Chapter 11 Section 2 Facing the "enemy of the people"

In fact, before Chen Yuan jumped out and fired the first shot at Hu Shi, the "Dump Hu" movement had already started, but it was not as direct and loud as Chen's shot, so it was less known to the public. After Wu Han and others took over Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Normal University in the name of the Military Control Commission, they began to organize personnel to discuss Hu Shi and "Hu Shi's ideological issues" according to the will of the high-level CCP.For various reasons, Feng Youlan, Yu Pingbo, Zhu Guangqian, Shen Yinmo and many other scholars, to varying degrees, challenged their former friend and today’s enemy Hu Shi at the meeting, and vowed to the military representatives sent by the CCP to the school that they must Abandon the fallacies of liberalism that Hu Shi peddled everywhere, and subdue the great Marxist-Leninist glorious theory that has the status of a beacon and is of great significance in the voyage of the Chinese revolution.Later, Wu Han, who entered Tsinghua Campus as a representative of the Chinese Communist Army and actually presided over the school affairs, after clearing Feng Youlan of the two hats of Tsinghua School Affairs Committee member and dean of the School of Arts, continued to treat Feng Youlan in the Southwest Associated University era. Philosophers who almost became members of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang carried out exclusion and suppression.Feng Youlan, who lost her official title for no reason and was squeezed, was "uneasy", and began to think about how to make a comeback in this turbulent and chaotic regime change.After contemplating for a period of time, he finally came up with a strange move, but due to the importance of the matter and the immature opportunity, this strange move has not been unveiled for a long time.

On October 5, 1949, the fifth day after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Feng Youlan heard that many professors at Tsinghua University began to write letters to Mao Zedong expressing their loyalty, so he decided to follow suit and make some contributions. beyond.After a lot of contemplation, I forcefully pressed the beating in my heart, splashed ink and wrote a letter of loyalty, sealed it and entrusted it to Chairman Mao Zedong who had "bound the dragon".In the letter, Feng scolded bitterly that he had joined the Kuomintang twice in the past, and almost became a member of the Central Committee. He said that he spread feudal philosophy inside and outside the school, helped the Kuomintang, and became a negative model and living teaching material for the revolution.From now on, we must change our past mistakes, reform our thinking, earnestly study Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, start a new life, and strive to rewrite a philosophical history of the Marxist-Leninist view of history in five years, so as to make meritorious service in academics and atone for sins.

Mao Zedong received the letter and wrote a reply on October 13, which was sent to Feng Youlan's home in Tsinghua Garden by a junior officer of the People's Liberation Army on a motorcycle.The letter said: Mr. Youlan: The letter of October 5 has been read.We welcome progress.People like you, who have made mistakes in the past and are now ready to correct them, are good if they can be practiced.There is no need to rush for results, you can change slowly, and it is better to adopt an honest attitude.This reply, respect for Jiaoqi! Mao Zedong October 13, when Feng Youlan graduated from Peking University in the summer of 1918, was the time when Mao Zedong came to Beijing from Hunan and worked as an assistant in the library of Peking University. It was only a summer vacation that caused Feng Youlan to lose sight of Mao Zedong. Opportunity.Suddenly, 31 years have passed, and the color of the river has changed, and the sky has turned upside down. Feng looked at the tall figure and the giant hand on the Tiananmen Gate, and knew that he could not compete with it in this life, so he took the ancient Chinese saying that those who know the current affairs are the heroes , using the double tricks of "self-blaming" and "sacrificing loyalty" to show his psychological surrender and action consciousness, and at the same time, it aroused Mao's memories of the past at Peking University in order to show favor and encouragement.Unexpectedly, Mao Zedong didn't buy the old account of the former Peking University student. Instead, he put on a straight face and taught him a lesson in a business-like manner.Feng was "quite surprised" and was dejected, not knowing what to do for a while.Many years later, Feng said in his self-report about the failure of flattery and loyalty: "The most important sentence in the letter: 'It is better to adopt an honest attitude', I don't understand. I thought, what is an honest attitude, and what is my dishonesty. After thirty years of training, I am only now beginning to understand this sentence.” Feng believes that he was determined to rewrite a history of Chinese philosophy within five years. It is really "to the superficial, to the extreme childish".The reason is that it is easier said than done to grasp the standpoint and viewpoint of Marxism. As for applying it to the research work of the history of philosophy, it is even more difficult. "How can it be completed in three to five years?"Therefore, "a person with a discerning eye will know that it is big talk, empty talk, and false talk at a glance. Bohemian talk without actual content, this is not an honest attitude."

