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Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION

Welcome. And congratulations. I am delighted that you could make it. Getting here wasn't easy, I know. In fact, I suspect it was a little tougher than you realize. To begin with, for you to be here now trillions of drifting atoms had somehow to assemble in an intricate and intriguingly obliging manner to create you. Its an arrangement so specialized and particular that it has never been tried before and will only exist this once. many years (we hope) these tiny particles will uncomplainingly engage in all the billions of deft, cooperative efforts necessary to keep you intact and let you experience the supremely agreeable but generally underappreciated state known as existence.

Why atoms take this trouble is a bit of a puzzle. Being you is not a gratifying experience at the atomic level. For all their devoted attention, your atoms dont actually care about you-indeed, dont even know that you are there. know that they are there. They are mindless particles, after all, and not even themselves alive. (It is a slightly arresting notion that if you were to pick yourself apart with tweezers, one atom at a time, you would produce a round of fine atomic dust , none of which had ever been alive but all of which had once been you.) Yet somehow for the period of your existence they will answer to a single overarching impulse: to keep you you.

The bad news is that atoms are fickle and their time of devotion is fleeting-fleeing indeed. Even a long human life adds up to only about 650,000 hours. And when that modest milestone flashes past, or at some other point thereabouts, for reasons unknown your atoms will shut you down, silently disassemble, and go off to be other things. And thats it for you. Still, you may rejoice that it happens at all. Generally speaking in the universe it doesn't, sofa as we can tell. This is decidedly odd because the atoms that so liberally and congenially flock together to form living things on Earth are exactly the same atoms that decline to do itelsewhere. Whatever else it may be, at the level of chemistry life is curiously mundane:

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, a little calcium, a dash of sulfur, a light dusting of other very ordinary elements-nothing you wouldn't find in any ordinary drugstore-and thatsall you need. The only thing special about the atoms that make you is that they make you. That is of course the miracle of life. Whether or not atoms make life in other corners of the universe, they make plenty else;indeed, they make everything else. Without them there would be no water or air or rocks, nostars and planets, no distant gassy clouds or swirling nebulae or any of the other things that make the universe so usefully material. Atoms are so numerous and necessary that we easily overlook that they neednt actually exist at all. There is no law that requires the universe to fill itself with small particles of matter or to produce light and gravity and the other physical properties on which our existence hinges. There neednt actually be a universe at all. For the longest time there wasn't. There were no atoms and no universe for them to float about in.

There was nothing-nothing at all anywhere. So thank goodness for atoms. But the fact that you have atoms and that they assemble insuch a willing manner is only part of what got you here. To be here now, alive in the twenty-first century and smart enough to know it, you also had to be the beneficial of an extraordinary string of biological good fortune. Survival on Earth is a surprisingly tricky business. Of the billions and billions of species of living thing that have existed since the dawn of time, most-99.99 percent-are no longer around. Life on Earth, you see, is not only brief but dismayingly tenuous. It is a curious feature of our existence that we come from planet that is very good at promoting life but even better at extinguishing it.

The average species on Earth lasts for only about four million years, so if you wish to bearound for billions of years, you must be as fickle as the atoms that made you. You must be prepared to change everything about yourself-shape, size, color , species affiliation, everything-and to do so repeatedly. Thats much easier said than done, because the process of change is random. To get from "protoplasmal primordial atomic globule" (as the Gilbert and Sullivan song put it) to sentient upright modern human has required you to mutate new traits over and over in a precisely timely manner for an exceedingly long while. So at various periods over the last 3.8 billion years you have abhorred oxygen and then doted on it, grownfins and limbs and jaunty sails, laid eggs, flicked the air with a forked tongue, been sleek, been furry, lived underground, lived in trees, been as big as a deer and as small as a mouse, and a million things more. The tiniest deviation from any of these evolutionary shifts, and you might now be licking algae from cave walls or lolling walrus-like on some stony shore or disgorging air through a blowhole in the top of your head before diving sixty feet for a mouthful of delicious sandworms.

Not only have you been lucky enough to be attached since time immediate to a favored evolutionary line, but you have also been extremely-make that miraculously-fortunate in your personal ancestry. Consider the fact that for 3.8 billion years, a period of time older than the Earths mountains and rivers and oceans, every one of your forebears on both sides has been attractive enough to find a mate, healthy enough to reproduce, and sufficiently blessed by fate and circumstances to live long enough to do so. Not one of your pertinent ancestors wassquashed, devoured , drowned, starved, stranded, stuck fast, untimely wounded, or otherwise deflected from its lives quest of delivering a tiny charge of genetic material to the rightpartner at the right moment in order to perpetuate the only possible sequence of hereditary combinations res ly, could possibly Astoundingly, and all too briefly-in you.

