Chapter 47 Section 2

After going into exile in Mengzi, Wu Mi brought with him the pessimism that had grown up in Nanyue, and it was worse than Hengshan.Chen Yinke and Wu Mi often went for walks to Nanhu Lake after teaching, and sang poems and essays together. From the few poems handed down to the world, we can see their sadness and sadness. According to Wu Miri's records: In May 1938, "It was raining continuously, people were already sad, and the news of the war was not good. On May 19, Xuzhou fell, and it was rumored that 400,000 Chinese soldiers were besieged, which was very dangerous. So Mr. Chen Yinke had "Long Spring" (1) (2) works, and Mi Hezhi".

Remnant Spring (1) Chen Yinke I came here for no reason to send off the last spring, and a corner of the lake tower alone mourns the gods. If you read history, you will know what is going on today, and you will remember the people of last year when you are talking about flowers. Across the river, the hunger is hard to save, and the emperor who abandons the world is more close to the common people. Knowing about Manshan leaves my mind, the red pomegranate is like fire and the green banyan is new. Remnant Spring (2) Chen Yinke The family is destroyed, the country is broken, and the body stays, but the spring cold in the guest house is like autumn.

In the rain, the sorrows and flowers are gone, and the birds are still chirping in front of the window. The minds of the crowd are already used to chaos, and only those who are alone will see Bo die. Standing still and meditating on God's will, it can be regarded as a blank five cents. Can Chun and Yin Ke Composed in Wu Mi, Mengzi, on May 21, 1938. Cloudy and sunny, wind and rain change for no reason, and trees and flowers are broken. Xiao Shengkong is proud of Jie Tanbao, and the overthrow of the army may eventually defeat Shidan. It is easy to live with the heart and the whole body, but it is difficult to resist insults with the same mind.

It has been so dangerous for a year, how can I look back and dream of Chang'an. In the poem, Wu Mi self-note: "Jetanburg today translates to Tannenberg (Tannerberg)." This sentence refers to the Battle of Tannenberg that took place in World War I in August 1914, also known as the Battle of Tannenberg. On August 17, 1914, the Russian First and Second Armies invaded East Prussia and marched towards the capital Konigsberg.Russian forces successfully entered Germany until the German Eighth Army counterattacked on 20 August.The Germans devised a trap to allow the Russian Second Army to advance into Germany and counterattack its supply lines in the rear. On September 2, the Russian army abandoned the entire combat plan. After the Battle of Tannenberg, it did not attack German territory again.Although the German army won the battle at Tannenberg, the German army did not plan that Russia would go to war in mid-August. Therefore, the German army used two troops to resist the Russian army, causing the German army's resources to be dispersed, which in turn affected the western front. fighting.Shidan in Wu Mi's poem, first translated as Sedan, today translated as Sedan, took place in a battle in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Napoleon III surrendered to Prussia due to defeat.In the poem, "Small victories in the sky are in Jietanbao, and the army may eventually be defeated by Shidan", which refers to the fact that the Kuomintang army won a great victory in Taierzhuang and Xuzhou soon fell.According to Wu Mi's diary: "Because of worrying that the Communist Party and the Nationalist Government could not cooperate satisfactorily, Mi's poems contain the words 'different minds and same hatred'. And Yin Ke also has a poem "Lanxia"."

Lanxia Chen Yinke The blue clouds in the sky are never accepted, and the blue clouds are far away from Shenzhou. Lou Gaoyan is far away from people, and the country is broken, flowers are blooming and tears are shed. There is no good price for willing to sell Lulong, and there are new worries about the police. Distinguishing the desire to die is no matter who will meet it, this hatred continues to die. According to Wu Mi: The word "Lanxia" comes from the last paragraph of Wu Wenying's "Preface to Yingti", while Yin Ke used it to refer to the Blue Shirt Party, commonly known as the Blue Shirt Society and the Red Army. "Yinke's meaning, I can understand it. I am patriotic and not a descendant, but I am extremely opposed to today's emphasis on concepts such as 'revolution', while ignoring the basic spirit of Chinese history and culture. There are also Japanese prisoners who can say this. Seen in the newspaper. This is the crime committed by the so-called "leaders" in the academic and ideological circles for more than 20 years, and it has never stopped."

