Dostoevsky is a writer who transcends time and space, and is also a writer full of contradictions.Just as the world and people are complex, so is Dostoevsky himself. Now, Russia and the whole world have quietly raised a new school of knowledge - Dostoyevsky science.Dostoevsky himself is an enigma, and so are his works.Deciphering this mystery is the work of Dostoevskyists all over the world basic subject. Experts generally divide Dostoevsky's life and creation into two periods: before Siberia and after Siberia.This book (1861) is between these two periods, with a distinct Transitional nature: It not only retains the ideas, content and style of the works in the 1940s, but also connects the past and the future, creating a precedent for social-psychological-philosophical novels in the later period of the writer who mainly explore social secrets and human heart secrets.

one Dostoevsky was born on November 11, 1821, in the family of a doctor in the Moscow Hospital for the Poor Mary.The place of residence is remote, the housing is small, and the family is poor.When he was young, the writer often lay on the window with his elder brother Mikhail, Watch the urban and rural poor who come to the hospital for medical treatment in carts, helping the old and the young.This bleak and desolate environment has a great influence on the writer's future creation. In the early 1930s, his father purchased two small farms in Tula Province, which gave him the opportunity to get in touch with local farmers during summer vacation.In 1839, his father was beaten to death by serfs for mistreating them and losing his morals.This left a deep impression on him

engraved impression.Although he never mentioned this matter in private or in public. In 1846, Dostoyevsky published his first novel, which is his famous work "The Poor". base small ①The writer has been silent about this tragedy for forty years. It was not until his last novel "The Brothers Karamazov" that he completed before his death that he expanded his "element" to his father into a book describing the crimes of the Karamazov family. shock A long epic of the heart. Group and read Belinsky's letter to Gogol in public, and was arrested and imprisoned for conspiracy against the Orthodox Church and the Tsarist government.In November of the same year, 21 Petrashevsky elements including Dostoevsky were sentenced to death.In December, they were

He was kidnapped and sent to the Semyonov school yard in Petersburg to be executed by shooting.However, at the last moment before his execution, an edict of pardon from Tsar Nicholas I was sent.Dostoyevsky was sentenced to four years of hard labor, and then exiled to the Siberian border guards. Many literary historians say that after nearly a decade of captivity, exile, hard labor, and exile, Dostoevsky's worldview underwent a fundamental change.He abandoned the previous ideals of revolutionary democracy and socialism and turned against violent revolution, Advocating love, forgiveness, and even resignation; and the failure of the French Revolution in 1848 exacerbated his ideological crisis.

Was it the tsarist prisons, death sentences, and inhuman servitude that brought Dostoevsky to his knees?Is it because he drags out his life and is greedy for life and afraid of death?Was it a vicious enemy that frightened him out of his wits?No!He was in the prison of the tsarist government and the law The court is worthy of being a revolutionary.He is steadfast and unyielding, even if he has suffered for others, he will never betray his comrades.Imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, sentenced to death, kidnapped to the court, pardoned before execution, hard labor, exile, nothing Nothing that could bring Dostoevsky to his knees could shake his revolutionary will and faith.

Later, Dostoevsky recalled: "We Petrashevskyites, standing on the guillotine, listened to our sentence without repentance." "It is not the years of exile that destroy us." , nor pain. Quite On the contrary, nothing can destroy us, and our faith sustains us spiritually through the awareness of our fulfilled vocation. " "No, something else changed our perspective, our beliefs, our hearts . . . Another thing, direct contact with the people, a fraternal bond with them in common misfortune ... I repeat: it does not happen immediately, but gradually, over a long, long time after. ②"

Consider a statement made by Dostoevsky in September 1860 in the magazine La Times, edited by his brothers.This statement flaunts the "root theory", arguing that intellectuals of aristocratic origin must be rooted in the "roots" of the people , mingle with the people.As for his later flaunting that the Russian people's "ideology since ancient times" is to believe in Christ and the Tsar, advocate forgiveness and fraternity, and oppose ①Dostoevsky wrote in a letter on March 24, 1856: "I am aboveboard in court, I have never committed any crime against others, and I even sacrifice my own interests. Seeing that it is possible through taking responsibility for

Words that save others from misfortune. (Dostoevsky: "Selected Letters", People's Literature Publishing House, 1986 edition, p. 81.) ② "The Complete Works of Dostoevsky", 1926-1930 Russian edition, Volume 11, page 138. The use of violence to overthrow the existing social system as in Western Europe did not become clear and programmatic until later, and had no direct causal relationship with his exile and hard labor.As for what he also said "I'm guilty", "I was wrong", " I deserve what I deserve.” These were words against his will in order to get the emperor’s permission to publish his works. This should not be difficult for those who have had roughly the same experience to understand.

