The famous Russian writer Turgenev (1818-1884) in the nineteenth century was an outstanding and talented artist.He painted a vast picture of Russian social life, created various vivid artistic images, and revealed the beautiful hearts of the people.He developed Russian realist literature with his own art treasures. Turgenev was born and spent his childhood on a landowner's estate in the village of Rutovinov in Spasskoye, Orel province.From 1827 to 29, he studied in a private boarding school in Moscow.He entered Moscow University in 1833 and transferred to the Department of Literature and History of Petersburg University the following year.From 1838 to 1842, he studied philosophy and classical literature at the University of Berlin in Germany.He returned to his hometown in 1842, but later went abroad for a long time.

Turgenev started his literary career with poems such as "Balasha" (1843), "The Landlord" (1846).The publication of his "Hunter's Notes" (1847-52) was regarded as a great event in Russian literary life.These feature articles, set against the natural scenery of the central region of Russia, extensively describe the life of the landowners and farmers of the manor, and deeply expose the seemingly civilized and benevolent nature of the landowners, but in fact they are ugly and cruel. Sympathy for the bullied working people.The progressive thought circle at that time called it "a violent artillery fire" against serfdom and a "book that ignited the fire".In 1852, Turgenev was arrested for writing an article mourning the death of Gogol, but in essence because of the social and ideological tendency of his "Hunter's Notebook", he was sent to Spasskoye-Rutovinov village for house arrest .During his house arrest, he wrote the novella "Mumu", indicting serfdom with hatred.The period from the 1950s to the 1960s was the most vigorous period of his creation, which coincided with the gradual rise of social movements in Russia, and he reflected all aspects of social life in a timely manner.The novel "Luo Ting" (1856), "A Noble House" (1859), the novella (1858), "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) showed the aristocratic intellectuals Words out of action, theory out of practice some typical features.The novel "The Eve" (1860) reflects the progressive social thoughts that emerged in Russia on the eve of the collapse of Russian serfdom.The novel (1862), which occupies a central place in Turgenev's writing, depicts the ideological conflict between two social forces-the democrats and the liberal aristocracy.

In the early 1860s, the writer himself turned to the Liberal side in the ideological conflict between the two schools, breaking with the revolutionary democrat publication "Modern Man" for which he often wrote.His transformed thinking revealed itself in a novel written in 1867, in which he described reactionary aristocrats and participants in the revolutionary movement with equal negativity.The last novel "Virgin Land" (1877) is about the Russian populist movement in the 1970s.The content and tendency of the late work "Prose Poetry" (1882) are multi-faceted, with both pessimistic and optimistic sentiments, both lyric and satirical.Turgenev also wrote plays (1857) and "Village January" (1855).

Turgenev's graceful writing style, ingenious structure, and fresh and concise language are deeply loved by readers.His works have been translated and introduced very early, and the translators include well-known writers of the older generation, as well as my contemporaries.In those years when Turgenev created, the serf owner was no longer possible Unchangingly maintaining their own rule, the poverty of peasants is deepening day by day, which makes them have the possibility to move to the frontier of history independently.However, there is still a lack of subjective conditions for this situation to turn into a revolution. The people who have been enslaved by serf owners for hundreds of years have not yet been able to stand up and fight for their own interests extensively, openly, and consciously.

As a representative of the Enlightenment thought at that time, Turgenev was deeply dissatisfied with the autocratic serfdom and its economy, law, and police system; he advocated popularization of education, self-government, and overall Europeanization. farmers' interests. As mentioned above, Turgenev belonged to the liberal wing of the Russian social movement.By his own explanation, "When we were young...'liberal' meant someone who opposed all darkness and oppression, respected science and education, loved poetry and art, and above all the people..." He admired the revolution The lofty sentiments of people with lofty ideals, and their civilian spirit of dedication to the cause.However, unlike the other wing of the social movement, the revolutionary democrats, he only advocated "progressiveness". I like the "peasant democracy" of democrats such as Dubrubov and Chernyshevsky.All of these cannot but be reflected in his artistic creation.

But Turgenev is a deep realist writer, he must put the major objective events of history within his field of vision, and take the reproduction of life as an unshirkable responsibility to create typical models in line with the times.Bazarov in the book can be said to be a Russian citizen in the 1860s. A very characteristic expresser of the spirit of denial during the Enlightenment: "We think it is beneficial, and we act accordingly... The most useful thing at the moment is negation, so we also negate it." The author believes that a period of social change will always be accompanied by certain This bias, the spirit of negation is often one-sided, ruthless, and destructive in the early stages of social change, but later, after the society has undergone changes, the destructive color will fade.The result of negation will be affirmation, because new things develop themselves through the negation of old things.