Not long after, Wu Mi and Chen Yinke took a walk in Nanhu, and each wrote a poem on the title of "Nanhu": South Lake May 29, 1938 Wu Mi The South Lake alone recalls the West Lake, the country is broken, the body is idle, and the old dreams are full. Surrounding Guoqing Mountain, the clouds are hidden, and the green grass on the embankment is spread horizontally. Grief is deep and the heart has nothing to do, and friends gather and pity and feel lonely. There are endless calamities in the rise and fall of ancient times, and the beautiful scenery of good books is temporarily in danger.

South Lake Immediate View Written in Mengzi in June 1938 Chen Yinke The scenery actually resembles the old Beijing, and the lotus flower Haizi recalls the peace. The shadows on the temples by the bridge are still on and off, and the singing outside the building wakes up drunk. Traveling south should reflect on the past, and returning north is afraid of waiting for the afterlife. The Yellow River is difficult to stop and the gold is exhausted, and the sun is tens of thousands of miles away. According to Wu's explanation: "The South Lake in Mi is quite similar to the West Lake in Hangzhou, so there is a poem of 'South Lake alone recalls the West Lake'. The South Lake in Yinke is quite similar to Shichahai, so there is a poem of 'The scenery is like the old Beijing, and the lotus lake recalls the peace'. All together. But at this time, the Japanese army had captured Kaifeng (it was mid-to-early June) and broke the embankment of the Yellow River according to Longhai Road (the Chinese and Japanese armies slandered each other, and it is impossible to know which one was the one who broke the embankment). Death With tens of thousands of people, our military situation is quite disadvantageous. Therefore, Yinke lamented in his poems that "the Yellow River is hard to stop and the gold is exhausted" (referring to the low value of the national currency. According to the cloud, the words come from the "Historical Records" Fengchan Book or Hequ Book.), and Mi He Shi also has the responsibility opportunity of "Who will succeed Shun De Yu's merits, Shen Lu beat fish and believe it"."

Chen Yinke's poems are still famous for their many allusions and ambiguity, and almost none of them are non-canonical. If you don't understand the allusions quoted in the poems, it is difficult to see the mystery.Wu Mi's poetry was greatly influenced by Chen Yinke. When Wu and Chen were at Harvard, Wu once asked Chen for advice on the secrets of poetry. On May 25, 1919, "Rain Monk's Diary" contained: "Chen and Mei are the most closely tracked among those who have talked with me recently. Chen Jun is very profound in both Chinese and Western knowledge, and has excellent knowledge and thorough discussions. Mi admires it to the extreme. The ancients said, "One night's talk with you is better than ten years of reading." Chen Jun said that if you want to write poetry, you must read a lot. It is not appropriate to make up out of thin air. , the background of the sect of the Song Dynasty, the disputes between Cheng, Zhu, Lu, and Wang, and the origin and school of classics and history. Mi Da was stunned, and proved the experience of Western learning. If you have to be enlightened, you will finally close your ears." Also, "Yin Ke is used to holding Mi and waiting for him with a poem manuscript, and he is not allowed to keep Mi's banknotes. He immediately tears himself into pieces and throws them. But what Yin Ke did in the United States Mi can recite all poems."According to Wu Mi’s daughter Wu Xuezhao: “Father paid great attention to collecting Uncle Yinke’s poems, starting when he was a student at Harvard. He often said that Uncle Yinke didn’t write many poems, but they were exquisite and meaningful, and he was not familiar with historical allusions. Without rich literary knowledge and a very good understanding of the person, it is difficult to accurately understand the profound meaning of his poems. Uncle Yin Ke's discussion on poems is so wonderful. For example, writing notes for poems, and describing the situation at that time in detail, so as to benefit future generations People, Uncle Yinke called it "Jindian". Talking about the characteristics of Tang poetry and literature, he said that "in the Tang Dynasty, foreign races entered the Central Plains, and with a new spirit, a strong and lively blood, injected into the long-standing and antiquated culture, so The result is brilliant and brilliant, and has the grand occasion of European chivalry literature. And the Tang Dynasty literature is very imaginative, and it is also because of this."