Some literary historians said: "Dostoevsky's pessimism and obedience are the manifestations of the psychological state of petty bourgeois intellectuals whose souls have been destroyed and who have been terrified." to this world-renowned An "unwarranted" libel on the personality of a great writer.Just look at his solemn declaration in the letter he wrote to his brother from the Peter and Paul Fortress on December 22, 1849, when he was sentenced: "Brother! I am not sad nor discouraged." "Brother, I Towards You swear, I will not despair and will keep my mind and heart pure. ①"

Some literary historians also said: "Although Dosanyevsky was spared the death penalty, his youthful dreams were strangled... Ten years of solitary life... painted his worldview with a layer of religion. The color of mysticism." It seems that hard labor and exile made him a devout Christian, and since then he has promoted religious mysticism in his works.This is also not true.Consider a letter he wrote in February 1854 to the wife of the Decembrist von Wiesin , he wrote: "I am a child of my time, a child of faith and doubt until now, even (I know this) to the grave. This longing for faith has made me suffer, and is how many terrible folds

Grind!The more arguments I have against it, the stronger this desire in my heart becomes.But God, after all, has given me occasional moments of utter tranquility when I love and think myself loved, and it is in these moments that I form I read the creeds of religion, and everything in them is clear and sacred to me.This creed is simple, it is, to believe that there is nothing better, deeper, lovelier, wiser, steadier and more perfect than Christ.not only no , and I say to myself with unshakeable affection, there can never be.Nay, if it be proved to me that Christ exists apart from truth, and indeed (the emphasis here is original) that truth has nothing to do with Christ, I Rather be with Christ than with the truth. ②" (Except for one quotation, all the emphasis marks are added by the citation). First of all, we should see that Dostoevsky was not, and was not religious until his death, and he always doubted the existence of a natural God.Second, his "religious" creed was love - loving and being loved , he believed in the love and self-sacrifice of Christ.Third, Christ is not God, but a symbolic image of a perfect human being.Fourthly, Christlike beauty is the highest ideal of mankind, and it should not exist outside the truth, if anyone If he insists that the "truth" in his hands contradicts the spirit of fraternity of Christ, and insists that "truth" can only be achieved by sacrificing love, then he would rather choose love (the incarnation of Christ) than "truth".The above principles and the writer's basic train of thought should be said to be clearly.However, some people seize the last few sentences of this quotation and insist that Dostoevsky prefers Christ to the truth, is a blind, fanatic, and irrational Christian, and is therefore reactionary and should be Criticize and defeat. ① Dostoevsky: "Selected Letters", People's Literature Publishing House, 1986 edition, pages 45 and 48. ②Ibid., page 64. two Published in 1861, it was the author's first important work after returning to Petersburg from exile, and also the first novel he wrote since he entered the literary world. The transitional nature (that is, the transition from his debut novel "The Poor" to his masterpiece, and as the main symbol of entering the latter stage, is his "Notes from Underground" published in 1864①. In 1845, Dostoevsky inherited the tradition of realism and humanitarianism of Pushkin and Gogol, entered the Russian literary world with the novella "The Poor" and started his literary career.Nekrasov read the manuscript of "The Poor" Later, he declared: "A new Gogol has appeared!" He praised "this is a very good work".Liulinsky called this novel "the first attempt of a Russian social novel".He added: "He (Dostoevsky) is the most astonishing The most extraordinary thing is his excellent description skills, which can bring a character to life in front of readers with just a few strokes...Only a genius can write such a work at the age of twenty-five. "The Insulted and Injured" is the culmination of the author's previous series of works describing "the poor". ① Some people call "Notes from Underground" a manifesto novel.In many important respects it is a further development of Notes from Underground. ② Quoted from Grossmanman: "The Biography of Dostoevsky", Foreign Literature Press, 1987 edition, pages 76 and 77. The writing style of this novel is almost the same as that of "The Poor".Its central idea is what the author said through the mouth of the old man Ikhmenev; ! " (see Chapter 6, Part 1 of this book) This novel writes two tragic stories in parallel but connected with each other: one is Natasha's story and the other is Nellie's story.And the one that runs these two stories together is the man who steals and plunders, has a human face and a beast's heart, and does everything he can. The most villainous Prince Valkovsky. The first story is that in order to prevent his son Alyosha from falling in love with Natasha, the daughter of the old man Ikhmenev, Duke Valkovsky framed Natasha's father for swallowing his father out of nothing. money, pocketed, and Take him to court for damages.In order to completely separate Alyosha and Natasha, he played tricks again, let Alyosha find another new love, and abandoned Natasha. The second story is about Smith and his granddaughter Nellie.Duke Valkowski seduced Smith's daughter when he was young, and eloped with her, abducted all of Smith's property, and then abandoned Smith's daughter abroad ( She was pregnant at the time, and later gave birth to a daughter, named Nellie).Later, Smith