There is no doubt that Bazarov reflected the thinking of progressive democratic intellectuals.Turgenev said in a letter to his friend, the Russian poet Sluchevsky: "He is called a nihilist, but he should actually be read as a revolutionary." When Arsanov, a liberal among the aristocrats, was arguing, he asked his opponent "even if one example from contemporary life, whether it is family life or social life, does not lead to a comprehensive and ruthless negation. ". Turgenev affirms Bazarov, who understands that negation is an effective weapon for the victory of the new, and it has historical significance.The author is good at capturing the main and advanced ideas in life in the 1860s. He saw that the negationists, that is, the nihilists, are "more sensitive to the needs of the people" (the author's words), and their thoughts have something in common with the people. .Bazarov retorted to Pavel Kirsanov: "You do not approve of my choice, but who told you that the path I chose was a whim and not inspired by the spirit of the people you have repeatedly preached?"" My grandfather farmed the land, you can ask any of your farmers to see whether he first recognizes you or me as a compatriot." The book describes Bazarov, "The servants almost have a good impression of him, although sometimes they have to be beaten by him. Make fun of, they feel that this person is not the master, but one of their own"; "He has a special ability to make his servants trust, although he never accommodates them, his tone of speech is also lazy."All these qualities are affirmed and cherished by the author.

But the Bazarov described by the author lacks a complete social ideological system. He "denies everything", but in terms of construction, according to Bazarov's words, "it is not our business. First of all, we must clean the ground." He undoubtedly With left-leaning anarchist extremes.In the author's pen, nihilists have the spontaneity to ruthlessly destroy everything, they are one-sided, always angry and sullen.Turgenev described Bazarov's grim appearance as follows: he speaks rudely, his tone is arrogant, and he avoids "romanticism", that is, all poetic and picturesque things that belong to the spiritual feeling.In 1862, the author wrote to Herzen and said: "The main thing is that I don't describe him as an ideal character. I don't think so important about his ideological system. I mainly want to write him as a wolf. He defended - of course, it was difficult, and it seems I failed to do so."

Bazarov does not submit to any authority, does not regard any maxim as a belief, no matter how respected the maxim is.Herzen attributed Bazarov's nihilism to "completely and utterly getting rid of all ready-made concepts and stereotypes".Dobrolyubov further agrees: "The new man - he is an opponent of idealist philosophy, because idealist philosophy regards the principle as higher than the simple truth of life." I don't like it: "What kind of science do you mean? General science? Science, like crafts, has specific categories, but general science does not exist." Here he only recognizes specific science, and puts "general science "That is to say, philosophy has completely denied it.He regards philosophy as "romantic" philosophy, decadent, nonsense, and the same concept as romanticism.Mann therefore believed that Bazarov's speculation "has been liberated from Hegel's Allgemeinneit totality".Bazarov believes that human behavior is not determined by abstract rules that must be followed, but by real life: "Generally speaking, there are no rules,... only feelings. Everything depends on feelings." Bazarov Rove's protest against Kirsanov's maxim is the democrat's protest against idealism.According to Dubreubov, the democrats among the common people at that time "not only understood, but also personally felt that there is no absolute thing in the world, and everything has only its relative meaning", so they resolutely "get rid of the absolute idea and start To get close to real life, and replace all abstract concepts with their view of reality."Limiting the events of the novel to 1859 has its own merits.

The reason is that the liberals and the revolutionary democrats broke completely that year.Turgenev focuses on the divergence of these two social forces.The representative of the former is Pavel Kirsanov, who is more progressive and enlightened among the nobles, and the representative of the latter is Bazarov, a revolutionary democrat and civilian intellectual.The author chooses such a typical environment and typical characters to illustrate that the contest between the two forces is the confrontation between two different classes. Has the nature of directly opposing the nobility.The two hate each other, and the hatred is manifested in the levels of clothing, behavior, disposition, emotion and ideology.