Through these records and reminiscences, it can be seen that Chen had a profound influence on Wu's academics and writing poetry.Judging from the published Wu poems, they generally follow the lines of Chen's poems. As a generation of free intellectuals, Chen and Wu's poems reveal the sorrow and sorrow of the country's ruin and family destruction between the lines.But in terms of the overall quality and artistic value of poetry, Wu poetry is less coquettish than Chen poetry.Apart from Wu Mi's simple mention of the deep meaning of Chen Yinke's "Remnant Spring", there are also sentences such as "Reading history to know today's events early" and "Crossing the river to survive hunger is hard to save".When Chen Yinke lived in Lingnan in his later years, a book "Liu Rushi's Biography" was published. The opening sentence said: "When Yinke was young, he lived in Jiangning Toutiao Lane. At that time, it was still called peace in the sea, but those who knew it knew it would change. Yinke Although I was a child, I still have some feelings, because I want to look at the books I have never seen, so as to relieve my worrying thoughts." And "Preface to Jiang Bingnan" says: "In the year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, Yin Ke lived in Baixia One day, I happened to pick up old books on the shelf, and saw a collection of nine sons of Yitang. I picked it up and read it. Huaixinyou and Suojing's worries did not reach Shimin, Shenzhou was boiling, and the world was in turmoil. Yinke also traveled tens of thousands of miles east and west for the sake of studying, but ended up with nothing. For decades, people who have encountered world wars Second, the civil war is even more overwhelming..."

In Chen's gift to Jiang Wenzhong, there are two names that are unspeakable allusions, namely Xin You and Suo Jing.Xin You was a doctor in the Zhou Dynasty. When King Ping of Zhou moved his capital to Luoyang, Xin You saw a man with disheveled hair doing sacrifices in the wild near Yishui.It is the custom of the Rong people to wear their hair. Based on this, Xin You predicted that this place would become a place where the Rong people lived within a hundred years.After Xin You's death, the Later Qin and Jin Dynasties moved to the Rong people of Luhun to live on the banks of the Yishui River.Wu Rong, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, used this allusion in "Ganshi Jinqiao".The poem says:

Taihang and snow piled up in the clear sky, and the suburbs of February were still windy. Drinking horses has long been known to be near Weibei, and shooting eagles is now about to pass through Shandong. For a hundred years, there is Yichuan sigh, but Wulining has no Wei Jianggong? At dusk, the long pavilion is full of sorrow, and a song of mourning is garrisoned in the smoke. According to the interpretation of "Tang Poetry Advocacy and Commentary", this poem "refers to the fact that Sun Kui was defeated by Shatuo".Shatuo was called Fanzhen Li Keyong by the family name.In the first year of Tang Zhaozong's Dashun (890), Li Keyong entered the three prefectures of Xing, Luo and Ci.Regardless of the opposition of most ministers, Emperor Zhaozong adopted the proposal of Prime Minister Zhang Jun and others to send troops to challenge Li.Due to underestimation of the situation, the result was three defeats in three battles.Sun Kui, Zhang Jun's deputy, was killed when Li Keyong broke Luzhou (now southwest of Changzhi, Shanxi) in September of this year.Li Ke's army took advantage of the victory and burned and plundered the Jin, Jiang and Hezhong areas.The families of the common people were destroyed, and the land was desolate for thousands of miles.In the first month of the spring of the second year of Dashun, Emperor Zhaozong was forced to dismiss Zhang Jun and others from their positions, and in February he promoted Li Keyong to a higher rank.The poet Wu Rongshi was in Jinqiao, Luzhou, and he was inspired by this and wrote this poem.Wu Rongsheng was born in the era of separatist regimes and towns, and he had a premonition that the Tang Dynasty would perish, but he couldn't tell the truth directly, and he couldn't express his worries about the fate of the country skillfully with Xin You's allusions.At the same time, it shows the world that Xin You's prophecy was ignored during his lifetime, but praised after his death. What's the use of this?The words from the bottom of the heart are poured down on the tip of the hair.Although personally unable to turn the tide, Wu Rong, as a poet, still hoped that the emperor would adopt the method of Wei Jiang in ancient times in order to receive the "five benefits".Wei Jiang was a senior official of the Duke of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period. Shanxi, where the Jin State is located, is a place where Han and Rong live together, and wars often occur among ethnic groups.Wei Jiang once suggested to use the method of "harmony with the Rong" to resolve conflicts. He believed that "harmony with the Rong" had "five benefits". Jin Daogong adopted Wei Jiang's idea, so he received the political effect of "repairing civil affairs and improving the land".By affirming Wei Jiang, the poet Wu tactfully criticized the Tang Dynasty's military strategy against Li Keyong this time. Another historical figure, Suo Jing, was a famous calligrapher in the Western Jin Dynasty. He was a tired official who conquered Xi Sima and Shang Shulang, and was granted the title of Marquis of Anleting and posthumously named Zhuang.When the Western