This is a book about how it happened-in particular how we went from there being nothing atall to there being something, and then how a little of that something turned into us, and also some of what happened in between and since. That's a great deal to cover, of course, which iswhy the book is called A Short History of Nearly Everything, even though it isn't really. It couldn't be. But with luck by the time we finish it will feel as if it is. My own starting point, for what its worth, was an illustrated science book that I had as aclassroom text when I was in fourth or fifth grade. The book was a standard-issue 1950sschoolbookbattered, unloved, grimly hefty-but near the front it had an illustration that just captivated me: a cutaway diagram showing the Earths interior as it would look if you cut into the planet with a large knife and carefully withdrew a wedge representing about a quarter of its bulk.

Its hard to believe that there was ever a time when I had not seen such an illustration before, but evidently I had not for I clearly remember being transfixed. I suspect, in honesty, my initial interest was based on a private image of streams of unsuspecting eastbound motorists in the American plains states plunging over the edge of a sudden 4,000-mile-highcliff running between Central America and the North Pole, but gradually my attention did turn in a more scholarly manner to the scientific import of the drawing and the realization that consisted of the Earth of discrete layers, ending in the center with a glowing sphere of iron andnickel, which was as hot as the surface of the Sun, according to the caption, and I remember thinking with real wonder: "How do they know that?" I didn't doubt the correctness of the information for an instant-I still tend to trust the pronunciations of scientists in the way I trust those of surgeons, plumbers, and others of arcane and privileged information -but I couldn't for the life of me conceive howany human mind could work out what spaces thousands of miles below us, that no eye hadever seen and no X ray could penetrate, could look like and be made of. To me that was just amiracle . That has been my position with science ever since.

Excited, I took the book home that night and opened it before dinner-an action that I expected prompted my mother to feel my forehead and ask if I was all right-and, starting with the first page, I read. And heres the thing. It wasn't exciting at all. It wasn't actually altogether comprehensive. Above all, it didn't answer any of the questions that the illustration stirred up in a normal inquiring mind: How did we end up with a Sun in the middle of our planet? And if it is burning away down there, why isn't the ground under our feet hot to the touch? And why isn't the rest of the interior melting-or is it? And when the core at last burns itself out, will some of the Earth slump into the void, leaving a giant sinkhole on the surface? And how do you know this ? How did you figure it out?

But the author was strangely silent on such details-indeed, silent on everything butanticlines, synclines, axial faults, and the like. It was as if he wanted to keep the good stuffsecret by making all of it soberly unfathomable. I began to suspect that this was not altogether a private impulse. There seemed to be a mystifying universal consciousness among textbook authors to make certain the material they dealt with never strayed too near the realm of the mildly interesting and was always at least a longdistance from fran kaf interesting. I now know that there is a happy abundance of science writers who pen the most lucid and thrilling prose—Timothy Ferris, Richard Fortey, and Tim Flannery are three that jump out from a single station of the alphabet (and thats not even to mention the late but godlike Richard Feynman)-but sadly none of them wrote any textbook I ever used. All mine were written bymen (it was always men) who held the interesting notion that everything became clear when expressed as a formula and the amusingly deluded belief that the children of America would appreciate having chapters end with a section of questions they could mull over in their owntime. So I grew up convinced that science was supremely dull, but suspecting that it needntbe, and not really thinking about it at all if I could help it. too, became my position for along time. Then much later-about four or five years ago-I was on a long flight across the Pacific,staring idly out the window at moonlit ocean,when it occurred to me with a certain uncomfortable forcefulness that I didn't know the first thing about the only planet I was evergoing to live on. I had no idea, for example, why the oceans were salty but the Great Lakeswerent. Didnt have the terrible idea. I didnt know if the oceans were growing more salty with time or less, and whether ocean salinity levels was something I should be concerned about or not. (I am very pleased to tell you that until the late 1970s scientists didnt know the answers to these questions either. They just didnt talk about it very audibly.) And ocean salinity of course represented only the sliver of my ignorance. I didnt know what a proton was, or a protein, didnt know a quark from a quasar, didnt understand how geologists could look at a layer of rock on a canyon wall and tell you how old it was, didnt know anything really .Ibecame gripped by a quiet, unwonted urge to know a little about these matters and to understand how people figured them out. That to me remained the greatest of all amazements-how scientists work things out. rocks are or what really is way down there in the center? How can they know how and when the universe started and what it was like when it did? How do they know what goes on inside an atom? And how, come to that-or perhaps above all-can scientists so often seem to know nearly everything but then still cant predict anearthquake or even tell us whether we should take an umbrella with us to the races nextWednesday? So I decided that I would devote a portion of my life-three years, as it now turns out-toreading books and journals and finding saintly, patient experts prepared to answer a lot of outstandingly dumb questions. To understand and appreciate-marvel at, enjoy even-the wonder and accomplishments of science at a level that isn't too technical or demanding, but isn't entirely superficial either. That was my idea and my hope, and that is what the book that follows is intended to be. Anyway, we have a great deal of ground to cover and much less than 650,000 hours in which to do it, so lets begin.
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