When Bazarov first met Pavel Kirsanov, he was disgusted by his "arrogant, outspoken, dandyism", "supercilious posture" and aristocratic appearance. Ursanov: "Antique!" "He is in the countryside, but look at his clothes! And his nails, those nails are worth exhibiting!" The latter, "the aristocratic disposition can hardly tolerate Bazarov's arrogance", scolded "this doctor's son , not only did not have any respect for the elders, but even answered weakly, absent-mindedly, arrogantly and rudely." In the debate Pavel Kirsanov described himself as a progressive liberal who affirmed the "true aristocracy" - the "British aristocracy" who "give England its freedom and support it" .But Bazarov dismissed it: "We have heard this old tune so many times." Because at that time, Britain was far away from Russia.Bazarov scoffed at Kirsanov's liberal views on patriotism and reforms, as well as his beautiful words about the Constitution and Parliament. He himself was ready to join a large-scale social movement. He called for positive social change: "If the society is rebuilt, the root cause of the disease will be eliminated." Yet Turgenev, in affirming the historical necessity of the democrats' negation of everything, did not elevate the nihilists to the heights of defeating the aristocrats - the "fathers", even when writing about Bazarov and Pavel Kirsa Nor did he fully side with Bazarov in his eloquent arguments.For example, Pavel Kirsanov retorted to Bazarov that the progress of society is not due to negation, but the affirmation of "civilization achievements", and nihilists only negate for the sake of negation, they are like life In a vacuum without air. Here Turgenev sees the conflict between Bazarov and Kirsanov as a contest between two social and historical forces, both of which have fallen into a one-sided misunderstanding; both parties to the conflict are only partially justified, Although the two extremes of Russian intellectuals understand and sympathize with the people and their needs, there is a third person above the two-the Russian people, the final judge, the impartial person of right and wrong; "Sphinx" - a mystery. To stand above the two schools of thought, to remain unbiased, to take seriously and objectively the actual flaws of both sides of the debate, is something only a great artist can do.We can't assert that Turgenev belongs to such a great artist, but he did write the dispute between the two factions into a misunderstanding as the tragic ending of this novel. The author understands the historical inevitability of democrats wanting to split from the nobility, but he opposes the nihilistic attitude of denying the cultural heritage of the "parents".His father's generation had his inherent social weaknesses and historical limitations, but he was sensitive to beauty, had a delicate feeling for sorrow and joy in life, and could perceive people's pain when there was no happiness. He loved poetry, art, and art. All valuable cultural heritage.Nikolai Kirsanov was a poetic man who liked "to let his solitary thoughts, sad and happy, run free," and he, the "old romantic," was in the garden, at night, when the When the stars are twinkling in the sky, let’s imagine, “He walked for a long time until he was too tired to walk, but his wandering and inexhaustible worries lingered in his heart.” As for Pavel Kirsanov, "he was not a romantic by nature, and his heart, as hard as ice and as cold as French, is not good for fantasies", but this Pavel Kirsanov, There is also a human connotation in that he encounters the "mysterious force of life," falls victim to the passion of his own love, and has to sink into a "terrible emptiness," lost in a "purposeless life," in which he is "alone." A whole body, gradually entering the twilight, that is, the years when regret is like hope, hope is like regret, old age is coming, and youth is no longer." On the other hand, the author appreciates the fortitude and anti-feudal vigor of "Zi Dai", that is, the nihilists, but does not appreciate Zi Dai's indifference to beauty, his views on literature and art, especially his treatment of romantic passion and people's inner feelings. Attitude. Once Bazarov's negation necessary for history enters the field of human emotion, it becomes false and unreal, which also leads to Bazarov's self-contradiction.According to the book, Bazarov "likes women very much and their beauty", but "he regards chivalrous feelings as a disability, a disease", and what he values ​​first in women is "a slim figure". ", what I think of when interacting with them is "pleasure".But Bazarov destroyed his theory and fell in love with Anna Odintsova sincerely. He found in himself a romanticism that he was hostile to and contrary to the nihilist point of view, and he could not find it. reasonable explanation. "In his conversations with Anna Odintsova he treated all romantic tendencies more coldly and contemptuously than before, but when he was alone he could not help thinking of them in himself. "When Bazarov pushes the negation to the limit, his behavior and feelings destroy his nihilism in turn. It is necessary and effective negation to fight against the old social system, and the result cannot adapt to people's feelings and dispositions. .Under such circumstances, Bazarov's "romantic" personality began to show the natural attributes of positive people and no longer succumbed to his nihilism. However, his