Jin Dynasty was about to perish, Suo Jing foresaw that the world would be in chaos, and pointed to the bronze camel in front of the Luoyang Palace and sighed sadly: "Meet you in the ears of thorns!" What Suo Jing refers to is a metaphor for the current situation of the Tang Dynasty.The poem says: Looking at the usual emerald chariot passing by, I can't hear the sad song of midnight ghosts. Jinyu does not return to the beauty of the city, and the Yudian is still divided into Yuanbo. Huating hears the cranes in dead memory, and the old worry about the royal family weeps the copper camel. Although the change of heart in heaven and earth is broken, it is not much more than hurting spring. Qujiang was the largest scenic spot in Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty. "The middle of Kaiyuan is a scenic spot... surrounded by flowers and bright smoke and water. People from all walks of life visit it, and it is prosperous in the middle and the festival" (Kang Pian's "Ju Tan record").After the Anshi Rebellion, it gradually became deserted.Tang Wenzong wanted to restore the story of Shengping, so in February of the ninth year of Yamato (835), he sent the Shence Army to repair Qujiang.In October, a banquet was given to all officials in Qujiang.Shortly after the change of Ganlu, it was ordered to stop repairing.Li Shangyin's poem was written in the spring of the second year after the incident. The rise and fall of Qujiang is closely related to the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty.The sixth sentence in Li's poem, "Old Worry about the Royal Family Weeping for the Bronze Camel", inherits the first "Wangduan" sentence and the couplet, expressing worries about the downfall of the Tang Dynasty's national fortune by Suo Jing's worry about the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty.The whole poem has a notable feature in terms of conception: it not only uses Qujiang's past and present to imply current events, but also expresses the feeling of "sorrowing spring" through the feelings of current events.And the sorrow of "the change of heaven and earth" is not the main body, and "sorrow of spring" is the real center.Although there are only two lines (sixth and eighth) in the poem that "sorrows the spring" positively, in fact all the previous descriptions directly and indirectly revolve around this center, revealing a strong "sorrowing the spring" atmosphere. Chen Yinke used Xin You and Suo Jing's two classics to say that when he was a teenager, he had a premonition that China would be chaotic and foreign enemies would invade.These two memories can be mutually confirmed with "reading history and knowing today's events".And the poem "Remnant Spring" coincides with Li Shangyin's "Qujiang" meaning of "sorrowing spring".But what is closer to the implication of Chen's poems is Chen Yinke's original family -- "Shangchun" written by Chen Yuyi in the Southern Song Dynasty. The disaster of Jingkang, the invasion of Jin soldiers, the wronging of the country by power and treachery, Gaozong's escape to the south, and Chen Yuyi's exile in the south of the Yangtze River, he expressed his worries about the country and his hope for the future national revival with the words "the temple can't do anything to calm down the army, and let the sweet spring shine on the evening peak". .In Chen Yinke's "Remnant Spring" poem, "Sleeping hands and meditating on God's will, it can be regarded as a blank five-point head", which comes from Chen Yuyi's "Baqiu Shushi" "not necessarily a high-ranking person must be Lu Xiao, and a rotten Confucian is blank nine-point head", which expresses the author's Facing the collapse of the country and the death of the family, he was unable to help the collapse of the building, so he could only worry and haggard, wandering in the mountains and rivers, lamenting the depression and indignation of Mintian.This kind of mood can be seen from the line in Chen's same poem "Crossing the river to survive the hunger, and abandoning the world to be more close to the common people". Mindu in the poem is also referred to as Mindu because of taboos, that is, Zhi Mindu, a monk in the Western Jin Dynasty.According to Liang Huijiao's "Biography of Eminent Monks", during the Jin and Song Dynasties, almost all the eminent monks who went south from the north were "translating scriptures", "interpreting meanings", "miraculous", "practicing Zen", "mingling laws", and "chanting scriptures". , "Xingfu", "Confucian classics (transcription)", "singing and guiding" and other aspects, among which "Yijie" has the largest number of eminent monks.Famous monks who went south during the Jin Dynasty include: Kang Sengyuan, Kang Fachang, and Zhi Mindu. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu·False Deceit" describes the Buddhist activities of the above-mentioned monks who went south and crossed the river and the southern monks influenced by them in a witty and relaxed style. , Mou said: "Use the old righteousness to go to Jiangdong, I'm afraid I won't be able to eat it." So we set up a "heart without righteousness". Since this Taoist can't cross, I have been giving lectures for many years. Later, some people from Lun came, and the first Taoist sent a message: 'Congratulations for me, how can I stand without righteousness? Treat this plan, have the right to save you, and do nothing to bear the Tathagata.'” At that time, not all the monks who went south across the river had smooth sailing, but with their deep understanding and mastery of Buddhist principles, the celebrities had to look at them with admiration.Chen Yinke, who was exiled in the border of Yunnan, used his support to cross the south, which was a metaphor for his helpless act of wandering in the southwest and making a living by teaching.Just as he said in his statement letter to Lao Gan and the History Group of the Institute of History and Philology: "This time I came to Mongolia to ask for food, and I dare not pretend to be a lecture." Treating this plan, the right to save the hungry" means. The "Jun Ping" mentioned in the last sentence of Chen Shi's "abandoning the world to be more familiar with the common people" is Yan Junping from Shu County in the Western Han Dynasty, whose name is Zun.Taoist scholar and thinker, "Hanshu" records that he lived in seclusion in the well of Chengdu City during the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, and used divination as a profession. "Because of the situation, lead it to be good", promote loyalty, filial piety, faith and righteousness and Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching to benefit everyone.Earn a hundred dollars a day to support yourself, that is, to read "Lao Tzu" behind closed doors.Jing Lao Zhuang's learning, lifelong non-official, wrote more than 100,000 words.More than 90 years old, ended with his career. According to Pu Xuefeng, a professor of the Department of Political Science of the United Nations University who is friendly with Chen Yinke, when he was in Mengzi, the Chen family wrote the poem "Remnant Spring" in handwriting as a gift, but it is slightly different from what was handed down later. The old hunger is hard to save, and Cao She's dream of perishing has come true." The first sentence is the same as "Crossing the River and the Hunger is Hard to Save"; the latter sentence is from "Zuo Zhuan Seven Years of Ai Gong": "At the beginning, the people of Cao or the gentlemen in the dream Standing in the She Palace, and plotting to kill Cao." Society: Cao Zhiguo Society.Later, "Caoshe's conspiracy" refers to the conspiracy to destroy other countries.Yuxin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty's "Ode to the South of the Yangtze River": "Ghosts conspire with Cao She, and people cry with Qin Ting" comes from this code, which shows Chen Yinke's pessimism and disappointment in the future of the War of Resistance.Chen's pessimism is in the same vein as the sentence in "The Scenery of the South Lake" that "when you travel south, you should think about the past, and when you return north, you are afraid of waiting for the afterlife". The so-called "Nandu", as Feng Youlan said in the "National Southwest Associated University Monument Inscription": "In the past history, if our nation could not gain a foothold in the Central Plains, it would be called Nandu. There is no one who crossed the South. Those who can go back to the north: Jin people crossed south, the first example; Song people crossed south, the second example; , the empty wish of the Song people." In 1937, the Japanese invaded on a large scale, and a large area of ​​the country fell, and the government and people went into exile in the southwest, which was the fourth southward crossing. "Yin Jian is not far away, after the Xia Dynasty", Chen Yinke was deeply pessimistic and worried about the future of this trip to the south, so there was a saying that "returning to the north may wait for the next life". As a historian, Chen Yinke looked at the present from history, trying to "seek historical knowledge in history" and seek "historical lessons".And the mirror left by China's long history to future generations is the fact that the feudal dynasty based in the Central Plains made three trips to the south and failed to return, and eventually perished.This fact has left a deep imprint on Chen Yinke's mind and cast a lingering shadow.With the fall of the late Qing Dynasty and the rise of the Republic of China, the impoverished and weak Chinese nation has just recovered from the breath of waiting for death, and then encountered the invasion of Japanese ghosts. According to China's military strength and the Chinese people's virtue of "deceitful and stupid", it is really difficult to compare with the great In Asia, the Japanese Empire, which has super political, economic, and military strength, contends.Regarding the understanding of this issue, Chen Yinke has the same and similarities with Ding Wenjiang, Hu Shi, Jiang Tingfu, the big names in the academic circle, and even the members of the so-called "low-key club" in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, including Wang Zhaoming, Zhou Fohai, Tao Xisheng, and Gaozong Wuzheliu among the top leaders of the Kuomintang. . Just when Chen Yinke was on the shore of Nanhu Lake in Mengzi feeling anxious about the country and groaning bitterly, his former boss and friend, the former dean of the Department of History of Tsinghua University, Jiang Tingfu, a famous modern historian, was in a house in Hankou, the actual center of the Nationalist Government. Here, he devoted himself to writing "Modern Chinese History".In this thin little book that the author called "I hope readers will only treat it as a preliminary report", Chiang talked about the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894, which was fought for the control of the Korean peninsula between the Qing Dynasty and Japan. In particular, he pointed out: "That naval war was the most important war for our nation before this all-out war of