Tolstoy's friend, Judge Coyne, told him a true story: A young man of high society, while serving as a jury in a court, recognized a prostitute accused of theft as the adopted daughter of his relatives.He had seduced the girl and impregnated her.The hostess who adopted her kicked her out of the house when she found out about this.After the girl gave birth to the child, she sent him to the Infant Hall. From then on, she gradually degenerated, and finally fell into a low-class brothel and became a prostitute. The young juror recognized her as the girl he had raped, and came to the court prosecutor, Coney, and told him that he wanted to marry the prostitute to atone for his crime.Kony sympathized with the young man very much, but advised him not to take this step.Young people are stubborn and won't give up their ideas.Unexpectedly, not long before the wedding, the prostitute died of typhoid fever.

This story is like a seed falling into Tolstoy's fertile heart. After several years of brewing, it began to sprout and grow, and finally became a towering tree.This is where it came from. It took ten years (1889-1899) for Tolstoy to write.At that time, he had entered old age, and his world view had undergone drastic changes. He completely denied the tsarist system, and Russian society was on the eve of the Great Revolution, which was about to come. The painstaking effort that Tolstoy puts into writing is amazing.For this purpose, he specially visited many prisons in Moscow and other provinces, went to court to attend trials, contacted prisoners, lawyers, judges, jailers and other figures, went deep into the countryside to investigate the lives of farmers, and also consulted a large number of archives for popular analysis and research.Tolstoy was immersed in the passion of creation for many years. In the first six years, he wrote three drafts successively.However, later he felt that he could not continue writing, and he was extremely dissatisfied with the draft that had been written, and he was very distressed.The story told by Kony has been "transformed" by Tolstoy, and the ending becomes that the hero and heroine abandon their past feuds and finally get married. Although they are exiled in Siberia, the man writes books and talks, educates the children, and the woman studies to help her husband. The couple lived a peaceful life.But Tolstoy later found that describing the fate of the hero and heroine in this way does not conform to the reality of life, but is purely personal wish, so it is false.Not only that, Tolstoy witnessed the suffering of hundreds of millions of people, and felt that it was not enough to just write about the personal fate of two people. He wanted to reveal the dark tsarist empire deeply and truly reflect the fate of the insulted and damaged people.Therefore, the main line of writing that takes the male protagonist of the confession nobleman as the main line must be changed. Instead, the life experience of the commoner heroine Maslova should be used as the main line, and the suffering of the people should be extensively described through this main line.

Then, Tolstoy's creative thought developed further.He believes that the heroine should be continuously sublimated to finally appear radiant, while the hero should be written as a unique penitent aristocrat with noble pursuits and ridiculous shortcomings.The final draft reflects the author's idea.However, Tolstoy still did not give up the idea that the hero and heroine would eventually get married.This vision took root in Tolstoy's mind from the very beginning, and he really hoped that two unfortunate good people would finally be happy.But whether there is any basis for such happiness, Tolstoy had doubts in his heart, and finally he came to the conclusion that it is impossible for the hero to revive the heroine spiritually, and it is impossible for the heroine who has been revived to marry him. ,live together.This is the reality of life.When Tolstoy clarified this point, it had been nine years since he first started writing, but since then it has been relatively smooth to finalize the draft.It can be seen from this that Tolstoy treats creation seriously and strives for perfection. As he said, he puts "a piece of his own flesh into the ink tank".

Tolstoy sets the heroine Katyusha Maslova as the hub of the book, and strives to shape this artistic image, making her shine in the galleries of Russian literature and world literature figures.Katyusha Maslova is a commoner woman, an ordinary member of the Russian people.She reflects the simplicity, purity and kindness of the lower class people, and also shows the wanton ravages and cruel persecution of her by an unreasonable society. Her history of blood and tears is the most powerful accusation and the most merciless whipping of the ruling class. Katyusha Maslova was originally a girl as pure as crystal. She was innocent, lively, intelligent, and full of beautiful longings for life.Her initial affection for Nekhludoff was a vague first love of a girl, but this affection was soon spoiled by the noble young master.She was expelled from the aristocratic family after she became pregnant, experienced the vicissitudes of life, rolled down the social ladder, and finally rolled into the fire pit, living an inhuman life for seven years.But the suffering was not over yet, and she was falsely accused of murdering her money, went to prison, and was put on trial.