nihilism tried to stop and dominate his emotional flow, so the conflict between the two led to Bazarov's personal tragedy.The book says: "He could have easily quelled the tumult of the blood, but there was something new conceived within him, which he never allowed to exist and deliberately restrained, which his pride had resolutely opposed ’” He suppressed his instincts with all his might; with what result?After the failure of the love field, he dramatically endured the pain and grievance of unrequited love, and lost his inner balance, spiritual joy and work emotions. "The frenzy of work is gone, replaced by a bitter loneliness, restlessness, his every move looks so tired that even when he walks, he no longer walks with the firm, forward step. Steps." Bazarov said that it was not accidental that he was ruining himself, because he had laughed at Pavel Kirsanov and his love tragedy, but now it was his turn to feel the pain of love tragedy. coming pain. Bazarov's spiritual crisis is also manifested in philosophical and social pessimism.He and Arkady lay beside the haystack and thought aloud: "This little place I occupy is so small compared with the vast space, and that vast space is without me and has nothing to do with me; I can This period of time passed is so small in front of eternity, and I can't reach eternity, there is no me in eternity... But in this atom, at this point of mathematics, the blood is circulating, but the brain is working , have hope..." Man and nature are not contradictory antagonistic relations, but in Bazarov's view, they are two absolutely opposite forces.While affirming the spiritual power of man, he has to lament that he is attached to nature which is independent of man's will.From his pessimism in philosophy and from his psychological estrangement from the natural world, Bazarov bred his indifference to the fate of future generations. "For example," Bazarov said to Arkady, "you said today when you passed by the village chief Philip's white and beautiful hut, if only the last peasant in Russia could live in such a hut. , then Russia will be perfected, and each of us should contribute to its realization... But I hate the last peasants like Philip or Siddor. Why should I work hard for them, he even Don't say thanks?...Even if you say thank you, how much is it worth? He lived in a beautiful hut for nothing, and I was old enough to die, so what will happen in the future?" However, in the novel, the individual born of estrangement from nature The pessimism of life was mended by Turgenev, and thanks to the author's power, the sense of loss of people in front of nature can be bridged to some extent.Bazarov died prematurely, on the threshold of a society that was about to undergo great changes. Turgenev described the deserted rural cemetery at the end of the novel. The powerful lyric expresses his firm belief in the value and meaning of life: "Are their prayers, their tears fruitless? Is love, holy, sincere Love is not omnipotent? Oh, no! No matter how passionate, sinful, and rebellious the heart is buried in the tomb, the flowers on the tomb still look at us leisurely with their pure and innocent eyes. They not only look at us Telling the great peace of 'indifferent' nature, they also talk about eternal reconciliation and the endless life... "Natural life has its variety and infinity, this is the eternal law, Turgenev This serves as a lively and optimistic ending, which sublimates the tragedy.Here, the tragedy caused by inevitable contradictions is resolved by realizing that the world is a dialectically developing process, and by touching the strong and full natural life whole and its internal harmony. Scholars have always believed that Bazarov, in essence, is connected with various social-psychological typicals of the "people of the 1960s" in the nineteenth century, and is connected with the main ideological tendency of the times.Indeed, the author extensively collected life materials in order to shape the "overall image of democrats", recorded his observations in advance in his diary, and paid attention to Dubreubov, Chernyshevsky, Pisarev, Zayce husband and many other democrats' actions, views.Of course, Turgenev's contacts with them also contributed to the creation of this novel, not just from "acquaintance Doctor Dmitry" like the author's self-effacing.The author tries to use Bazarov to create a typical representative of democratic intellectuals in the 1960s. The main feature of this typical representative is to completely deny everything.But this image is so majestic that it is not limited by the space of that era.It is plausible that Turgenev said that the characteristics of his Bazarov did not only cover the 1960s, because he wrote Bazarov and included Bazarov in the vast majority of "sincerely negating" In a group of people, he not only puts the protagonist side by side with Dobrolyubov, but also puts him with Belinsky, Bakunin, Herzen, etc., so that his cognitive value exceeds the displayed value. that era. With the progress of history, Bazarov's image has become more and more complicated. When contemporary people discuss Turgenev's novel, they are still arguing and putting forward opinions one after another, (at least the college students here and graduate students.) It seems that Turgenev did succeed in displaying some inherent characteristics of Russian national consciousness and Russian social development.