resistance. If we win, Korea will be safe, and there will be no problems in the Northeast. In the Far East, China will be on top of Japan. Therefore, the naval battle on August 18, Sino-Japanese War was an epoch-making war.” As everyone knows, China was defeated.In March of the following year, Li Hongzhang and Ito Hirobumi signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki Peace", under which China promised Koryo independence, cut off Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula, and paid 20 million taels of compensation.Jiang Tingfu said because of this, "Modern wars are definitely not a child's play. Of course, there will be losses if you seek peace without a war. This time, it is the Koryo's joint management that suffers. However, seeking peace after a defeat will suffer far more than peace without a war. Tongzhi, Guangxu The political leaders during the years, such as Zeng, Zuo, Li, Prince Gong, and Wen Xiang, originally wanted to avoid wars and try their best to strive for self-improvement. Unfortunately, people at the time did not allow them. country." Using the past to describe the present is naturally the usual method of literati and historians. Jiang Tingfu’s metaphors here have no secrets at all, and they are still nothing more than avoiding wars and cautious wars. Similar to Hu Shi and Chen Yinke’s concept of war. After the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, facing the fall of the Northeast and the Japanese invaders' attempt to annex North China and then conquer China in an all-round way, Hu Shi believed that China's military power was far from being able to compete with Japan, so he advocated avoiding war and seeking peace. The military power is not enough to fight, and the central military power will be destroyed in the war. Therefore, "it is better to seek peace than to seek peace before the war." He strongly advocated that the national government and Japan openly negotiate to resolve the outstanding issues between the two countries, so as to seek peace for ten years. of peace.This proposition made Hu Shi a target of the "main peace faction" and was attacked by the "main combat faction", and the head of the judiciary, Juzheng, said indignantly that he wanted to arrest him and bring him to justice.Many years later, Jiang Tingfu admitted in his memoirs: "I have never been afraid of Japan. I think: as far as China and Japan are concerned, China is weak and Japan is strong. I know that Japan has well-equipped land, sea and air force. There are well-trained soldiers and effective officers. Behind the army, they have the most patriotic, most industrious, most frugal, and most disciplined citizens. In spite of the above-mentioned advantages of Japan, I do not think that he will constitute a permanent influence on our country. I believe that time is in China's favor. No one can establish and maintain a great empire without the basic base of a strong country. Therefore, my main idea for the September 18th Incident is to buy time." In the winter of 1931, a friend told me that in the summer of that summer, [Japanese Foreign Minister] Coinhara asked Wang Rongbao, the then Chinese Minister to Japan, to return to Nanjing to report to the government. 'Report to your government.' Coinhara said, 'a Big things are about to happen. Unless the governments of China and Japan handle it carefully, both sides will be destroyed. Come and solve it with me as soon as possible. But, I must take advantage of it. If your government refuses to make concessions, my government will inevitably collapse , and the successor will be even more demanding than me, and he will be insatiable.' In fact, throughout July and August, Biyuan has been eager to seek opportunities for negotiation, while Nanjing and Northeast have tried to avoid it as much as possible. I can't help but feel that our government has mishandled it. It also makes me believe that the government of the Democratic Party of Japan is eager to localize the 'September 18th Incident'." In order to cope with this dangerous situation, the then Chinese Foreign Minister Gu Weijun proposed to designate the area around Jinzhou in the southeast of the northeast as a neutral zone to separate the Chinese and Japanese armies.This proposal was supported by Jiang Tingfu and other "Independent Review" factions, who believed that doing so would prevent the tension from spreading.Jiang said: "Independent Review was founded after the 'September 18th' incident. Naturally, there will be many articles discussing peace and war and whether the League of Nations can be trusted. No one in the "Independent Review" advocates immediate war against Japan. On this point, everyone is of the same opinion. At that time, Luo Longji, the editor of Tianjin Yishibao, published a widely circulated article titled "The muzzle of the gun must face outward, not inward". The main idea of ​​the article is to advocate Stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan. I replied to Roche in the "Independent Review", briefly saying: Hasty war against Japan will lead to failure, modern war requires long-term preparations, and then the whole country is mobilized. My colleagues in the agency did not express my opinion Dissent... Being with these people and often discussing current affairs with them, I can feel the anger in [Ding] Wenjiang's chest, and the sadness in Hu Shi's heart." Finally, Jiang Tingfu said with regret: "Days go by, Liberals are losing more and more power in Japan, and the main fighters who believe in