Despite all the hardships and hardships, Katyusha Maslova did not lose her precious humanity.She is always so kind and kind.Even in a hellish cell, she always cared about others and helped her fellow sufferers.She saw the child's hungry eyes, and she couldn't eat calmly.Nekhludoff cruelly ruined her life. She hated Nekhludoff, but once she found out that the latter really had a sincere repentance, she forgave him from the bottom of her heart and gave Nekhludoff For the sake of future life, he rejected his marriage proposal.What a lofty spiritual realm this is! However, Katyusha Maslova is indeed a complex and individual character.In addition to being kind, she also has a strong self-esteem.This kind of self-esteem made her especially unable to bear the ravages of her by others, so she had the idea of ​​resistance and revenge.But her situation is helpless, and her resistance and revenge are childish and ridiculous.She humiliated herself and became a prostitute, thinking that this was revenge on all the men who had bullied her, especially Nekhludoff, who once loved her. Little did she know that those men had no sense of shame at all. Her actions didn't make them feel the slightest bit of guilt, but she herself could only keep deteriorating.

When she first recognized Nekhludoff among the visiting personnel, she did not curse, but smiled naturally, thinking about how to get some money from him.While the warden was not looking, she snatched the ten-rouble note from him and hid it.This action seems to show that she is shameless, but her spirit is not completely corrupted.We see that when she was taken to court by soldiers as a female prisoner, she did not care about the contemptuous looks of passers-by, but when a countryman selling coal came up to her, made the sign of the sign of the cross, and gave her a kopeck, she blushed. Yes, put your head down.This shy expression was like a flash of lightning, though weak, but it illuminated her soul and revealed her pure nature.At the same time, this is also a foreshadowing, which indicates that the heroine will be "resurrected" spiritually.

The awakening of Katyusha's soul happened just when she fell to the bottom, which is very thought-provoking.At that time, in her mind, being a prostitute was still a reliable means of earning a living, so she was unwilling to accept Nekhludoff's suggestion to change such a life.She flattered Nekhludoff, only hoping that he would help her get out of prison and return to the brothel as soon as possible, and at the same time get some more money from the rich man.But Nekhludoff kept talking about atonement, saving her, and marrying her.Katyusha absolutely did not believe his confession, and was so disgusted with him that she could not restrain her anger, and cursed: "Go away! I am a convict, and you are a prince. What are you doing here?" ?” “You want to use me to save yourself,”

"You use me for fun in this life, and you want to use me to save yourself in the next life! I hate you, your glasses, and your fat and ugly face. Go, you go!" In rage, Katyusha Maslova regained her human dignity.It was also from this day that she opened the floodgates of memories, letting the blood and tears of the past surge out like a tide, impacting her numb heart tortured by suffering. Tolstoy took pains to portray Katyusha Maslova.At the beginning of the novel, the author let her enter a kaleidoscope of colorful life.All kinds of characters are connected with the heroine, some with words, some with eyes, some with actions, and some with ideas.This inextricable connection not only highlights the image of the characters, but also strongly reflects the characteristics of the times and the social atmosphere.On the one hand, it is suffocating endless suffering, on the other hand, it is the lewdness and shamelessness of soul erosion!

Tolstoy has always respected reason in the arrangement of plots, never creating accidental coincidences or misunderstandings and conflicts, but he also pays attention to twists and turns, delicate and fascinating.This creative feature can be said to have reached its peak.For example, when Nekhludoff met Maslova in court, he was nervous for fear of being recognized by the other party and making a fool of himself in public, but Maslova just stared at his face absent-mindedly for a long time. She did not recognize him.For another example, when finalizing the case, except for the stupid and vicious deputy prosecutor, both the judge and the jury wanted to give Maslova a lighter sentence.However, due to the corrupt official style and sloppy handling of the case, those bureaucrats who control the fate of the people simply ignored the suffering of others, and stupidly increased Maslova's sentence.As Maslova's suffering deepened, the complex features of her character became more and more exposed.She is at the bottom of society, but she thinks she is above other suffering people.She is talented and intelligent, with rich experience, she can see many harsh social phenomena clearly, and see through the ugly souls of the upper class, but sometimes she is naive as hell, and she is easy to believe in other people's rhetoric, and she is deceived in the end.She felt desperate in the abyss of suffering, so she gave up on herself, but this was only to numb herself, otherwise she would not be able to live.This situation also shows that Katyusha, who is pure in nature, has not completely perished. Once the time is right, she will be "resurrected" spiritually.Tolstoy's creation of this charming artistic image deeply reflects his extremely sincere feelings for the lower class people, so he can so strongly shock readers' hearts, and thus shout "I accuse!" to the dark old Russian society .

