Chapter 3 Formation of the Japanese Invading Army and the Kuomintang Army

The reorganization of the national army was supposed to start in the 18th year of the Republic of China, but due to frequent civil strife, it was delayed until the Army Reorganization Conference in Nanchang in the 22nd year of the Republic of China. Because there were still large-scale combat operations in the south, this time the reorganization The army building meeting ended without a problem. It was not until the victory of the Jiangxi campaign and the Southwest Warlords bowed their heads after the June 1st Incident that there was a formal army building plan for the 25th year of the People's Republic of China.

Before the 25th year of the Republic of China, although there were several establishments of instructors and the release of several establishment tables, the instructors immediately changed to field divisions, and the establishment tables were issued as if they were written.Until the 25th year of the Republic of China, with the advice and assistance of German consultants, the supply of German-style munitions was guaranteed under the barter trade of Hebulou Trading Company, and the import of munitions and military equipment was changed to be guided by Yu Dawei's military industry system, ending the procurement of foreign firms. History.Coupled with the threat of a strong neighbor in the north.The formal reorganization of the national army and the construction of the army finally kicked off.4.5 million national currency was allocated for the start-up fee alone, which shows that the authorities have made up their minds and will never turn back.

The ultimate goal of the Army's army building is to have sixty German defense divisions.It is planned to be completed in the 27th year of the Republic of China.These sixty divisions are further divided into thirty adjustment divisions and thirty finishing divisions.In the 25th year of the Republic of China, 20 divisions were first adjusted, and in the 26th year of the Republic of China, another 10 divisions were adjusted.And released the five principles of the whole army: 1. Unified organization. 2. Enrich small units and reduce large units. 3. Increase the combat effectiveness of troops. 4. The regular fee will not increase. 5. Human resources are handled in accordance with the law.

Among them, the adjustment division is relatively compendium. First, the teaching corps is set up to prepare a model for the equipment of the adjustment division, and train and train sergeants for each adjustment division.The organization of the finishing division is relatively heavy. It is proposed to set up an instructor to prepare a model for the equipment of the finishing division, and to train and train sergeants for each finishing division. 1. Adjustment series: (1) The establishment of the Teaching Corps is: Corps Headquarters 1; Infantry Regiment 3; Sergeant Battalion 1; Cavalry Team 1; Artillery Battalion 1; Engineer Company 1; Communication Corps 1 Company; ; Secret service company 1; officer education team 1; military music platoon 1;Equipped with 12 Xinshan guns, 20 seventy-five infantry guns, 20 Sanqi anti-aircraft guns, 20 twenty small anti-aircraft guns, 42 mortars, 80 heavy machine guns, and 278 light machine guns.

(2) The adjusted division organization is: Division Headquarters 1; Infantry Brigade 2; Infantry Regiment 4; Cavalry Company 1; Artillery Battalion 1; Engineer Battalion 1; Communication Battalion 1; horse division), 11579 members (mountain gun pack horse division), 2381 mules and horses (field gun), 2324 (mountain gun).Equipped with 12 wild (mountain) guns, 24 small guns, 24 82 mortars, 74 heavy machine guns, and 336 light machine guns. 2. Finishing series: (1) The establishment of instructors is: Division Headquarters 1; Infantry Regiment 3; Cavalry Company 1; Artillery Regiment 1; Engineer Battalion 1; Communications Battalion 1; Supply Battalion 1;The personnel establishment is 12837 members (field artillery), 13314 members (mountain artillery), 3633 mules and horses (field artillery), and 3687 horses (mountain artillery).Equipped with 36 new field (mountain) guns, 12 two-centimeter guns, 18 82 mortars, 72 heavy machine guns, and 264 light machine guns.

