Chapter 4 Chapter 1 Military Special Zone

Unit 731 decided to set up its base in Harbin, which is the capital of Heilongjiang Province in China today. With a population of 2.544 million in July 1982, it is a heavy industrial city located in the middle of the Northeast Plain of China.It developed along the Songhua River, a tributary of Heilongjiang.According to Mr. Guan Chenghe of the Northeast History Society of the Harbin Municipal People's Government, the etymology of "HARUBIN" is translated from "Jiarong" of the Manchu Jurchens, and the Chinese translation is "Alejin", which means honor. In 1898, in order to realize its ambition of invading Northeast China, Imperial Russia took this area as the base for laying the Dongqing Railway.On June 9 of the same year, Prince Zhukov, head of the 9th branch of the Railway Construction Corps, came here as the founder of Harbin.He once changed Alejin to Songhuajiang City, but was strongly opposed by the citizens.As a result, it was renamed Harbin on July 14, 1903.

Harbin is "fishing net drying ground" in Manchu, "flat land" in Mongolian, and mistranslated as "big tomb" in Russian. These additional meanings have no historical and linguistic basis.Harbin, which was built on the model of Moscow, has rows of European-style buildings in the downtown area with neat streets, which shows that Imperial Russia once carried out formal urban construction here. Historically, the actual title was "HARUBIN".that's right.But in this book, as the base of Unit 731, the name commonly used in Japan at that time is still used——

Following the First World War, the Russian (October) Revolution took place, so this beautiful city returned to the Chinese government for a time, but shortly afterwards in September 1931 due to the strategic The Wicker Lake Incident was the beginning of the Manchuria Incident, and the fate of Harbin has undergone tremendous changes. Taking the Liutiao Lake incident as an opportunity, the Japanese Kwantung Army, which had long been trying to occupy the southern part of Manchuria, started its invasion like an avalanche. After the Kwantung Army occupied Fengtian (now Shenyang), although the Wakatsuki Cabinet put forward the policy of not expanding the front, it continued to expand the area of ​​military occupation, occupying Jilin and Qiqihar in northern Manchuria, and Jinzhou in western Liaoning. In March 1932, Manchukuo was established and a puppet regime was created.

During this process, Harbin fell into the hands of the Kwantung Army, and until the end of World War II, the administrative name was changed to the provincial capital of Binjiang Province. In 1933, the Secret Research Institute of Bacterial Warfare was set up in Harbin—later the headquarters of the Kwantung Army's Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department (commonly known as the Ishii Army).It was first set up at Beiyinhe, a small station on the Labin Line in the southeast of Harbin.For the sake of secrecy, it was called the "Kamo Troop" (some say it was originally called the Togo Troop). The word "Kamo" is the key to solving the mystery of creating this army.

The "Kamo Force" had turned into a large-scale secret force by 1938. On June 13 of the same year, the area about 20 kilometers south of the downtown area of ​​Harbin, which was then called Pingfang Town in Binjiang Province, was designated as a military special zone for the Kwantung Army. There are three villages, Santun, Situn and Wutun near the bungalow, and the military special zone is roughly located in the center of these three villages.At present, there have been various sayings and writings about its location, but the location of the Manchuria 731 Unit is the exact location.

It took more than a year to build a large-scale military facility in the wide military special zone of about 6 square kilometers where no entry is allowed.Facilities include dormitory clusters, power stations, railway spurs, and training facilities.Prisons that can hold 80-100 people at ordinary times, many large and small research rooms, horse farms for training, auditoriums, sports fields and shrines. The military zone is surrounded by earthen walls and trenches with high-voltage power lines. The "Kamo Army" moved from the Beiyin River and Binjiang River into this large military facility surrounded by barbed wire. It was 1939, but because it was stationed in multiple batches, the exact date is unknown. "Kamo Troop" was temporarily renamed "Dongxiang Troop" here.In August 1941, two years after the Nomenkan Incident (May-August 1939), the secret designation "Manchurian Unit 731" was adopted.

What happened and what kind of research was carried out in this military facility built in an area about 20 kilometers south of Harbin City was top secret at the time, and it was sealed under the thick curtain of the army . "Even friendly aircraft can be shot down when they fly into the sky without authorization." Unit 731 even has dedicated fighter jets. This part of the secret was only revealed in December 1949 at the Khabarovsk Far Eastern Military Tribunal. The "Main Map" published in this book (insert at the back of this book) was drawn by several former members of Unit 731 that the author had contact with when writing the serial novel "Dead Weapon" on the Sunday edition of "Chiqi" newspaper.It shows the overall view of the headquarters facilities of the Kwantung Army's Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department and the deployment of troops.

This "main map" indicates the name and class name of each establishment, and involves its research content, indicating the tasks and distribution within the facility.Whether it was before or after the war, this picture was published for the first time. According to the unanimous testimony of former Unit 731 personnel, in order to set up the headquarters of the Kwantung Army’s epidemic prevention and water supply department near Pingfang, they must pass through the secret contact station in Harbin. Harbin is divided into old and new districts.On Jilin Street in the new urban area, there is a red brick building called "Baihualiao". It is a tall building with three floors (some are two floors).

Baihualiao is similar to the apartments that often appear in French movies. It is a "mouth"-shaped building with an inner courtyard. There is a gate at the entrance for military trucks and limousines of the troops to enter and exit.When the team members went to Harbin, they first took a large car or truck to Baihualiao, changed into casual clothes in the inner courtyard, and then went out to Harbin.When returning to Unit 731, proceed in reverse order. At that time, there were Japanese schools and many educational facilities in Harbin, such as Huayuan Primary School, Taoyuan Primary School, Harbin Middle School, Harbin Girls' High School, and Harbin Higher College, which was an institution for training Manchukuo officials.The children of the team members who go to school here also go to the inner courtyard of Baihualiao by military limousine.

Baihualiao is a kind of building like a public building.In addition, it is also used as offices, lodging, and dining for several military-related agencies and groups. On the surface, it is a building received by the Manchukuo government, but in fact it is a secret contact station of Unit 731.However, even among the Japanese in Harbin, only a very small number of people know this. Starting from Baihualiao, passing through the city of Harbin, you can see the Zhongling Pagoda on the left hand side, take a big car along the wide rural road, shake for about an hour, pass Xinfatun, pass Wutun, and come to the right hand direction When you look at Situn, you can see a wide corner surrounded by barbed wire and earthen walls, which is adjacent to the special airfield of the Air Force called Unit 8372.This is the base of Unit 731.