In the novel, the artistic image of the male protagonist Nekhludoff is second only to Katyusha Maslova in terms of status, but from the perspective of revealing the theme of the novel, he is the key figure in the whole book.It is not a novel that simply describes personal joys and sorrows, but an epic that reproduces the face of Russian society on the eve of the 1905 revolution.Katyusha Maslova's unjust case does not take up much space in the book, and Tolstoy just uses this unjust case to continuously expand the scope of exposure and criticism: first, the absurd court, then the dark prison, the suffering The countryside and the decadent high society, and finally the shady government agencies.And the role used to realize this creative intention is Nekhludoff.The image of Nekhludoff is more complicated than that of Katyusha Maslova.In the first half of the novel, he is an image of an aristocrat who is completely denied by the author, but in the second half, he is sympathized and praised by the author.In fact, it was more than sympathy and praise. At this time, Nekhludoff became the spokesperson of Tolstoy's thoughts.With his superb artistic techniques, Tolstoy perfectly unified Nekhludoff, who was completely different from the previous ones.Grasping this point is the key to understanding the image of Nekhludoff.It would be inconceivable if it were not for Nekhludoff's spiritual awakening until he became a rebel, whistleblower and protester in the upper class.

Nekhludoff came out in the same state of mental coma as Katyusha Maslova did.He lived a life of extravagance, dissoluteness and shamelessness, with empty spirit and inaction. However, there was still a seed of pursuit of justice hidden deep in his heart.When he was young, he held the view that "justice does not allow private ownership of land". Not only did he write this type of paper, but he actually distributed a small piece of land inherited from the previous generation to farmers.Today, he has inherited a large amount of land, but he can neither give up the property nor deny the ideals of his youth, and he is distressed by this.Nekhludoff encountered such distress as soon as he came on the stage, which is obviously a foreshadowing of the author, implying that Nekhludoff is not exactly the same as ordinary nobles, and there is still a ray of light in his heart, and he will continue to improve spiritually in the future. There is also the possibility of awakening. In fact, Nekhludoff's mental health factors are more than these.He also felt guilty about his behavior after playing with and abandoning Katyusha.In order to make himself live happily, he forced himself not to think about it, trying to forget it.On the surface he did just that.But deep down there is no way to do that.He was very sad to learn that the pregnant Katyusha was kicked out of the house by his aunt.Although his aunt said that Katyusha was dissolute and depraved by nature, he still could not escape the condemnation of his conscience.From this it can be seen that Nekhludoff is still different from those aristocratic lords who have no shame and only seek pleasure.Because of this, Nekhludoff was sitting on pins and needles after recognizing Katyusha in the jury box, and a complicated and painful struggle unfolded in his heart. Nekhludoff's transformation process, how to make it logical and free from chiseling marks is a big problem in art.Although Nekhludoff still had healthy factors left in his spirit, the "spiritual man" and the "beast man" often had conflicts in his heart, and he also performed "soul purification" several times.After he recognized Maslova in court, he took the initiative to go to prison to beg her for forgiveness, and was willing to marry her to atone for his sins, but these actions were not his true spiritual awakening and resurrection.We saw that Nekhludoff was frightened in court, not because he condemned his shameful behavior, but because he was worried that his reputation would be ruined. The whole thing was revealed, which made him make a fool of himself in public.” However, Nekhludoff later mustered up the courage to visit Katyusha in prison, which was a major step for him.This dreamy spiritual seeker has finally taken concrete action, taking the first step to say goodbye to the old me!Just when he saw Katyusha, whom he hadn't seen for many years, he still didn't admit that he was cruel and despicable in his heart, but condescended to examine the unfortunate woman who had been raped by him.But through the conversation after the reunion and the behavior he saw of Maslova, he gradually saw the depth of the spiritual depravity of the woman he had framed. proud."And after Maslova's spirit fully awakened, his heart was really touched. "Until now he understands all his sins ... realizes the depth of his sins ... feels how much he has done her harm. ... Nekhludoff had always been a self-admired man, and he was proud of his own confession. Now he finds it all horrific." Nekhludoff's spiritual awakening began at this time. From then on, Nekhludoff began his "suffering course" of betraying the aristocratic upper class.He first denied himself completely (it was extremely difficult, but he did it), then he denied his aristocratic friends, even his