and his daughter died one after another in poverty and illness.Nellie, who was twelve or thirteen years old, was living alone in Petersburg, unaccompanied, and almost fell into the forced prostitution. magic cave. Dostoevsky portrays these "insulted and damaged" little people with tear-jerking and touching brushstrokes.Not only told their misfortune, but also described their "painful and warm heartfelt voice" (in Lu Xun's words) in detail, Thus showing the author's excellent skill of deeply dissecting people's hearts.As the author himself said: "People call me a psychologist, no, I am a realist in a high sense, that is to say, I describe the full depth of the human heart." Whether it reflects the breadth of social life or the depth of describing people's hearts, it is not only a direct continuation of the social novel and psychological novel "The Poor", but also a portrayal of people's consciousness and unconsciousness. Sex and irrationality, displaying human self-consciousness, and creating "images of thought" (such as Valkowski's shameless inner disclosure of Vanya), but it is not the same as what he created in his later works. Compared with the series of images, in "Thinking The creation of "imaginary image" and the breadth and depth of psychological description seem to be slightly inferior, with an obvious transitional nature from one to the other. There is a diabolical villain, Prince Valkovsky.This character was typical at the time, and it was a historical example of Russia's transition period from feudal patriarchal serfdom to naked capitalist exploitation system. product.This is a big landlord and big capitalist who is following the trend, has an eye for money, is shameless, unscrupulous, ruthless, and takes making money as his only goal in life.This deepened the excavation of Russian society at that time.This is also Dostoyevsky The forerunner of a series of ghostly images in the later works (such as Svidrigailov in "The Idiot", Totsky in "The Idiot", Stavrogin in "The Possessed", etc.).As the Russian critic Dobrolyubov said, Varkovs A base is "an unbroken sequence of ugliness, and a collection of vile and shameless traits described with intense emotion".This man is meanness incarnate, a Russian Shylock and Darduff, a pervert. The most soul-stirring and poetic image in the book is the image of little Nellie.This is a bright pearl in Russian literature, and it is also the most successful and poetic one among the many images of children portrayed by Dostoevsky. The difficult and difficult environment forged her stubborn character.She hates evil like hatred, but is full of desire for love.Her life experience is tragic, and fate is very unfair to her.When she finally met a good man in desperation, unfortunately, she was in her bud years. Day off.When we read her heartbreaking confession of her tragic life experience and the author's description of her dying situation, we can't help but weep and sigh deeply, unable to bear to read.She is like the character in Eugene Sue's novel "The Secret of Paris". Mary flower, out of the mud but not stained, still maintains the holiness of the soul in an inhuman environment. three As mentioned above, this book has an obvious transitional nature from one point to another in Dostoevsky's creation. In terms of thought, it is mainly manifested in: 1. Promote love, Christ-like love. The complete poverty and inhuman life make Nellie distrust and hostile to everyone, but she finally meets a good person, which makes her see that there are still many good people in the world.Their love finally softened her stubborn heart. She died in the love and concern of people for her, although she refused to forgive her biological father, Prince Valkovsky, who abandoned her mother and forced her mother and grandfather to death. Natasha's father, the old man Ikhmenev, was framed by his boss Valkovsky, suffered an injustice, and lost his fortune because of it.But his beloved daughter fell in love with his enemy's son at this juncture, and had an affair with him Ben.Although he cursed his daughter on the surface and showed incomparable hatred, he still loves him in his heart—the heartbreaking and unforgettable love for his daughter. The old man Smith was bankrupted by his daughter and her lover. He was completely ruined, poor and sick, and finally died alone on the street.On the surface, he did not forgive his daughter until his death.He hates from love, but in this hate is still deeply Hiding love, that's why when he heard that his daughter was dying, he staggered towards her, but what he saw was a dead body—the dead body of his daughter.At this time, he was filled with remorse and passed out.Later, he wandered the streets like a mummy, The same as the lunatic, it is mainly because of this kind of deformed love for his daughter, the heart-wrenching hatred generated from love, and he regrets that he should have rejected her. The storyteller in this book, Ivan Petrovich, was originally childhood sweetheart with Natasha.Then they grew up, he loved her, and she loved him.But at this time Natasha fell in love with another person involuntarily, and had a private relationship with this person. Ben, and then live together.In this case, Ivan Petrovich did not hate her for being abandoned by the one he loved, but still loved her like a brother, and even ran errands and delivered letters for them both.Later, Natasha was dumped by her lover Abandoned, he didn't gloat, but loved her as always, loved her, and didn't necessarily ask for anything in return. Second, promote the spirit of Christ's forgiveness. The culprit who caused the misfortune and tragic death of Nellie and her mother was the animal-faced Duke Valkowski, but it was not he who was condemned by the author, but his victim, Old Man