(2) The organization of the division is: Division Headquarters 1; Infantry Brigade 2; Infantry Regiment 4; Cavalry Company 1; Artillery Regiment 1; Engineer Battalion 1; Communication Battalion 1; Health Team 1; Name (field gun), 13903 member name (mountain gun).Equipped with 36 wild (mountain) guns, 16 howitzers, 24 two-centimeter cannons, 24 82 mortars, 74 heavy machine guns, 224 light machine guns, and 649 pistols.There were 776 shell guns, 6666 rifles, and 1568 lances.Source: Archives of the History and Political Compilation Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense. Oscar commented: The so-called debate on sorting out and adjusting ambiguities can be stopped!The so-called adjustment means that the national army will enrich the existing complete divisions and brigades to meet emergency needs.The so-called sorter means that the national army took the German infantry division as a model and simplified it to construct a complete and enriched strategic unit.The adjustment is the first, the cost is slightly less, and the teaching team is used as a model.After sorting out, the cost should be more, and the proposed instructor is used as a model.Unfortunately, the Chinese military adjusted a number of divisions and entered the house immediately after the violent neighbors. Later generations believed that the adjusted divisions were the ultimate form of the national army's reorganization. Authoritative books such as the Chinese military history all misunderstood this.The children of later generations have read history so far, and they have to rest for a long time for the lonely, painstaking attainments and ambitions of the national army to build the army.B. The adjustment division established with the assistance of Germany: This plan for building an army has a deep German imprint on it.Before the plan for reorganizing and building the army in the 25th year of the Republic of China, the national army already had quite a number of German-armed troops and had undergone German-style training.For example, at the beginning of the 25th year of the Republic of China, Falkenhausen pointed out in his report to Brinckmann, the contact person in Germany, that by the end of the 24th year of the Republic of China.The organized modern troops already include: 1. One fully German-style demonstration brigade. 2. 9 units of the Krupp Mountain Artillery. 3. 7 units of the Krupp Field Artillery. 4. Heavy field howitzers (15cm caliber), two units (but equipped with 8 sunken howitzers and 8 Japanese wildcat howitzers). 5. Two grenade detachments equipped with 24 Rhinesteel motor vehicles. 6. An engineering regiment (divided into three brigades). 7. A tank brigade: 24 British Cardan L Rloyd small tanks, 16 same-type amphibious tanks, 16 German Vicker tanks (what stuff????) 8. Five British Bofors air defense Anti-aircraft artillery unit.At the same time, 24 15cm cannons, 20 3.7cm cannons, 20 7.5cm cannons, thousands of 24-type rifles, 100 Cruzbu new motor vehicles, 30 Six German tanks, 120m bridge and baggage with outboard motors.There are also a large number of munitions in Solothurn, Oerlikom, and Breda.

The national army's adjustment and arrangement of the establishment of the divisions also all infiltrated the suggestions of the German consultants.For example, the new formation division has greatly enriched the regiment-level firepower.It turned out that the old regiment had only one heavy machine gun company, six heavy machine guns, one mortar company, and four 82 mortars, and each regiment had no more than 1,500 people.The firepower of the newly organized regiment has increased to eight heavy machine guns, six mortars, and additional directly subordinate units such as communication, ground, search, engineering, and transportation, so that each regiment can step into a new large regiment of about 3,000 people.Just at the suggestion of Falkenhausen, keeping an eye on the German-style establishment.A lot has been said on the Internet about the organization and scale of military trade between Germany and China, so I won’t repeat them here.Just add some numerical information.

The Sino-German trade barter trade treaty was signed in March 1936. Germany first provided a loan of 100 million marks, and the government could purchase arms and other materials within this amount, and repay it with minerals.In the end, apart from the more than 9.81 million marks allocated to the Resource Committee, the remaining 90 million marks were all used to purchase arms and supplies.Since the 25th year of the Republic of China, the total amount of arms exported by Germany to China has more than tripled since the 24th year of the Republic of China.It can be said that the government is buying arms frantically.Without the support of the 100 million marks, the national army would not be able to fight the early stage of the war of resistance.In the 24th year of the Republic of China, the national army had only more than 800,000 rifles, more than 300 cannons, and only 60 million rounds of ammunition in stock, which is obviously embarrassing.

From the 25th year of the Republic of China to February of the 26th year of the Republic of China, the national army purchased and received the following heavy equipment: 1. Seventy-nine Maxim machine guns, 1,131 pieces. 2. 2 cm anti-aircraft guns, 96 pieces. 3. Centimeter anti-aircraft guns, 126 pieces. 4. 40 centimeter howitzers. 5. 60 cm anti-aircraft guns. 6. 8 new 15cm fort guns. 7. There are 14 new centimeter fortress guns. 8. A full company of six-ton ​​medium tanks (14 vehicles). 9. A full company of four and a half tons of armored vehicles. 10, 12 cm anti-aircraft guns.In addition, there are a large number of rifles, bullets, equipment, vehicles, sanitary products, Guantong equipment and so on.It is these equipment that completed the construction of 20 adjustment divisions and some special forces.The adjustment of these divisions was completed in April of the 26th year of the Republic of China, and Wang Wenxuan, the Secretary of Military Affairs, reported to Jiang Juwen.