parents, and the entire high society.He felt painfully, "All this is abominable and shameful at the same time. It is really shameful and abominable, and both abominable and shameful."In order to rescue Maslova, Nekhludoff went to court again and again, went to the countryside, and interviewed judges, generals, governors, ministers of state, and court attendants one after another.He traveled around and witnessed all kinds of ugliness in Russian society, and he was deeply moved.From the act of rescuing Maslova, he gradually developed and strengthened his determination to betray the upper class. He angrily protested against the tsarist autocracy and exposed the bloody crimes of the upper bureaucracy.To a certain extent, this reflected the sentiments of the majority of the lower class people, and also gave off the breath of a revolutionary storm that was approaching. Katyusha Maslova and Nekhludoff failed to become relatives in the end. Does it conform to the reality of life?Why did Katyusha reject Nekhludoff's marriage proposal?Did she forgive Nekhludoff, or even fall in love with Nekhludoff again?These issues attracted the attention of readers and critics when they came out, and there have been different opinions.This "endless discussion" not only reflects the author's unconventional ideas, but also shows the powerful charm of real works of art. The ending of the hero and heroine, as mentioned above, was determined by Tolstoy after repeated thinking.The author, like all kind readers, sincerely hopes that Katyusha, who has gone through all kinds of hardships, will find happiness in the end, and also hopes that Nekhludoff, who has changed his mind, can get his wish, because everyone can see how sincere and deep his love for Katyusha is. , It can be called "bitter love".However, as a master of realism, Tolstoy's creative creed is: "The reason why an artist is an artist is that he does not see things the way he wants to see them." In a word, you cannot lie in art. Did Katyusha Maslova forgive Nekhludoff?This is not difficult to judge.Nekhludoff not only worked for Maslova's injustice, but also worked for other wronged prisoners and revolutionaries.He worked hard, persevered, and showed sincerity.In addition, after Nekhludoff's spiritual awakening, he betrayed the upper class and approached the lower class people.Katyusha, as a member of the lower class, was relieved to see this.And magnanimity, forgiving those who can be forgiven, is also a virtue of the lower class people. Has Katyusha Maslova fallen in love with Nekhludoff again?The answer is yes.Katyusha Maslova had always considered Nekhludoff the best man she had ever met, despite the cruelty he had done to her.Her first love for Nekhludoff was pure and sincere, and she has always kept this precious feeling in her heart, but it was "buried deep in the memory intact and sealed so tightly, like The bee seals up the borer's nest."In fact, it was not impossible for a woman so affectionate as she to love Nekhludoff again after forgiving him.but.It was also impossible for Maslova to love him as before after the bloody and tearful torture.Her love has faded greatly, but it can also be said to have sublimated. Maslova's love for Nekhludoff no longer has the fanaticism and idealization of her girlhood, and she does not want to marry him.The fragrance of budding love is gone, the fresh and delicate petals are faded, some things are lost and never returned, life is so harsh!Of course, these are only some of the reasons why Maslova rejected Nekhludoff's marriage proposal.She weighed the matter carefully: if she agreed to the marriage, it would seriously affect Nekhludoff's career, and it would be difficult for him to live in high society.This is impossible for her.I would rather endure the harm of others to myself than to hurt others. This is the way of life of the positive protagonist in Tolstoy's works, and it is also the way of life of Katyusha Maslova.They would not do such immorality, and neither would Katyusha Maslova. As for Katyusha Maslova accepting the marriage proposal of the political prisoner Simonsson, that is another matter entirely.Maslova was forced to do hard labor in the ice and snow of Siberia. There is a man who does not dislike her because of her background, but sincerely sympathizes with her experience and hopes that her life will be easier. What a precious feeling!Simonson was a political prisoner.These political prisoners are lofty in the eyes of Katyusha Maslova, they "are amazingly beautiful, not only have never been seen before, they are simply unimaginable".Katyusha Maslova did not understand and could not understand the thoughts and causes of political prisoners, but she knew that they were "surprisingly good" people and could be trusted.Katyusha Maslova respected and trusted Simonsson more than she loved him.This feeling was very different from her early infatuation with Nekhludoff.Their combination is also reasonable. Katyusha Maslova's injustice is not just a personal tragic experience, and Tolstoy's focus is not only on the joys and sorrows of the hero and heroine.Centering on Maslova's tragedy, he described the suffering of the people majesticly, so in a sense it can also be said to be a picture of the suffering of