Force facilities can be broadly divided into the following six areas: (1) Judging from its shape, it is called the main building where the departments of the first and fourth departments are concentrated; (2) Adjacent to the "Kou" building are the buildings where the General Affairs Department and the Equipment Department are located. The building with the General Affairs Department and the Medical Department is called "Building No. 1"; (3) a large auditorium with a canteen and a projection hall; (4) The building of the Ministry of Education responsible for the training of young soldiers and health soldiers gathered from all over China and Japanese troops; (5) The dormitory area where troops and their families live is called "Dongxiang Village", which includes single dormitories and the Dongxiang Shrine built by the troops; (6) Near the Binjiang Station in Harbin, there is also a third building and a clinic building (usually called "South Building"). Among the above-mentioned facilities, the first two areas are surrounded by earthen walls covered with high-voltage electric wire, and these two buildings are usually called "headquarters". (marked with a thick black line in the "required map") In the "Main Map", although it has been marked, here is an overview of the organization of Unit 731: Commander: Lieutenant General Ishii (1936-1942, served for two periods from March 1945 to the end of the war, and served as Major General Kitano during 1942-February 1945) General Affairs Department: Minister Nakatome Nakazusa (later replaced by Ota Taisa) Part 1: Research on Bacteria, Minister Major General Kikuchi Part 2: Research on Actual Combat, Director Ota Sumori (concurrently) Part Three: Manufacture of water filters, Lieutenant Assistant of the Yangtze Estuary Part Four: Making Bacteria, Minister Major General Kiyoshi Kawashima Ministry of Education: Training Soldiers, Minister Sonoda Dasa (later replaced by Nishi Nakasa) Equipment Department: Experimental Equipment, Director Major General Otani Medical Department: Affiliated Hospital, Director Nagayama Dazuo In addition, Unit 731 also has four branches and an experimental airport along the Soviet-Manchurian border.Namely Hailar, Linkou, Sun Wu, Mudanjiang Branch and Anda Experimental Airport. In Dalian, there is also a Manchuria Health Research Institute led by Engineer Anton (general officer), which is directly under the Kwantung Army. In close cooperation with Unit 731, it manufactures vaccines and conducts various experiments. In fact, it can also be said It is a branch of Unit 731. After the war, people commonly referred to Unit 731 as "Ishii Unit" because the large-scale facilities and organizations here were set up based on the initiative of the unit commander, Lieutenant General Ishii. Since the establishment of a series of facilities in 1939, about 2,600 people have been engaged in the research of bacterial warfare in Unit 731.Most of them are researchers and scholars sent by medical schools, medical universities or private research institutes of universities in mainland Japan.Their status is military personnel or engineers. There are 19 creepy research classes in the army. According to the current saying, they are "subject research groups". No books and periodicals have published its full picture in the past.The overall organization is as follows: Special Class: Responsible for Management Part 1: Kasahara class, studying viruses Tanaka class, studying insects Yoshimura class, studying frostbite Takahashi class, studying plague Jiangdao class, researching dysentery Ota class, researching anthrax Join in and study cholera Okamoto class, research pathology Ishikawa Class, Research Pathology Utsumi class, Research Serum Tabe class, research on typhoid fever Futakiban, research tuberculosis Grass class, study pharmacology Noguchi Ban, research on Rickettsia (pathogens such as macula and typhoid) Part 2: Yagi Sawaban, studying plants Burn class, make bombs Part 4: Karasawa Ban, Making Bacteria Asahina class, manufacturing typhoid fever and vaccines When I was in the Dongxiang Army, the official establishment names of these research classes had already been determined, such as "The First Bacteria Class", "The First Pathology Class" and so on.However, after the Dongxiang Unit was renamed Unit 731, the official class name was completely concealed, and only the class name was called out of confidentiality requirements. These class names are a kind of "crypto" used within the army. The official organization name is the 14 classes under the first department. For example, the first class is the first class; Takahashi class is the fifth class; Ishikawa class is the seventh class; Yoshimura class is the eighth class; Futaki class is the eleventh class, etc. A "special class" is listed at the front of the "research team" preparation table to manage "Marutai". What is "Maruta"? The so-called "Marutai" refers to the Kwantung Army gendarmerie and secret service agencies, as well as the Soviet, Chinese and Mongolian prisoners (including Koreans) detained in the "Harbin Protection Institute" under their jurisdiction. The military police of the Kwantung Army and the secret service arrested Soviet Red Army intelligence officers who sneaked into various parts of China, Chinese Red Army (Eighth Route Army) cadres and soldiers who