Feng Youlan finally understood one of the mysteries, and said with some regret, "If I had been honest since liberation... I might not have made the kind of mistakes I made when criticizing Lin Piao and Confucius." It's a pity that Feng really woke up too late in this regard, and the "slandering and flattering" of Jiang Qing that happened later may be the tragedy he said he woke up too late.Just five days after Feng Youlan received Mao Zedong’s letter, on October 19, 1949, the newly established Central People’s Government officially decided to establish the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the basis of the former Kuomintang government’s “Academia Sinica” and the Peking Research Institute, and appointed Guo Moruo as its president. Chen Boda, Li Siguang, Tao Menghe, and Zhu Kezhen are the vice presidents.Under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, there are more than ten research institutes of humanities and natural sciences, including the Institute of Archeology and the Institute of Modern History.Among them, the Institute of Archaeology was established on the basis of some personnel from the Institute of History of the former Peking Research Institute and the Institute of History and Philology of the former Academia Sinica. Zheng Zhenduo, director of the Bureau of Cultural Relics, served as the director concurrently, and Liang Siyong and Xia Nai were the deputy directors. In September 1950, the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum was officially renamed the National Nanjing Museum, which was subordinate to the Cultural Relics Bureau of the Central Ministry of Culture.At the same time, the CCP carried out a large-scale reorganization and personnel adjustment in the national education and science circles. For example, Xia Jianbai, the former dean of Tongji University in Shanghai and a surveyor and mapping scientist, was appointed as the president of the school. Many Hua Gang served as the president and secretary of the party committee of Shandong University, and a new pattern has been formed in the fields of education, culture, and science.

Compared with Feng Youlan's confusion, Mao Zedong has always been awake. While commanding millions of guns to overthrow the Jiang family dynasty by force and win thousands of miles of country, he clearly realized that only the original culture, education, It is unreliable for various institutions in the academic world to shut down and transfer, and to elect a few new backbones to lead them.A large number of intellectuals who had just "transferred" from the Kuomintang-controlled areas, although they did not follow Lao Jiang to Taiwan or fled overseas, had a wait-and-see mentality towards the Communist Party.These intellectuals are at odds with the policies that are about to be rolled out across the country.Such a drastic change seemed extremely difficult to ordinary scholars such as Feng Youlan, but it was as easy as "cooking small fresh food" in the eyes of Mao Zedong, who had experienced many battles, because the Soviet Union's big brother had succeeded in purging intellectuals. There is a precedent, and later there will be a powerful tool for the dictatorship of the proletariat. The combination of the two is naturally invincible and invincible.After making the balance, Mao Zedong first fired at the most influential and appealing "reactionary leader" in the liberal ideology according to the ancient Chinese art of war of "capturing the thief first". Feng Youlan's generation, but Feng Youlan's teacher, a model known as the "May 4th Spirit", has a liberal character, and Hu Shizhi, an academic "predator" who has always attacked the theory and practices of the CCP.