the Russian people in dire straits.In the prison, there are particularly clear scenes of horrific scenes.For example, the unjust case of Minshoff's mother and son.Ming Xiaofu's wife was occupied by the hotel owner, and Ming Xiaofu was falsely accused of being an arsonist.The lawyer saw at a glance that the fire was set by the hotel owner himself in order to earn an insurance premium.The Minshov mother and son have no evidence of any crime and are still in prison. "This is all due to the excessive efforts of the investigator and the carelessness of the deputy prosecutor." Another example is that 130 masons went out to make a living, but they were detained as criminals just because their ID cards had expired.Even the warden knew that they were innocent, but out of the cruel idea that "the common people have become bad and must be strictly controlled", he still imprisoned them and beat them with sticks.In addition, there are believers who are persecuted because of their different religious beliefs.In short, the prison is full of inmates who have been held on "unnecessary" charges. Outside the prison, the life of the lower class civilians was also miserable.Nekhludoff shuddered at the poverty he saw in the countryside. "Common people died one after another... Children died young, women were engaged in heavy labor beyond their capabilities, and food was generally insufficient, especially for the elderly." A farmer was caught and imprisoned by the government for stealing two small trees belonging to the landlord , the wife in the family had to rely on begging to support the three children and the sick old man.The situation of children is especially dire. "The doll's face is like that of a little old man, but it keeps showing a strange smile and wiggling its convulsive thumb." "...twisting two slender legs like earthworms."Landlords, housekeepers, and police are all so domineering and vicious. They fine farmers at every turn and force them to work to pay for it, regardless of their life or death. In the cities, the lower classes were also tortured.The washerwomen were "pale, with thin arms, and some had tuberculosis, and lived like convicts. There, no matter whether it was winter or summer, the windows were always open, and they washed and ironed clothes in the soapy steam at 30 degrees."The painter was "barefoot in worn-out shoes and covered in paint from head to toe... with a tired and angry face".The wagon driver was "covered in dust and black in complexion".Beggars "in ragged clothes, with puffy faces, standing on street corners with their children begging for food..." It is indeed a shocking picture of the suffering of the people.Here Tolstoy raises a sharp question: How is the suffering of the people caused?Who is the culprit?How can the people live a good life? Tolstoy explored the root of the misfortune of Katyusha Maslova and all the suffering people, and found that the culprit was the tsarist system, so he ruthlessly exposed it with a sharp pen.The court trial of Maslova was a complete satire.The presiding judge was anxious to sympathize with the wife's tryst, and was absent-minded. He just wanted to rush to close the court before six o'clock.The judge quarreled with his wife early in the morning, and his wife threatened not to give him food. After the court session, he was always worried about this matter.And the deputy public prosecutor, who was determined to oppose Maslova, was a shameless womanizer and a hopeless fool.The jurors (including Nekhludoff at the time) were also a bunch of senseless and irresponsible gentlemen.It was such a group of bastards who caused Maslova's injustice, and also caused many innocent people to be imprisoned or even killed. In order to rescue Maslova, Nekhludoff had to run among the high-ranking officials who ruled the fate of the common people, and all he met were hypocrites and hypocrites, and no one had any conscience.Privy Officer Wolfe thinks he is very decent, honest and honest like a knight, but in fact he has always searched for the people's fat and anointment, and thinks it is only right and proper to do so.He brutally persecuted hundreds of innocent Polish people, made them bankrupt, exiled and imprisoned. He didn't feel guilty, but proud of it.He would embezzle the money of his family members, and his character was very despicable.The old general who was in charge of the fate of all the prisoners in Petersburg used bayonets and rifles in his early years to massacre more than a thousand Caucasian minority residents who defended freedom, their homes and their relatives.He considered it his duty to lock up political prisoners, male and female, so that within ten years half of them died of nausea, some went mad, some died of consumption, and some committed suicide: some of them starved to death, some cut their blood vessels with glass, Some hanged themselves, others set themselves on fire."He also reminded himself from time to time not to be merciful to them.Retired Minister Charsky is short-sighted, ignorant, but headstrong, squandering tens of thousands of rubles of public funds every year, and no one dares to stop paying him.He doesn't care about whether his actions are in line with moral standards or whether the interests of the country and