were captured in combat, and Chinese journalists, scholars, and workers who participated in the Anti-Japanese Movement against Japanese imperialist aggression. , students and even their families and many others. The Kwantung Army called the captured captives "Ma Lutai", and they were all sent from various places to special prisons in the "Kou" building of Unit 731 by means of special transfers. The patriots who were arrested by the Kwantung Army suffered inhuman treatment, and were only used as a "maruta" as a log. Since it is "Marutai", no one's name is required.Every "Malutai" sent to Unit 731 has a three-digit number assigned to it.Then assign them to each class mentioned above according to the number, and belong to each class.According to the needs of the research purpose, they used "Maruta" as a "material" for in vivo experiments. For each squad in the army, the experience and personality of "Maruta" needless to say, even age is meaningless. Before being sent to the army, no matter how cruel the interrogation by the military police was, "Marutai" was still a person who could speak. However, since the day they were imprisoned in the army as "Maruta", all of them have become experimental materials that cannot survive. There are also some female "marutas", Russian women and Chinese schoolgirls arrested on suspicion of anti-Japanese elements.The female "Maruta" is mainly used as experimental material for sexually transmitted diseases. In the middle of the military "Kou" building, there is a concrete two-story building surrounded by long corridors.There are many individual cells, each with a small window.This concrete building is directly connected with the various research classes, and it is called "Malutai Hut" (that is, the special prison of Unit 731). The "Malutai House" under the jurisdiction of the special class is divided into two parts on the left and right, usually called "Building No. 7" and "Building No. 8".From the initial stage of moving to the bungalows, the buildings are numbered sequentially from No. 1.In principle, "Building No. 7" is for detaining male "Malutai", and "Building No. 8" is for detaining female "Malutai". Because there are few female "Malutai", sometimes "Building 8" also detains Male "Maruta". According to the testimony of the defendant Kawashima at the Khabarovsk military court, Unit 731 often detains two to three hundred "Marutai".Actual figures were not recorded. According to the different purposes of the experimental research of each class, "Marutai" was transferred to a single room, or moved to a mixed room in units of 3 to 10 people. Before they were sent to the prison of Unit 731, they were tortured day and night by the Kwantung Army Gendarmerie. However, once they were sent to the prison of Unit 731, any torture and ill-treatment were stopped, and they were not forced to serve Hard labor. Not only that, they provide "Maruta" with the best food, give them enough sleep, and even give them vitamins, so that they can recover their weakened physical strength as soon as possible and restore them to a healthy body-this is what is bestowed on the prisoners. "Maruta" mission. Due to the adequate nutrition, except for the ones after the frostbite experiment, the other "Maruta" are fat and do nothing every day.When they are close to being used for experiments, they must be dead, or what awaits them is hellish pain, but until the day before they step on the experimental stage, their daily life is idle and very boring on the surface. Chinese female teachers imprisoned as "marutai" make paper twists and use it as material to weave small Chinese shoes or other handicrafts.This is the daily life of "Maruta". But a nutrient-rich routine is short-lived. The replacement of old and new "Marutai" is very frequent, and it is used as experimental materials roughly according to the ratio of three people in two days. According to Kawashima’s statement at the Far East Military Tribunal held in Khabarovsk, from 1940 to 1945, the 731 troops “consumed” more than 3,000 “Marutai” people, but the original troops unanimously The testimony given was "I am afraid there are more than this number". The Kwantung Army attaches great importance to the special mission secretly accepted by Unit 731, and provides various conveniences for them to conduct such research experiments more easily. One of the "convenience" is the continuous supply of "Marutai". They used "Marutai" according to the experimental procedures, injected them with plague, cholera, syphilis, spirochete and other vaccines, or infiltrated or artificially "transplanted" these vaccines into their drinks or steamed buns and other foods.Some have also been used for frostbite experiments, gun experiments or gas gangrene experiments. The "Marutai" detained in Unit 731 received adequate nutrition. There are four meanings of fattening "Marutai": One of its purposes is to obtain a perfect "real face material". If "Maruta" is weak or suffers from a disease, the perfect conditions for "experiment" will be lost. Unit 731 has been fully responsible for the research and actual combat of germ warfare preparations.In order to conduct germ warfare, they need accurate data on bacterial infections. Under what conditions will a healthy human body suffer from plague and cholera, and what kind of process will it lead to