There are four points that these adjustment divisions can pay attention to. The first point: isn’t there only nine divisions in the first company’s teaching team?It turned out that there was an independent brigade of Zhong Song in the second division. It turned out that this brigade was planned by the editor, but because the independent brigade was to be guarded in the direction of Songhu, the designation could not be too irritating to the Japanese. The second division has supplemented the brigade. In fact, the brigade can be called a division, and there are 19 companies short of troops.The second point: The so-called 36, 87, and 88 German weapon model divisions are actually no different from other adjustment divisions. They all have the same equipment. They also lack a division artillery company, a team battle anti-aircraft artillery company, and a division anti-aircraft artillery company. , Regiment, Small Artillery Company and other troops.However, he has been participating in the battle of Songhu, so he has a higher status.Only the teaching corps is the model unit of the real adjustment division, with a very large organization and sufficient equipment.Only one health team is missing.The third point: These adjustment divisions are not all direct descendants. There is also the old base of the Northwest Army, the 27th Division. It is very interesting to compare the fifth and third armies, the only old base of the Northeast Army, in the mechanized troops of the United States.The fourth point: each division is basically short of one artillery company (each division has only eight mountain artillery), four anti-aircraft artillery companies in the regiment, one anti-aircraft artillery company in the division, and a small artillery company in the regiment (that is, the German Infantry guns) are also all missing.There are also other subsidiary units that are not completely complete, and some divisions may have anti-aircraft artillery and small artillery.It can be seen that it is quite difficult for the national army to arm these twenty adjustment divisions.As for the organizer, it was even more unthinkable.Therefore, what the commentators say about the sorter and the adjuster is nothing but spectacle.In the early days of the Chinese People's War of Resistance, there were only these 20 adjustment divisions as the backbone of the armed forces.Oscar commented: 100 million Marks, the people of our country are at the mercy! (Just kidding) On the eve of the stormy day, our government was vertical and horizontal, and received a lot of assistance from the violent day's Western allies, and was able to initially build up the army.Although the number of the twenty divisions is very small, they all rely on the strength of the twenty divisions to fight first in Shanghai and then in Pengcheng.Then destroy the dream of China's death in the violent day and March.In the past year, the German-style reorganization of the army has made great achievements.