Although Hu Shi at this time, like Hozen Wukong in the novel, had already jumped out of the palm of the Tathagata Buddha by taking advantage of the chaos, and jumped to the land of America, but "the man is still there, the heart is not dead", the ghost lingers, and the spirit is still alive. The ghosts are still lingering in the Water Curtain Cave of Huaguo Mountain in mainland China, and in the minds of a group of disciples and grandchildren, they exert a great appeal that cannot be replaced by others.Only by first throwing Hu Shi, the spiritual "leader" of the academic world, under the Five Fingers Mountain, so that he will never stand up again, can he have a deterrent effect on the intellectuals who are full of liberalism, and can also be in the new world. Establish the absolute authority of the revolution, the Communist Party, and Mao Zedong. ——It was precisely because of such foresight that after Chen Yuan fired the first shot, the clarion call of the Hu criticism movement began to sound in Kyushu.

On September 22, 1950, Hong Kong's "Ta Kung Pao" published Hu Sidu's "Criticism of My Father—Hu Shi". part.Not long after, this article was reprinted in newspapers such as "People's Daily" and "China Youth"—this was another bullet fired by Hu Shi after his old friend Chen Yuan shot him for the first time after he left the mainland.What is very historical is that this bullet came from his own son.Hu Shi had many lovers in his life, love affairs constantly, and romantic affairs spread all over China and abroad, and also caused the sad ending of a cousin Cao Chengying who became a nun because of love and resentment, but only his wife, Jiang Dongxiu, was counted under his name.Jiang Dongxiu gave birth to three children, one of whom died young, and the eldest son Hu Zuwang (Sizu) who grew up was named after Hu Shi's mother Feng Shundi, which means to honor the ancestors.The second son, Hu Sidu, was bestowed by Hu Shi personally, implying "missing Dewey", which not only expressed Hu Shi's respect for this American foreign teacher, but also deeply implied his firm belief in liberalism throughout his life.When Hu Shi went to the United States from the mainland for the last time, his eldest son Hu Zuwang was already working and living in the United States.However, Hu Sidu, who worked in the Peking Library, refused to stay in Peiping with his parents Nanfei. Soon after, he was taken out of the library by the new CCP regime and sent to the North China People's Revolutionary University to study and reform.

There are many stories about Hu Shi educating his wife and raising his son throughout his life, but unfortunately they were not very successful. His wife Jiang Dongxiu, apart from showing off her skills on the mahjong table and becoming a famous "mahjong star", she didn't even have the ability to write a letter home. To be able to set an example for his son is like a fairy tale.In his early years, Hu Shi once said, "I don't want a son, the son came by himself", and said "Sidu was created by me", which means that China should choose Dewey's philosophical theory to guide practice, and "Sidu" should be passed on from generation to generation.Hu Shi named his son this way, not only because he missed the old man Dewey, but also because he deeply expected to accept liberalism.But he didn't expect that this son would shoot him from behind when the land was sinking and he was in exile, calling him "a loyal lackey of the reactionary regime."

Hu Sidu declared in his article "Criticism of My Father—Hu Shi" that when he was first sent to the North China Revolutionary University, he still believed that his father "did not do much evil."However, after the two review meetings before the "Student Generation Election", I realized that I was still standing on the side of a reactionary bug on this issue. Combined with the study of "History of Social Development", "Nation and Revolution", and "A Brief History of Chinese Revolution" ", so that I suddenly woke up, my father turned out to be "a loyal minister of the reactionary class and an enemy of the people".And this enemy "has been deceiving the people so that the people can't get to know the shady scenes of the Chiang Bandit gang as soon as possible, and can't discover the truth about the viciousness of the US emperor as soon as possible. The government. This time, he left and carried out third-party activities in the United States, and took charge of the huge sum of money for the maintenance of Chinese students for the U.S. State Department (four million U.S. dollars. Most of the people who received this money were reactionaries. Democratic individualists funded and supported them. costs), willing to serve the United States."He also said: "Before he returned to the embrace of the people, he was always the enemy of the people and myself. Today, when I am determined to betray my own class, I feel the need to distinguish between the enemy and myself on the issue of my father." Therefore, Hu Sidu said that in addition to dividing the enemy from the ideological point of view, we must also divide the enemy from the personal emotional point of view, that is, the father-son relationship that broke away from Hu Shi's blood and blood.