death or salvation? In order to thoroughly understand the process of various bacterial infections and pathogenesis, the army collected data through large-scale clinical experiments.Perfect data can only be obtained through the continuous use of perfect "experimental material". "Maruta" must be healthy and ready to be supplemented. Another purpose of fattening "Marutai" is to study methods of preventing and treating various infectious diseases. In order to conduct germ warfare, it is necessary to spread a large number of germs deep behind enemy lines or on the front lines. This kind of operation is naturally carried out by the Japanese army (Unit 731).At that time, due to carelessness of Japanese soldiers, there is a great possibility of skin and oral contact with germs.In addition, after the implementation of germ warfare, friendly forces may also enter the germ-contaminated area. For this reason, it is necessary to master the methods of prevention and treatment, otherwise, there will be the possibility of "tragedy" immediately.There is no point in conducting germ warfare if friendly forces suffer losses as a result of it. Thoroughly attacking the enemy and carefully protecting oneself are the keys to germ warfare.Therefore, it was necessary to "study" vaccines against viruses such as plague, cholera, typhoid, etc., and to study serum therapy or chemotherapy using other drugs, etc. In large-scale bacterial warfare, a large number of prophylactic vaccines are required.In order to produce a large number of bacteria, the troops also need to develop and research vaccines for prevention and treatment. In order to manufacture a bacterin, many experiments must be carried out and large quantities of serum are required.For this, it is necessary to keep the "Maruta" in a healthy state, and to be fat. A member of the former Unit 731 recalled: "After some 'Malutai' were injected with bacteria, they used the best therapy of the 731 Unit at that time to control the development of the condition of the 'Marutai', because they wanted to use the 'Malutai' as much as possible again. Lutai' also wants to draw blood or use it as a specimen from the 'Marutai' who has recovered from illness and has not yet died, this kind of 'Marutai' is very precious as a research material." The third purpose of ensuring that "Marutai" gets adequate nutrition is to develop "weapons" for bacterial warfare. Unit 731 studied rats and the fleas that parasitized rats as a powerful medium for spreading plague bacteria.Research on how to infect rats and fleas with germs, let them touch or gather on the human body, and study how to release live rats and fleas in large numbers behind enemy lines and on the front lines... It is useful to use "Maruta" to solve these problems . Bacterial weapons do not only use small animals and insects. Putting anthrax and typhoid bacteria into food or into well water and drinking water is the best "weapon".They developed chocolate candies and steamed buns infiltrated with bacteria for their experiments.For this kind of experimentation, healthy Marutas are also needed, without any recognition of their humanity. The army has developed fountain pen-style bacterial pistols and cane-style bacterial guns to experiment with the effects of these "guns". Marutai is the most useful. The last reason for fattening "Malutai" is to study the prevention and control of endemic diseases in Northeast China. At that time, an epidemic hemorrhagic fever of unknown cause spread among some officers and soldiers of the Japanese army stationed on the Soviet-Manchurian border.The disease is estimated to be caused by a virus or rickettsiae. Unit 731 used "Marutai" to study epidemic hemorrhagic fever. The captives held by Unit 731 were all called "Marutai". This fact was found out at the military court held in Khabarovsk from December 25 to 30, 1949. Let us quote the record of the public trial at that time - "The Public Trial Documents Concerning the Current Events in which Japanese Soldiers Are Prosecuted for Preparation and Use of Bacterial Weapons" (1950, published by Moscow Foreign Language Book Publishing House). Attending the court was former military doctor Major General Kawashima.In Unit 731, he successively served as the Minister of General Affairs, the First Minister (the department responsible for the research of bacteria), and the fourth minister (the department responsible for the manufacture of bacteria). He is a senior officer in the army and was arrested by the Soviet army after the war. Here are State Attorney Smirnov's questions and Kawashima's responses: QUESTION: Why are you preparing for germ warfare in Manchuria instead of Japan? Answer: Manchuria is a country adjacent to the Soviet Union. When the war started, it was easier and more convenient to use bacteriological weapons from Manchuria, and it was very convenient to carry out experiments on bacteriological weapons in Manchuria. Question: What exactly is the "convenience" of conducting experiments in Manchuria? Answer: The reason why it is said that Manchuria is very convenient is because there are sufficient experimental materials there. Q: What does "experimental material" refer to?Was it someone sent to the army for experimental use? Answer: That's what it means. Q: What lingo is used in the army to refer to experiment victims? Answer: