jiang, the commander-in-chief of the garrison, and in control of the military, could be easily dealt with, but why couldn't Li Zonghuang, a gangster and villain, be transferred from Kunming?What is hidden in it?If Li Zonghuang didn't leave, not only would he be dissatisfied with the students, but even the professors would have difficulty speaking.This point was clearly noticed by Zhu Jingnong the day after he arrived in Kunming.In his telegram to Zhu Jiahua, he said: The student unrest "is not only a problem in the education sector, but also not only a problem for the Communist Party (problem), but also other aspects are mixed in", and it is quite difficult to solve.And "the biggest problem at present is the students' coffin-carrying parade. It was originally planned to be held tomorrow, but after Meng Zhen tried to change it to the 14th parade. I dare not say if there is any change. If there are five days of hesitation, or We can try to dispel it, otherwise we should try our best to avoid conflicts. The party, government and military have all agreed on this point.”Because of this situation, Fu Sinian felt that the situation was serious and anxious.Naturally, blood pressure also skyrocketed. On the 12th, out of respect for the teacher, the representative of the student union, whose anger had calmed down, took the initiative to apologize to Fu Sinian for the unhappiness between the two parties yesterday, but stated clearly that several requirements could not be changed.Since the students had such a tough stance and Li Zonghuang couldn't go, Fu Sinian once again fell into the anxiety, loss and fear of being trapped between two huge splints with no way out.After repeated weighing, Fu believed that concentrating on knocking down Li Zonghuang's iron plate, which was impenetrable to wind and rain, was the most urgent and crucial move, otherwise there would be no way out.After making up his mind, Fu Sinian became ruthless, and on the 12th, he simply sent an urgent and confidential telegram that Zhu Jiahua forwarded to Chiang Kai-shek. In the telegram, he first expressed his "deep guilt" for failing to fulfill his responsibility to resume classes, and then clearly and strongly stated He pointed out: "The professor is extremely resentful towards Li Zonghuang", and hoped that Jiang would speed up his determination to leave Li Zhi.According to Zhu Jiahua's files, Fu Sinian's telegram was forwarded by Zhu to Chiang Kai-shek on the same day, but Chiang still hesitated.