After Hu Situ's article was published in Hong Kong, the telegram spread throughout the United States the next day and was published in major newspapers such as "New York Times" and other prominent places. Later, it appeared in many best-selling magazines such as "Times Weekly" and other publications At the meeting, public opinion was boiling for a while, and everyone looked sideways. Just three days before the publication of Hu Sidu’s article, that is, on September 19, Foreign Affairs published in the United States published “China under Stalin’s Strategy of Conquering the World” written by Hu Shih in 40 days. one article.The article mainly discusses two historical events that determine the fate of China and Asia, that is, the Xi’an Incident created by Zhang Zexueliang and the notorious Yalta secret treaty created by the three evil axes of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union. Taking a breather and profiting from it eventually caused the Kuomintang to lose the mainland.In Hu Shi’s article, there is no shortage of “speaking” and excuses for the Taiwan authorities of the Kuomintang. Stalin's Grand Strategy. The main purpose is to let people know that China's collapse is not like Acheson and others said that Mao Zedong came out of the cave and Chiang Kai-shek's army collapsed without fighting. I want people to know that this is after 25 years of hard work. Failure. The story of this twenty-five-year period is worthy of an outline..."

Because of Hu Sidu’s call for battle and his statement that he would break away from the father-son relationship, Hu Shi’s article “China under Stalin’s Strategy of Conquering the World” also received widespread attention, and many newspapers and periodicals linked the two to comment.Facing his son's fierce words, Hu Shi didn't believe that the "little three" he raised with his own hands would say such things.Just as he did not believe that his old friend Chen Yuan would shoot at him some time ago, he believes that this move is still a puppet show played by the Communist Party, deliberately deceiving the public and stimulating Hu Shi himself, in order to achieve ulterior political goals .In this regard, Hu Shi added the following two sentences next to a newspaper clipping in his diary on the 24th: This article was published by order.His son Sidu stayed in Peiping and suddenly became a news figure yesterday!This should be the Communist Party's counterattack after it got the news of my long article. No matter how you guessed it, this son who was called "Little San" by Hu's couple did become a news figure. When the news of Hu Sidu's break with Lao Hu Shi spread throughout the United States, it naturally spread throughout Taiwan. On September 23, 1950, the second edition of Taiwan's "Central Daily" published a September 22 Reuters report from Hong Kong: Hu Shi's son Hu Sidu published an article today in the left-wing Ta Kung Pao, denouncing his father as a "reactionary whose crimes have long been related to US imperialism."Hu Sidu was engraved in Beiping, and he declared that he would break away from his father because Hu Shi was "the enemy of the people." When the news was published, it immediately caused a sensation on Taiwan Island. Some of Hu Shi's friends in Taiwan were terrified when they heard the news, for fear that Hu Shi would be attacked or plotted against by the Kuomintang's dense overseas forces.Fu Sinian, who is now the president of National Taiwan University, reacted quickly. Like Hu Shi, he believed that Hu Sidu's remarks were not out of his heart, but the result of coercion or deception by the Communist Party.In order to protect the reputation of Hu Shi and his son and take into account Hu Shi's own political situation, Fu took the attitude of Hu Shi's "fighter" and issued a statement on "Central Daily" on September 29, based on what he knew about Hu Sidu and the CCP's policies For Hu Sidu's relief, it is said that Hu Sidu was sickly in his youth and failed in his studies, and he was still a person with a simple and honest nature. In the summer of 1948, his friends in the United States sent him back to China.Finally, Fu Sinian said: "The Communist Party will do its best to slander people in the educational circles who do not serve as their tools or even oppose them. This article in "Ta Kung Pao" is just one example. Chen Yuan, Hu Sidu, etc. In an extremely tragic fate. Because he can't come out, someone else writes for him, so we don't have to blame him!" It is impossible to check whether Hu Sidu's call for action came from his own will and hand, or was forced, written and revised by others.What can be tested is that after the founding of New China, this article was reprinted by first-class publications such as "Chinese