Call them "MARUTA". Question: Are you imprisoned under their names in prison? A: No, they are all numbered. Q: So, do these people all have to die in the end? Answer: Yes. Question: As a person who specializes in the study of bacteria, don't you know that it will bring terrible disasters if you use the spread of murderous infectious diseases as a means of war? A: Yes, I know that. Questioner: Did you not know that the terrible plagues caused by the plague and other contagious diseases also spread to neutral countries? A: Yes, I know that. (abbreviated below) Yamada Kiyosaburo's "Military Trial of Bacterial Warfare" records the dialogue on the issue of "Maruta" in the public trial court at that time, and the description is as follows: Q: What lingo did the troops use to refer to experiment victims? Answer: They are called "MARUTA", which means material. (The 'words' with dots are noted by the author) This is the dialogue record of the same public trial court and the same scene, but it misses the sentence "'MARUTA' means material" mentioned in "Military Trial of Bacterial Warfare" written by Seizaburo Yamada. Judging from the situation before and after writing "Military Trial of Germ Warfare" and Yamada's experience, it can be considered that Yamada's account is accurate.According to the unanimous testimonies of the former Unit 731 personnel, the captives held in special prisons are all called "Marutai". When recording various experiments, simply fill in the positive "Malutai" or the negative "Marutai" on the form according to their gender.These are the special terms used by Unit 731 to indicate experimental materials. "Malutai" is "Malutai". Whether it means some kind of "log" material, the team members don't know. The incidental statement by former military doctor Major General Kawashima that "'MARUTA' means 'round wood' material" that was omitted in the "public trial documents" is of great significance. The defendant Kawashima truthfully explained in the public trial court that the word "Maruta" that indicated the experimental material inside the army was "material" as Yamada wrote. However, when translating the records of the public trial into Japanese later, the translator used the Japanese term "round wood" which can be cut, transported or even burned, and it is estimated that the accompanying explanation was deleted at that time.I imagine an actual conversation in court might go something like this: Q: What lingo is used in the army to refer to the victims of the experiments? Answer: We call them "Marutai". "Marutai" means experimental material. The adage "Malutai" used in Unit 731 became "round wood" after the publication of "Public Trial Documents". A "log" is a plant, and a "malutai" is a dehumanized person.Calling living people "materials" is where the demonic nature of Unit 731 lies.In addition, "maruta" also means a wild goat as an "experimental animal". Since then, as in the Public Trial Documents, the decision to use "log" has been made in other articles. Since the day of "Marutai" was detained, the inherent term "person" has been erased, and they are called by numbers.However, there are also individual names handed down among them. Sun Chaoshan, an old railway worker from Mudanjiang, Wu Dianxing, a carpenter, Zhu Zhimin, a repairman, Wang Ying, a patriot from Shenyang, Zhong Minci, an employee of a commercial company in Dalian, Qiu Desi, a member of the Chinese Communist Party from Shandong Province, and Demchiko, a Soviet Red Army soldier from Ukraine... Those who left their names were all those who fought to the end during the arrest and interrogation by the Kwantung Army Gendarmerie and the Harbin Secret Service. For example, Qiu Desi, a member of the Communist Party of China, "was steadfast and unyielding in the face of the torture of the Japanese gendarmerie, until the end he was loyal to his own people and never became a traitor." (Quoted from "Public Trial Documents") In the end, he was sent to Unit 731 where he was brutally killed. The Soviet Red Army soldier Demchiko stubbornly refused to provide any information about the Soviet Union and insisted on not answering questions. Although the Harbin secret service "tied his hands and feet, hung him from the roof beams, and tortured him severely," Demchiko insisted on not revealing anything. (Quoted from "Public Trial Documents") Therefore, he was sent to Unit 731. The torture of captives who refused to interrogate and persisted in the struggle was brutal.Here is a handwritten document from the Gendarmerie of the Kwantung Army.This document entitled "Prisoner Interrogation Essentials" shows how these "Marutai" were brutally tortured before they were detained by Unit 731.In the "General" section: Section 1. This interrogation is conducted for intelligence-gathering purposes and does not include interrogations aimed at investigating criminal conduct. Section 2: Surrenderers, deserters, captured enemy spies, illegal border crossers, vagabonds, forced landings, captured personnel who fled back to our army, residents in newly occupied areas, residents who fled from enemy areas, etc. Interrogation, except for special circumstances, can be carried out by referring to the prisoner interrogation method. Harbin when Unit 731 was established was equivalent to the "newly occupied area by our