force are on the rise. In China, anti-government elements take advantage of the pure patriotic enthusiasm of the people to call for war, but the government has no way to ease the mood of the people. I Feelings that a great program of reform and construction may replace the people's democratic war, but the government is powerless to do so. I think my colleagues at the Independent Review feel the same way, it's just that sometimes they express it and sometimes they don't .” What Jiang said is generally not bad, except that some of the more rational professors at Tsinghua, such as Chen Yinke, Ye Qisun, Jin Yuelin, and even Wu Mi, the main contributors to the "Independent Review", hold basically the same views as above. In April 1932, Chen Yinke published the article "The Postscript of Gao Hongzhong's Ming and Qing Heyi Articles and Chen Remnants" in "Tsinghua Weekly". Liaodong was trapped by Zhang and Li. Raising millions of soldiers cost billions of trillions of dollars. When the wealth was exhausted, the number of soldiers increased, and when there were more soldiers, the people became more and more impoverished. Judging from the way they dealt with the Qing people, they were neither capable of fighting , and dare not talk about peace. To achieve a situation of no war and no peace, and war and peace, the country will be destroyed by death. This fragment of old paper covers the key to the gains and losses of abolishment and prosperity three hundred years ago. I think that’s the case.” Jin Yuelin made a public review during the ideological reform movement in December 1951: “The Anti-Japanese Army is thriving, and I feel relieved like many intellectuals. But I have no confidence in the future of the Anti-Japanese War, so I always Want foreign countries to help, especially Britain and the United States." With regard to these different theories and voices, as Pu Xuefeng said, among the intellectuals, the moderate faction who advocates "if there is no firewood to keep the green hills", they are concerned about "whether there is any change in international relations and the world situation, and if there is any change." It is difficult to predict the gains and losses of its influence on our country.”That's why there was a quarrel that "Party A and Party B have different views, and the conclusions are different from each other".At this time, regardless of the main peace or the main war, it is a matter of different political strategies. It is a matter of personal perception and judgment of the current situation, that is, differences in political opinions. Of course, just mentioning the main peace cannot be regarded as traitors and Japanese imperialism lackeys.It would be a blessing to seek peace with Japan at a relatively low cost on the premise of not losing sovereignty.It's just that in fact, as Hu Shi later said: "It is more difficult to fight than to fight."And the general public always agrees that it is better to have jade broken than tile.Once Guoer turns into a full-scale war situation, the foundation of the nation-state will be shaken from time to time, and its strength will be inferior to others, and its energy will be insufficient.Therefore, after the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Pu Xuefeng in Mengzi once made such speculations: "The highest authorities would rather endure the humiliation for a while than lightly bring about the disaster, because the general high-profile commentators seem to be happy about it. Don't put all your eggs in one basket." Pu's speculation is justified.As early as 1932, Huang Kan, a master of Chinese studies, called out the voice of "shame and deep hatred are the same sun and moon, so you might as well throw everything at the same time" in the poem "The Death of Mu". The anti-Japanese enthusiasm was unprecedentedly high, and there was an act of Peking students going south to force Chiang to resist Japan.In such a turbulent tide of people, it is reasonable to say that Chiang Kai-shek was forced on the road of resistance by such voices. On July 31, 1937, Chiang Kai-shek specifically pointed out in the "Report to the Generals and Soldiers of the War of Resistance Against Japan": "The patience of the past few years, not to fight back when scolded, not to fight back when beaten, what are we for? Really for It is necessary to stabilize the interior, complete reunification, enrich the national strength, and at the last moment, come to the resistance war to avenge the shame. Now, since peace is hopeless, the only way is to resist the war to the end.” This speech has revealed Jiang’s inner good wishes and forced actions.But once the war started, Chiang Kai-shek put all his eggs in one basket as he himself said, and the strong men were gone forever. On December 29, 1937, Chiang Kai-shek's speech to Youren resolutely stated that "it is better to die than to surrender, not to die when defeated." This is Chiang's character, determination and attitude towards the war of resistance. One key that cannot be forgotten is that at the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek was eager for the help of Britain, the United States and other major powers to jointly expel the Japanese invaders. His sending Hu Shi, Jiang Baili and others to go abroad is a concrete manifestation of this strategic policy.However, people in Wang Jingwei's faction did not take this policy seriously. Fan Zhongyun, who was the political affairs deputy minister of the Ministry of Education of the Wang puppet government and the president