Youth" sponsored by the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, and it quickly aroused strong repercussions in the mainland education and cultural circles. ——This is a signal that the rain is coming and the tsunami is coming.Subsequently, the relevant organizations mobilized the two schools of grammar and law of Peking University to discuss "Hu Shi's ideological problems", and led the four departments of Chinese, philosophy, history, and library to jointly hold a "control demolition meeting". Tang Yongtong, Zhu Guangqian and others who had been friends for more than seven years "led the charge".As the huge wave of turning against Hu Shi and scolding Hu Shi turned and rose, Hu Shi's former colleagues, friends, students and other intellectuals, big and small, were horrified and acted accordingly, jumping out to expose and criticize Hu Shi's "reactionary crimes", expressing their solidarity with Hu Shi. This "bereaved family, lackey of US imperialism" has completely broken.Not long after, the top leaders of the CCP launched an intellectual ideological reform movement. Universities and scientific research institutions across the country concentrated their efforts on "bathing" the spirit of intellectuals, young and old, and at the same time they also brought in Hu Shi, Zhang Boling, Mei Yiqi and others. Wash it up.According to the news released by the Hong Kong "Ta Kung Pao" Beijing Newsletter on November 30, 1951, the Beijing-Tianjin University Teachers' Learning Committee held its second committee meeting on November 16.The units participating in the study have increased from the original 20 institutions to 24 institutions.In addition, researchers from research institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Railways participated, and the number has increased from more than 3,000 to 6,523.At the discussion meeting, Tang Yongtong, vice president of Peking University, said, "Peking University has recently discussed Hu Shi's issue in a more in-depth way." Yang Shixian, chairman of the Nankai University School Affairs Committee, said: "We have discussed Zhang Boling's issue. Since Mr. Zhang Boling has been there for a long time Leaving the school, ordinary teachers don’t know him well, so we discussed it with a few people who knew Zhang.” Another news: “On the evening of November 14, Vice President Tang of Peking University called thirteen old professors to discuss Consistently dominant ideological issues. Through the personal experience of old professors and the results of analysis focusing on historical representatives, it is recognized that Hu Shi is a representative figure who has gathered reactionary achievements in the old academic circle. Speech at the meeting Enthusiastically, Mr. Luo Changpei also criticized his own thoughts; especially Mr. Xiang Da, reflecting the situation in the group discussion of the History Department. They gave many vivid examples of Hu Shi's academic style and reactionary behavior, and made a moving accusation. He showed great indignation." (Southern press: Shi Tang Yongtong has been reassigned as vice president, Ma Yinchu as principal) In December of the same year, "New Observation" published a long report by reporters Xiao Li and Wang Zhen, reporting on Beijing-Tianjin More than 6,000 teachers from colleges and universities participated in the grand occasion of the movement, and the subtitle included the words "criticize Hu Shi and Mei Yiqi".After this report was reposted by the media and passed to Hu Shi, Hu attached great importance to it. While attaching it to his diary, he also added emphasis marks in many places in the article, expressing his inner disbelief and helplessness. However, at this time, the top leaders of the CCP still had illusions about Hu Shi’s return to the mainland. When the whistling warheads were fired, they still secretly sent Zhou Yusheng, Jiang Zehan and other relatives and friends of Hu Shi to persuade him to return to Beijing to "abandon the dark and turn to the bright."Because of this unknown reason, the movement to criticize Hu gradually declined in 1952 after making several waves.The top leaders of the CCP are waiting for Hu Shi to change his mind and turn his back on him, but Hu Shi ignores the information that the mainland has cast in the past, whether overt or covert, and with the outbreak of the Korean War, US President Truman ordered the Seventh Fleet to sail into the Taiwan Strait to help defend Taiwan. The Chiang Kai-shek clique was preserved, and Hu Shi, who lived in seclusion in the United States, improved a lot and became more and more firm in supporting the Chiang Kai-shek regime in Taiwan.This ignorant practice paved the way for the CCP's next round of more violent criticism of Hu.