side" mentioned here.Residents in this area shall refer to the essentials of this trial. Section III of the "General" section of Part I - Investigations of Prisoners: Section 3 Obtaining intelligence through prisoner interrogation is easier and faster than using spies or other means to collect intelligence. Often, important information that is difficult to obtain by other methods can be obtained. All troops and headquarters at all levels should devote themselves to interrogation of prisoners. is crucial. The essentials of prisoner interrogation say that obtaining information from prisoners is easier and faster than using spies and other means to obtain information, and there is more important information, so attention should be paid to interrogating prisoners. (Sections 4 to 59 are not included) Section 60 Absolute protection can be given to those who doubt our measures or believe in the enemy's propaganda and stubbornly refuse to confess the truth (specifically, "guarantees" such as life safety or bright future), expose the deceptiveness of the enemy's propaganda, and improve the situation against the enemy and ourselves understanding (in a word, make a proof in our favor).Once the mind has turned and confesses, it is often advantageous to persuade a captive of the same nature who is later obtained. The "anti-Japanese elements" arrested by the Gendarmerie of the Kwantung Army are prisoners with firm beliefs. They should be made to understand that Japan is invincible and turn them around.Once turned, the same "anti-Japanese elements" can be used as persuasion personnel when the same "anti-Japanese elements" are arrested. Section 61 In order to protect themselves, the interrogated sometimes wish to "internally" explain what they know, especially about military power.Therefore, reliable information should be obtained through the strategy of using stereotypes or the method of praising Yang. Section 62 Depending on the circumstances, sometimes torture is beneficial, but in many cases it is often accompanied by disadvantages.Therefore, it is necessary to study whether to use the form of torture in advance, so as not to regret this method later. Here is an explanation of the torture method in the interrogation essentials. Section 63 Tortures are continued, inflicting physical pain on the captives so that they have no recourse but to state the truth. So, the weak-willed are more likely to tell the truth about the ongoing torture to speed up the interrogation, but they are also more likely to lie in order to pander to the torture or to escape immediate pain.Strong-willed people sometimes increase their rebellious sentiments, or leave extremely bad feelings for the Empire after interrogation. The prisoner interrogation essentials said that due to the physical pain caused to the prisoner, it made him feel that there was no way to escape the torture except to confess himself.Captives sometimes make pandering statements in order to escape suffering, which obscures what is really going on.Torturing those strong-willed will encourage them to strengthen their resistance and anti-Japanese sentiments.So, do it without regrets. Section 64 usually implements torture in two situations: For those who have solid evidence, only the captives are allowed to confess the truth about the content, and it is entirely possible to obtain information through torture; for weak-willed persons, it is estimated that it is entirely possible to succumb to torture. Section 65 The means of torture should focus on being easy to implement, without feeling of cruelty, long-lasting pain, and leaving no scars.However, when it is necessary to make the other party feel that his life is in danger, he should not take into account the damage, but should maintain "continuity". In short, it is best to adopt: torture methods that are easy to implement, not cruel on the surface, but painful for a long time without leaving scars.Sometimes it is necessary to make the prisoner feel that "if he persists in this way, he will be killed", he should not hesitate to leave a scar.Continued torture is necessary—that is, if it is judged to be so, it must be continued without restraint. Let us give an example of torture: 1. Let the captive sit on his knees; 2. Clamp a few pencils in the crevice at the root of each finger, and then tie the fingers tightly with a rope or a leather strap to shake them; 3. Let the captive lie on his back (legs slightly raised) and pour water into his nose and mouth. 4. Let the captives lie on the ground and step on their ankles; 5. Let the captive stand under the shed which is lower than the body. Section 66 In the event of accidental injury, it is necessary to consider the overall situation that is beneficial to the country and make a decisive disposal. Kneeling, holding pencils, pouring water, stepping on ankle bones, or standing bent for a long time, if they cause injury to prisoners, in order to protect the interests of the Japanese army, they must be dealt with decisively.Those who sent Unit 731 belonged to this category. Section 67. When confessions are obtained by torture, the veracity of those pandering confessions made in order to escape pain must be studied and evidence obtained. Section 68 (omitted) Section 69 When interrogating, no unrelated personnel, especially other prisoners, should be allowed to know. "Prisoner Interrogation Essentials" mentioned that special attention should be paid at that time, not to let the painful groans during the torture go out, and to pay attention to observe the prisoners. Section 70 During the interrogation, one should pay attention to the subtle changes in the interrogated person's complexion, posture, eyes, voice changes, and lip movements.In order to observe the psychological state beyond the language of the confession, one should always pay attention to whether there is any concealment from facial expressions such as happiness, anger, sadness, joy, shame, fear, and shock. 