the people are damaged. Tolstoy's criticism did not spare the official church of the tsar.The court trial is certainly a farce, but the prisoners going to the prison church to worship is a far-fetched satire.The government spared no expense in rebuilding the prison church, making it "bright in color and resplendent in gold and jade."The priest soaked the chopped bread in wine, and through certain techniques and prayers, it became the flesh and blood of God.Then he took the lead in eating "God's body and blood," "licked his mustache clean with his heart, dried his mouth and cup, and came out from behind the partition in high spirits and spirits, his thin-heeled calfskin boots creaking. sound".However, after the choir sang "Jesus, Son of God, forgive me!", "the prisoners all prostrated themselves on the ground, got up again, and threw back the half of their hair that had not been shaved. The fetters on the legs clanged." Tolstoy pointed out, "What is done here is the most serious blasphemy, and what is done in the name of Christ is a mockery of Christ himself." Senior official Toporov, he does not have any religious beliefs and knows that religion is deceitful, but he still maintains it vigorously.What is particularly intolerable is that he regards the common people as chickens, and religion is like carrion for chickens. Carrion is very disgusting, but chickens like to eat it, so they have to be fed with carrion.Tolstoy rebuked them angrily: "I have knowledge and see the light, but I don't use this knowledge where it should be used to help the people overcome their ignorance and get out of the darkness. Instead, they strengthen their ignorance and put them in eternal darkness." In the dark." In short, the tsarist autocracy and the official church were completely based on the oppression and deception of the people.They abused, tortured, judged, punished, and killed.Innocent people suffer, and they do nothing, bent on purging what they consider dangerous.Not only will they not forgive those they deem guilty, but they will go out of their way to wrong large numbers of innocent people.In fact, they would rather punish a thousand harmless people in order to get rid of one whom they considered dangerous.What a cruel art of domination! It is worthy of being an epic, an encyclopedia of Russian life in the nineteenth century.In the book, the author also describes a group of political prisoners and revolutionaries who opposed the tsarist rule.Of course, Tolstoy did not agree with their political views, and his understanding of them was biased and limited.These revolutionaries were not proletarian revolutionaries, but Narodnaya Volya.It should be said that Tolstoy's description of them is true.For example, Nabatov, a peasant-born revolutionist, while propagating the revolution, believed that the people’s lives would not change much after the revolution was successful. I love the beautiful, solid, and magnificent old mansions, just redistribute the rooms inside." There is also a civilian revolutionary, Marchay, who is a nihilist, "as if to pay for the deception he and his ancestors have suffered. To retaliate, to scoff at priests and dogma at every opportunity."The revolutionary leader Novodvorov was a narrow-minded and very vain person.The comrades kept him at arm's length and didn't like him in their hearts.He also doesn't like anyone with talent or knowledge so as not to get in the way of his self-expression, and Simonsson is a vegetarian against killing. However, these revolutionaries were also brave fighters against the tsarist autocracy after all, and Tolstoy was full of admiration for them.They have high moral character, and some of them were originally "lords and wives", "but they did not hesitate to sacrifice their privileges, confessions and lives for the benefit of the common people".For example, the female revolutionary Shekinina left her wealthy family at the age of nineteen to participate in revolutionary activities.She was sentenced for voluntarily taking responsibility for shooting the police officers who searched the room when someone else fired the gun.She never considered her own safety, but only considered how to help others and contribute to others.Tolstoy expressed deep sympathy for the revolutionaries who were brutally suppressed by the tsarist government.Katyusha Maslova was revived spiritually not through the help of Nekhludoff, but through the influence and education of political prisoners and revolutionaries.This fully demonstrates that, in Tolstoy's mind, political prisoners and revolutionaries are much more noble than the aristocratic rebel Nekhludoff, and they are more worthy of Katyusha Maslova's trust and love . A large number of chapters from the Bible are quoted at the end, which reflects that in his later years, on the one hand, Tolstoy completely denied the tsarist system and broke with the upper class. On the other hand, he was extremely depressed in spiritual life and could not find a way out. Had to seek solace in his long-contradictory views on religion.This is the great tragedy of Tolstoy, the most complicated great man of the nineteenth century.But even with such an ending, it does not detract from the enduring brilliance of this masterpiece of art. Grass baby