of the puppet Nanjing Central University, once published an extraordinary article "Peace and War". After some nonsense about the difficulty of war and the difficulty of peace, he analyzed the gains and losses of the War of Resistance by taking the Southern Crossing of the Song Dynasty as a case and made the following conclusion: "In short, war is not easy, and peace is not easy. This is a serious matter of fact. Just like Li Gangzhi As the saying goes, you must 'be able to defend before you can fight, and after you can fight, you can make peace'. If you have no ability and want to take advantage of others to seek a chance, such as Song Dynasty's use of gold to destroy Liao, and Yuan to destroy gold, or think that this is China's use of barbarians to control barbarians The above strategy is actually the most stupid way. Yu Shenxing's "Dianshi Manlu" said: "Tong Guan helped Jin to destroy the Liao Dynasty, Huizong did not accept the advice of the teacher, and the Liao Dynasty was destroyed and the Northern Song Dynasty followed. Meng Meng Gong helped Yuan attack Jin, but Li Zong could not follow Qiao Xingjian's remonstrance, Jin was destroyed and Southern Song Dynasty also perished. When people are ill, they don't nourish their vitality and strengthen their muscles and bones, but if they forcibly lift the weight of the tripod, they will die from panting. Jin, the enemy of the world, the Central Plains, the homeland, destroying it and taking back its old borders, its words are not injustice and smooth, but because of the exhaustion of the half of the south of the Yangtze River, the new Fangrui of Mongolia, it is sick and weak, and it is a letter to the tripod. Therefore, both feelings and facts must be carefully considered and weighed. If you surrender yourself to seek peace, you will inevitably be humiliated, and you will be able to save yourself and survive. There is him! The death of the Southern Song Dynasty was like this. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Cheng had the potential to fight, but Qin Hui insisted on peace talks. As a result, Song Gu survived from this, and the general psychology hated peace talks even more. Pain and illness, almost unwilling to hear about it. So at the end of the season, he gave up peace and fought, and then subjugated the country. Peace and war are hard to say, so it is! Zhao Oubei said on the issue of peace and war in Song Dynasty: "Song is a country, It has always been achieved through peace talks, and died without peace talks. Because its military strength is weak, but it is worth the fortune of the three dynasties of the Liao and Jin Dynasties. The prosperity of the sky is not determined by manpower. It is a good strategy, but those who listen to it just take the peace as an insult and wantonly slander it. The so-called knowing the truth and not knowing the current situation is a good strategy, but it is not feasible to study the truth.' ("Twenty-two Shi Jieji") It cannot but be said to be fair.” According to Fan Zhongyun's point of view, China's Anti-Japanese War situation is just like the crisis situation faced by the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. In the face of a powerful and arrogant Japan, China could neither defend nor fight, and it was incapable.Chiang Kai-shek wanted others (British and American) to use barbarians to control barbarians. This is "the most stupid way", which is equivalent to "raising a letter for a sick person". Survival policy. It is worth noting that Fan Zhongyun’s article was published in the eighth and ninth issues of Tiandi in May and June 1944, not the pre-war and early days of the Anti-Japanese War when Hu Shi and Chen Yinke claimed the view of “main harmony”.At this time, Wang Jingwei had already established a puppet government in Nanjing, and became a hawk and a real accomplice in the hands of the Japanese. Naturally, it was not compared with empty talk about the age of the country and the nation.Regarding Wang Jingwei's treasonous behavior, Jiang Tingfu, who had many direct dealings with Wang, once said the following words: "As a person, Wang is very attractive. But he presided over the Luoyang National Crisis Conference and spoke many times. , I still can’t learn what his true intentions are. I know that he is opposed to the Anti-Japanese War. However, before he became the Chief Executive, his subordinates also mobilized students to demand war against Japan in order to increase the government’s difficulties. Politicians want to Struggles for power will do many strange things, but I think it is absolutely unforgivable to use the issue of peace and war as a means. Our colleagues in the "Independent Review" pointed out frankly at a dinner party when they learned that Mr. This appointment is detrimental to China. I myself have worked hard to prevent war against Japan in advance. Wang is also unwilling to fight against Japan for his personal reasons. But when he was in opposition, he desperately instigated war, and once he was in power, he wanted everyone to maintain peace. It's a lack of patriotism and sincerity to the country." Jiang Tingfu's last two sentences were regarded as hitting Wang Jingwei's culprit, while the words and deeds of Fan Zhongyun and others openly supported Wang's puppet government and Wang's rebellious behavior, and they were far away from political disputes. In essence, he has stood on the wrong side of history, turned to the opposite side of the people, and has become a typical traitor and a counter-revolutionary.