1. During the interrogation, those who said they were thirsty and asked for water were mostly depressed before confessing themselves. 2. Watch closely the attitude and expression of the person being interrogated. This kind of person tries to see the interrogator's reaction to the confession. Most of them still hide their secrets. The above is the end of the "Prisoner Trial Essentials" document.Prisoners began to ask for water to drink is a precursor to self-confession. The facilities of Unit 731 were built under the direct supervision of the Kwantung Army Headquarters in Changchun at that time, specially designed by the construction department, and constructed by the army's imperial enterprises (except Japan's special industrial Dalin group company). Among the related facilities of the army at that time, the special design and construction was the most extravagant.When it comes to luxury, the image of luxurious high-end buildings will appear in people's minds, but the facilities of Unit 731 are "luxury" in terms of superior cleanliness. Among the buildings roughly divided into five districts, except for the Ministry of Education and the guard station, other buildings such as the auditorium, dormitory, and the "Kou" building (where the headquarters is located) are all equipped with flush toilets.That alone was surprising at the time. Unit 731, which is responsible for preparing, researching, and implementing bacterial warfare, produces a large number of bacteria and continues to conduct large-scale experiments.What the Kwantung Army was most afraid of was bacterial infection within the troops. All the facilities of Unit 731, up to the residential areas of 3,000 members and their families, use flush toilets to prevent bacterial infection. Another "luxury" of the Part 731 facility, in today's parlance, is the establishment of a central heating system.The heating system runs through almost every building except the Ministry of Education building. From the dormitories to the headquarters building, all rooms are heated and have hot water supply systems.No matter which room you are in, hot water will flow out when you turn on the tap, just like a high-end hotel. In one corner of the military compound, three generators using Takuma-style boilers are installed, and hot water and heating are supplied by the boilers here.Not far from the Takuma-style boiler, there is a gas tank, which supplies the troops with special gas and uses it to produce high-temperature steam for cooking. There are Western-style personal bathrooms in each research room, and there are public baths in the dormitory area, and about one-third of the dormitories have family baths. Both drinking water and research water are groundwater pumped from wells in the 731 Unit's compound.Because the water well is very deep, the pumped water is hard water, which must be processed into soft water by the power station before being supplied. The team members boasted that Unit 731 was "the most clean army in Manchuria". It's such an antinomy that a diabolical germ army has the cleanest and most modern equipment.However, there is a reason for it here. As mentioned above, the establishment of complete flush toilets and sewers throughout the hospital is to prevent bacterial infection. "Central central heating system" is an indispensable equipment for producing a large number of bacteria 24 hours a day.进行实验和研究，需要充分的电力供应，热水供应也是必不可缺的。 一名原队员说：“给人留下的印象是无论哪一幢楼，不分昼夜，总是灯火通明。” 731部队设施还有一个特点，就是建筑物的面积和房间设计比较宽敞。 楼内各层的天花板都很高。本部大楼（“口”字楼)等虽说是三层楼，但整个建筑物的高度都相当于现在的五层楼左右。“口”字楼的外壁，是在混凝土构造上，又镶上乳白色的瓷砖。从哈尔滨市内乘公共汽车驶近这一地区时，给人这样一种感觉：在辽阔的平原上突然出现了一幢被土墙包围着的白色建筑。 在三层的“口”字楼里，设有手动式电梯，可以一直通往楼顶。 教育部大楼是一幢砖楼，但宿舍却全部是坚固的混凝土建筑。 关押“马鲁太”的特设监狱，是一幢被“口”字楼包围起来的二层建筑，修建得特别坚固。设计是特殊的，只要一扳动阀门，整个狱内就会充满氰酸瓦斯。部队人员说：“一旦有事时，扳动队长室里的阀门，'马鲁太'就会全部死掉。” 总部大楼“口”字楼的一层都叫“地下”。在一层走廊正中间，铺设一圈供小型四轮手推车用的滑轨（轨距50公分）。柄泽班把大量制造好的细菌装在一种特殊容器之中，由“工厂”运往细菌仓库收藏。这种金属制的特殊容器很重，所以才设计了这种手推车，并在走廊中铺设手推车用的铁轨。 731部队这种尽善尽美的设施，存在着一个难以解决的问题：那就是有一股十分厉害的刺鼻的腐臭气味，笼罩着整个总部大楼，有时甚至飘到院外。 笼罩着731部队的令人作呕的腐臭气味，使人们真正“嗅”到了这支部队整个设施的性质。这股腐臭气味究竟来自哪里呢？ 笼罩着731部队的腐臭气味，主要是的烂臭味。 731部队”口“字楼的整个一层，全部被第四部属下的柄泽班所占用。柄泽班负责主持细菌制造工厂。臭味就是来自这里。 731部队制造细菌是使用石井四郎亲自发明的细菌培养器（加压式培养器）来进行的。这是为了在短时间内大量培养和繁殖细菌的一种创造发明。其原理很简单。 细菌喜欢肉汁、糖分等营养丰富的东西。利用这些东西制造出无菌的培养基，这是利用琼胶和繁殖细菌的基础，然后只要保持一定的温度和暗度，细菌就会迅速繁殖起来，并聚集在细菌培养基的表面上。通常细菌是看不到的微小生物，但是，经过多次繁殖后，最后琼胶上呈现一种糊状乳白色的薄层，这就是制造出的细菌群体。 第四部的柄泽班利用特殊的传送带自动回收使鼠疫菌、霍乱菌等繁殖的细菌培养基，再利用特殊的刮取器把细菌刮取下来，然后把琼胶培养基收集起来，放入高压灭菌器中。 再向细菌刮取完毕的琼胶培养基通入高压蒸气，使它的表面恢复无菌状态，以便再次用来制造细菌。 收入高压灭菌器后，细菌培养基散发出十分厉害的臭气，它像果酱变质后的臭味，充满了整个731部队总部大楼，随着风向的变化，有时也被吹到旁边的大礼堂去。 731部队还有一个”臭气来源“：那就是解剖室及其附近的焚尸炉。 每两天”消费“三名”马鲁太“，他们的尸体就在这里火化。731部队为了消除战争犯罪的一切痕迹，所有尸体都在焚尸炉中烧掉，剩下的骨头全部扔入叫”骨坟“的大坑里。焚尸炉的烟囱虽然很高，而且采用高温焚烧方式，排烟较少，但是，由于风向的关系仍然散发出恶臭味。”马鲁太“的尸体一般都是这样处理的。但是，也有例外情况。