Disclaimer: The information comes from the Internet and is for readers' reference only! ————————————— The standing army of the Japanese Army had seventeen permanent divisions at the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, numbered Konoe, One to Twelve, Fourteen, Sixteen, Nineteen, and Twenty.The establishment is a four-team system, that is, each division has two brigades, each brigade has two infantry regiments, and the infantry regiment has three infantry brigades. The brigade has four infantry squadrons and one machine gun squadron. Squadron, a brigade artillery squad, an infantry squadron governs three infantry squads, and a squad governs a machine gun group, a grenadier group and two rifle groups.In addition, each division also has an artillery regiment, a logistics regiment, an engineering regiment, and a cavalry regiment.These divisions are divided into two types, one is the draft horse system with a total staff of 28,500, and the other is the draft horse system with a total staff of 25,000. 1.class: The Japanese army has 13 people per squad, including the squad leader, 4 machine gun shooters and 8 riflemen.There is a light machine gun, four people (commander, shooter, two deputy shooters with ammunition), these four people are equipped with self-defense pistols, and sometimes carry rifles in battle (except for machine gun shooters); the remaining eight riflemen , each with a single-shot rifle.Among the specially strengthened troops, the strengthened squad will be equipped with an additional 50mm grenadier carried by two people. 2.Squad: A squad of the Japanese army has three squads of the aforementioned organization and a grenadier squad equipped with three grenadiers.A total of 54 people. 3.Squadron: A standard 180-man infantry squadron of the Japanese army includes: a 19-man squadron headquarters: squadron leader, executive officer, 3 sergeants, 4 health officers, officer's orderly, bugleman, 8 correspondents), 3 aforementioned 54 People's Squad. 4.Team: A standard 1,100-man brigade of the Japanese army includes: a 30-member brigade headquarters, a 110-member transport squadron (carts, mules and horses), and some brigades merge their transport squadrons into the wing.Four aforementioned infantry squadrons (some have only 3); a 174-man machine gun squadron (14-man company headquarters and 3 machine gun platoons, 1 ammunition platoon), each with 4 heavy machine guns, a total of 12 (some There are only 8 guns in the company); a 55-man artillery platoon (a 10-man platoon headquarters, a 15-man ammunition squad, and two 15-man artillery squads each equipped with a 70mm Type 92 infantry gun), very few The unit is equipped with a 122-man artillery battery (including a 27-man ammunition platoon, and two 31-man battery platoons each equipped with 2 infantry guns).Among these small number of artillery companies, those who are very lucky to be assigned 20MM anti-tank guns can be organized into four platoons of 24 people equipped with 2 anti-tank guns. In this case, the ammunition platoon must be expanded to 39 people. 5.Alliance: A standard 3,800-man regiment of the Japanese army includes a 54-member command headquarters; a 121-member transport team (carts and mules and horses), carrying supplies for the regiment headquarters and each company directly under it, and field operations that may be attached to the division galley; an 81-man ammunition platoon carries a day's worth of ammunition.Three infantry brigades; an artillery squadron of 122 men, including a company headquarters of 25 men, an observation squad, an ammunition platoon of 31 men, three artillery platoons of 31 men (each with 2 artillery squads of 15 men, Equipped with a 70mm 92 infantry gun).Very few wings have an artillery brigade of 364 men, organized into two squadrons of 170 men, each with 4 guns.The wing belongs to the anti-tank squadron with 122 people: a company headquarters of 20 people, an ammunition platoon of 21 people, and three artillery platoons of 33 people (each with two 37mm anti-tank guns).The communication squadron has a telephone platoon (4 to 6 telephone shifts, 3 telephones per shift, and a switchboard), a radio platoon (5 to 8 radio stations), and the telephones and radio stations are assigned to each brigade and each direct subordinate team during the battle.The health system of the wing is very weak. There are only 2 doctors and 2 health workers in the wing, 3 doctors and 4 health workers in the brigade, and 4 health workers in the squadron. 6.division: The divisional units of the Japanese army mainly include: 3 infantry wings, a field artillery wing, a reconnaissance wing, an engineering wing, a transport wing, and a communications team.The field artillery wing consisted of 2,322 people, and there were three artillery brigades of 688 people, each equipped with 12 75mm field guns or mountain guns. Only some divisions replaced one of the brigades with 105mm guns.The reconnaissance wing consists of 730 people, including a wing headquarters of 130 people, a cavalry squadron of 130 people (4 platoons of 30 people), two motorized squadrons of 160 people, and a truck transport squadron of 100 people (at least Those two motorized squadrons could be transported on paper).This scouting wing could also be replaced by a cavalry wing of 950 men.The engineering wing consists of 900-1,000 people. It has almost no mechanical equipment and can only undertake very few tasks. The more professional tasks are mainly carried out by the attached independent engineering wing.The size of the transport wing depends largely on the number of trucks available, and theoretically consists of a truck brigade and a mule and horse wagon brigade.Truck brigades consisted of 2 or 3 squadrons, each with up to 50 tons of trucks, and many divisions were short of trucks, some at all.In one division of the Japanese army, there are 54 75MM field guns or mountain guns. A few divisions replaced the 75MM guns with 12 105MM guns. In terms of trucks, the Japanese army has a maximum of 100-150 trucks. Cavalry squadrons, each squadron has 123 horse rifles and 2 heavy machine guns. The cavalry wing of the cavalry division: 4 subordinate cavalry squadrons, each squadron has 119 horse rifles, 2 light machine guns, 1 heavy machine gun squadron, 2 subordinate squadrons, 4 heavy machine guns.Attached is the establishment of the 4th Cavalry Brigade of the Japanese Army in 1945: brigade headquarters, 15 people in the headquarters, 80 people in the guard squadron, 30 people in the communication team, and 20 confidential personnel, a total of 145 people. Reference materials: Historical Military • Anti-Japanese Two-person Walk