那就是1945年8月9日731部队撤退时，对”马鲁太“的处理并未能这样做。关于这件事将在后面加以叙述。 部队里有一个由特别班负责管理的动物饲养室。在这里，饲养着兔子、豚鼠、老鼠和跳蚤。 原部队人员一致强调，进行细菌战着眼于老鼠和跳蚤，表现了指挥者石井四郎的恶魔”天才“。 石井中将一直把鼠疫和霍乱两大菌种置于构成细菌战基本内容的”两大基本武器“的地位。大量制造鼠疫和霍乱两大”武器“的特殊系统，就是根据石井式细菌培养法制造的。 为了利用制造出来的细菌进行细菌战，需要有传染的媒体。 鼠疫最有效的媒体就是跳蚤。饲养大量的跳蚤，利用细菌将它们污染后，放到目的地去，短期间内就能够使鼠疫蔓延开来。 “石井这老头子和他的助手发现了通过将鼠疫菌寄生在跳蚤体内，使其在跳蚤的保护膜的保护下不断繁殖的理想的循环途径。这老头子恐怕是世界上最精通跳蚤的专家，也是鼠疫菌的研究家”。这是一个原731部队人员的证词。 为了大量获得被污染了的跳蚤，就必须确保有大量的啮齿类的动物（老鼠等）。 为了研究和实践如何在短期内繁殖老鼠，731部队纹尽了脑汁。 负责管理“马鲁太”的石井“特别班”，同时负责管理动物饲养室里的跳蚤和老鼠。 在动物饲养室里，有胖得像小狗那么大的豚鼠。人们一走近它，它就瞪大眼睛发出尖叫声。石井动物饲养室的老鼠，受到他们特别的爱护。 对731部队来说，“马鲁太”是比较容易补充的“材料”，而却不能让老鼠轻易地死掉，因为它们是重要的“武器”。 第四部柄泽班负责管理的“口”字楼的一层，这是凝聚着731部队的经验和技术精华的大规模“细菌制造工厂”。 制造细菌的工序，是绝密中的绝密。柄泽班以外的部队人员，除特别重要的事情以外，严禁进入“工厂”。 在一楼的后面，有一个镶有瓷砖的消毒槽和更衣室。柄泽班成员首先更衣，必须“洗澡”之后才能到办公室上班。在更衣室里脱掉身上的全部衣服，换上白色工作服，带上七、八层厚的纱布口罩和白色的帽子，以及一个从脖子直到脚尖的橡胶制的前围裙，再穿上高到膝盖下面的长胶靴子，还要带上橡皮手套和特制的眼镜才算装备完毕。然后，以这身打扮走进浴室。浴室里一个比较浅的浴池里放满了石炭酸溶液，他们哗啦哗啦地趟过消毒液才算结束。这时膝盖以下部分变成了无菌状态，这是一条消毒用的“小河”。 制造细菌的工序完全是、流水作业。走进“口”字楼一层，向左拐第一间就是细菌培养基室。在这里放着四台巨大的蒸汽锅和培养基。在蒸汽锅里把琼胶溶化以后，再放入培养基中，然后将它放入中央走廊右侧的高压锅里，高压锅的温度高达180°C-250°C，使溶化了的琼胶处于完全无菌状态。 然后，把经过杀菌后的培养基琼胶放进冷却室内冷冻，再把形成的琼胶培养基送进无菌室，在这里把被培养的细菌涂在琼胶上。 无菌室是一间约三十叠榻榻米大小的玻璃房间。部队人员进入无菌室之前，必须首先通过“灭菌室”。从这个7平方米的“灭菌室”的天花板上喷出雾状消毒液，给部队人员全身消毒，以防止被培养的细菌以外的东西附着在琼胶上。 向琼胶植菌，是使用一根长五十公分的像铅笔那样粗的“棉棍”。先在“棉棍”端上卷棉花，再让棉花沾满菌母，然后迅速地涂在琼胶片上，由于一次就得把菌母植上去而毫无浪费，所以这是一项需要相当熟练技术的劳动。 在无菌室作业的人员除戴上厚口罩之外，还需要戴上圆型的白帽和大眼镜，整个身体几乎都被包得严严的，所以分不清谁是谁。为了防止吸入菌母，作业时不说一句话，全靠手势来表达自己的意思。 由于这是一项繁重的劳动，作业时汗流浃背。旁边的人拿着纱布协助擦汗。柄泽班人员头戴白帽，身着白衣，前挂围裙，戴着眼镜默不作声地缓慢动作着的样子，具有一种异常扣人心弦的力量。 植菌结束后，培养基被运进培养室。培养室内全部墙壁都贴上了铜板。这是一间很大的房间，天花板上只吊着两个电灯，令人觉得好像是一间暗室。培养室的温度一般保持在20°C-80°C之间。操作门口的仪表，可以自由调节室温。根据培养的菌种不同有必要调整室温。不同的菌种，繁殖的时间也不一，有的一天就够了，有的则需要一个星期。在培养细菌期间，严禁开关门户。在适当的暗度和温度的条件下，细菌从琼胶中获得营养，于是在培养基的表面上形成一层粘糊状的白色乳液而持续增殖。柄泽班的人员认为时机成熟就开始进行刮菌作业。 刮菌作业是利用一个用硬铝制作的，长50公分，顶端有一个5公分至7公分的小竹刀的，被称作“刮棍”的工具来进行的。利用它把聚集在培养基上的细菌刮到一个直径约10公分、高约30公分的特殊玻璃容器里。 一个原731部队人员（柄泽班勤务）回忆说：“玻璃容器底下聚集的菌母，让人联想起甜酒糟来。” 柄泽班“工厂”里制造出鼠疫、伤寒、霍乱、赤病、破伤风、结核、炭疽、癞病等各种细菌。 把经过刮菌以后的培养基，再次放入高压锅中彻底杀菌之后，扔掉已经溶解的琼胶。至此，完成了制造细菌的一个周期。 如果杀菌后的琼胶还可以使用，再生之后，作为培养基再次使用。琼胶通常使用三次后就失去了再生的能力。 制造细菌是一项需要体力和精神集中的极其危险的劳动。有时作业时一不小心滑倒，就会从上到下沾满细菌。 无论多么小心，在制造过程中，变成空中浮游物的细菌，也难免不会进入口中。 由于这一缘故，柄泽班“工厂”的各个房间里堆满了红苹果，队员们进行的作业告一段落之后，就不停地啃苹果，然后再吐出来。这样，可以让苹果把嘴里的细菌吸收掉。 在制造细菌的过程中，柄泽班的许多成员倒下去，丧失了生命。伸向三个方向的无窗走廊里，灯光十分微弱，“口”字楼一层的“工厂”，即使在白天也是阴暗的，部队人员有人悄悄地说：“出现了幽灵……” 在731部队里，同关押“马鲁太”的特设监狱相并列，有一间“恐怖的房间”，除少数有关人员外，其他人严禁进入这一房间。 一间位于第一幢（总务部）二层的左端，是面积很大的“陈列室”；另一间是总部一层高桥班（负责研究鼠疫）左侧的“解剖室”。 关于“解剖室”以后再谈，在此先介绍一下“陈列室”的情景。 “陈列室”位于总务部对面的左端（参照要图）。顺便提一下，在哈巴罗夫斯克进行的远东军事法庭审判的“公审文件”中，把“总务部”误译为“庶务部”，这是一个错误。 虽然叫“总务部”，但是它并非一个单纯管理人事、会计等的事务部门。负责拍摄许多利用“马鲁太”进行实验情况的照片及16毫米电影片的“摄影班”也归总务部管辖。 还有一个“印刷班”，也归总务部管辖。这个班负责把利用“马鲁太”进行实验证明的结果等医学上的发明和各种研究资料编成小册子，或者以报告文件的形式进行印刷。这里集中了731部队所进行的各种活体实验的资料。 在731部队里，还有一个收藏进行细菌战作战所需要的大量地图的图库。 不仅仅是一般的地图，而且还有详细记载饮用水、江河、水井等细菌污染“战术目标”的地图。有许多对苏满边境或苏联境内、蒙古境内的军事设施经过彻底的研究后，详细标有搜集到的情报的地图和报告。这些资料都是由总务部兵要地志班编制的。 总务部还同宪兵室保持密切的联系，它担负着重要的防谍任务，严防731部队的罪恶勾当泄露到外部去。 从某种意义来说，总务部才是731部队的中枢神经。总务部集中掌握着有关731部队的一切信息。 问题是“陈列室”。它设于总务部二层的左端。虽说叫“室”，但它所占的面积相当于总务部内的庶务、会计和人事三个课所占面积的总和。经过总务部的走廊，就来到“陈列室”，一打开大门，一股福尔马林液的气味就钻进人们的鼻子，视神经受到刺激，使人睁不开眼睛。 原部队一个人员回忆说：“第一次看到陈列室的人，不禁会吓得瘫软，甚至会吓得坐在地下。” 沿着白墙排列着三排高约60公分、宽约40公分装满福尔马林液的玻璃容器以及三层玻璃拒。 在福尔马林液中，放着人头。泡在这些容器中的人头，有的睁着眼睛凝视着上方；有的头发被裹成一团，紧闭着眼睛；有的面部被破坏得像石榴；有的被刀剑从头部到耳朵后边劈成两半；有的被锯锯开露出脑浆；有的面部严重溃烂，分不清眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴；有的皮肤上生满了红色、蓝色和黑色的斑点，呆呆地张着嘴。人头的主人主要是中国人、蒙古人和苏联人。不同种族男女老少都有。这些泡在浅咖啡色的溶液中的头向着走进室内的人，充满怨恨地无声质问：“为什么把我放在这里！”在“陈列室”陈列的不仅是人头，还有从大腿部切下来的人腿，也有没有头颅而四肢弯曲的人体，肾脏、肠等卷成一团泡在液中。还有妇女的子宫和胎儿。人体的所有部分都被泡在大小不同的容器中。这是人体各部位的“陈列室”。一位731部队人员说：“尽管部队的领导人解释说这是从诺门坎事件的战场上取回的标本。但是没有一个人相信这一点。因为解剖'马鲁太'的结果造成标本的数量一直在增加，添了不少新的标本。” 据说在这些陈列物中有一个奇怪的标本，那是一只从肘部切断的手腕。这个手腕的主人是731部队中的人员。据说，他每个月都到“陈列室”里去看一次自己的手腕，一直不厌其烦地看它。 这间房子并非一间单纯的“陈列室”，同时又是发表各种研究成果的“大厅”。在许多“人头”包围之下，发表研究成果的医生们的形象，比“人头”更令人恐惧。 “安灵室”设于总务部庶务课和企划课之间。室内正面设有一个祭坛，并放置有许多照片和灯。悬挂的照片主要是731部队的死亡人员。这些人是在研究、准备和实验细菌战的过程中死去的。部队人员走过“安灵室”前，一定要鞠躬行礼。原部队人员说：“虽然一般人不知道殉职了多少部队人员，仅据我所知，因患鼠疫而死去的人就有30多名。在制造危险的细菌和分离克次氏体的过程中，许多研究人员由于被细菌感染而住院。每当发生这种情况时，就由各班抽调人员组成新的小组，对各种设施反复进行消毒，而且给部队人员及家属注射预防疫苗。” 在研究细菌战的过程中，究竟死了多少人呢？过去一直没有公布，所以说不知道。但是，另一位原部队人员做出证言说：“应该说每年不下30人。”许多人都曾经亲眼看到：官员殉职宿舍的一角，被绳子围了起来，有严禁入内的字样。 在731部队里，有不少家属也参加了工作。部队人员定额为3000人。部队为经常缺额五六百人而苦恼。因此，一般军队职员的家属们当女职员在部队里工作。 在731部队的诊疗部，工作的护士多数是女职员，她们不允许进入“口”字楼。部队人员和家属有一个共同的义务：那就是向部队提出一份写明“自己死亡后，无论什么原因，都同意解剖自己的尸体”的誓约书。被进行遗体解剖的部队人员和家属的人数不详，但不在少数。原部队人员间流传着这种说法： 有一位美貌的女职员死亡，其死因不明。按誓约书的要求，对她的遗体进行了解剖。但是由于她是一个妙龄美女，参加解剖的队员在队内传开了她遗体的特征。据说，有关的消息让领导感到吃惊，对有关人员下令不准谈论。由于部队人员和家属等殉职人员增多，甚至要在部队内建立一座寺庙，作为部队的设施。 与此形成对照的是女“马鲁太”的待遇。在部队领导人中，悄悄地传阅过几十张关于女“马鲁太”的照片。这些照片都是摄影班拍摄的。拍摄的都是被脱去衣服的女“马鲁太”下半身的各种姿态，都是特写镜头的照片。干部淫笑着让部分部队人员观看这些照片。原中国女教师、苏联女学生和被捕的“马鲁太”的妻女们带着手铐，在无法抵抗的情况下在单间牢房里，首先由部队人员用照相机进行凌辱。 有一名女“马鲁太”在狱中生了孩子。在摄影班中把女“马鲁太”妊娠的对象究竟是什么人当成话题。这充满好奇心的话题立即传播开来。每当女“马鲁太”妊娠，几十张照片和猥亵的会话结合在一起，到处充满了淫靡的气氛。而另一方面则有如下的证词： 有一名妊娠的“马鲁太”被捕以后在狱中生了孩子。她为了救孩子一命，表示同意自己被用作任何“实验”。她流着眼泪，每天恳求看守人员救救这个孩子。只有部分部队人员知道这件事……但是在731部队看来，“马鲁太”的母亲只会生“马鲁太仔”。由于“马鲁太”是材料，那么，她的孩子也只不过像饲养老鼠一样地被饲养着而已。不消说，母子都遭杀害了…… 部队人员死后，准备了“安灵室”。可是等待女“马鲁太”母子的却仅仅是印上编号的卡片和焚尸炉。 “我们在日本占领的满洲领域内从未感到供应石井部队实验用的人体的不足……每年都有600人左右是以'特别移送'的名义送到我们那里。”这是731部队第四部（制造细菌）的负责人川岛后来在哈巴罗夫斯克进行的远东军事法庭中作出的供词。 “马鲁太”是在抗日战争中作为特嫌被宣布死刑的人，是“反正要杀掉的家伙”。这就是731部队大规模进行人体实验的“合理的”口实。 在满洲建设王道乐土，建立五族协和（蒙古人、满洲人、汉人、朝鲜人和日本人）的理想国家——这种宣传蒙蔽了绝大部分日本国民，军部本身也陶醉于这种歪理之中。然而，无论日本军部怎样任意制造出种种歪理，但是，在中国人看来，日军侵入他们的国家，用武力扩大占领地区，只能说是侵略者。 为反抗异民族的武装侵略而斗争，对这个国家的国民来说是理所当然的事情。把充满爱国心和民族独立观念的抗日游击队员、中国工人、农民以及学生们，当做“马鲁太”来对待，这当然是没有道理的。