Smith.Because he would not forgive his daughter, Shut her out, so that she was displaced and died in a cold, damp basement.See Nellie, standing over her mother's body, weeping, grabbing Granddad's hand, and shouting at him, "Look, you hard-hearted wretch, look, look! ...Look,' Originally, old Ikhmenev refused to forgive Natasha, and even cursed her.However, inspired by Nellie's testimony, the old man burst into tears, learned the painful lesson of old man Smith's loss of his daughter, forgave his daughter, and took her Hug in my arms.Look at his statement to heaven, to God: "Oh, I thank you, God, for everything, for everything, for your exasperation, and for your kindness! . . . and thank you for shining on me now after the storm Our sunshine!For this golden moment, I want to thank you!call!Although we are insulted people, although we are damaged people, we are together again, let those who are arrogant, let those who have insulted us and hurt us People who have passed us, go proud now!Let them stone us! ①" Third, promote the spirit of Christ's suffering. Natasha once confessed to Vanya: "Yes, I love him like a madman... Listen to me, Vanya: I knew it, I had a hunch even in our happiest moments, he Only ① Originated from "Bible New Testament John Gospel" Chapter 8, Section 7: Jesus said: "Whoever is without sin among you, he may be the first to throw a stone at her." will bring me pain and suffering.But what can be done?Even now I consider it happiness to have suffered for him. ...to actually be willing to do this, isn't that a bitch?Nothing!I said it was a bitch, if he dumped me , I will follow him to the ends of the earth, even if he pushes me away, even if he drives me away, I will admit it. She also said that "suffering can purify everything." Vanya also said: "I think she is deliberately stimulating her own trauma."she feels A kind of need that requires her to do this - the need to seek pain and despair... Generally, a heart that has lost a lot is often like this! " Nellie was the same as Natasha.Dostoyevsky, through the mouth of the storyteller Vanya: "She seems to take pleasure in her own suffering, in this self-seeking of suffering (if I can call it that). This stimulation itself I understand that many people who have been insulted and hurt by fate and realize that fate is unfair to them have this kind of intention to aggravate their pain and take pleasure in it. .mentality. " Suffering is the inner spiritual need of the suffering person, "the truth can be realized in misfortune", suffering can purify people's soul, and suffering can make people reborn, - this is what Dostoevsky said in his later works. tone.this book is From the beginning to the end, it was publicly preached that "suffering is a great feat" and "suffering has a way". Fourth, study human irrationality and unconsciousness. Dostoevsky believed that man is a mystery, and the human heart is as unfathomable as the sea.This is mainly because people have irrationality in addition to rationality, and unconsciousness (subconscious or subconscious) in addition to consciousness.Like Freud, Todd Dostoevsky believed that there are a large number of people's unconscious activities, and unconsciousness is the basic driving force of mental activities. The reason why Dostoyevsky is great, apart from other reasons, is probably mostly due to his excavation, display and discussion of human hearts.Dostoevsky has been in touch with the inner world of the characters since his debut novel "The Poor", and from "Being Poor" The beginning of being insulted and damaged gradually touches people's irrationality and unconsciousness.In this regard, this book begins with the most common and generally recognized irrational and unconscious activity of people-love entanglements.Natasha loves Alio Sha, Alyosha loves Natasha too.What exactly do they love each other for?No one can tell.Natapin said to Katya: "I just love him, and I can't explain it." She also knew that Alyosha was a child who couldn't grow up, stupid and selfish, and And she likes the new and dislikes the old, sees the difference and wants to change, she is not worthy of her love at all, but she just fell in love with him, and loves him crazily.She once admitted to Vanya that you said "he has no character and is... like a child and has limited intelligence. Well, I This is what I love most about him... Do you believe it?But I don't know if I just love him for that.That's it, it doesn't make sense, I love him for the whole person, if he was different, with character or intelligence, maybe I wouldn't. would love him so much. " Another example is the protagonist Vanya who appeared as "I" in this book. After moving to the house where old man Smith lived, he often felt a kind of "mysterious horror", "this feeling does not listen to the reasons put forward by reason at all." ".It's nameless, bandit Unbelievable.One day he stood in the room with his back to the door and thought: He only had to turn his head and see Smith's ghost appearing at the door.At this time, he turned his head abruptly, "The door really opened, gently, silently, and follow me a minute ago Imagine the same situation. "Suddenly, a strange figure appeared at the door." My whole body was terrified.To my horror, I saw that it was a child, a little girl, and if this were Smith's ghost, it would not make me so So scared. "What's going on here? Is this an unconscious premonition? Is this the induction of ghosts? Or is it an information pulse between people? Don't we have encountered similar situations in our lives, or are we unlikely to encounter them? Is it? I'm afraid not necessarily... Fifth, Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. Nietzsche's philosophy in the West was formed in the 1870s and 1880s.Dostoevsky has not read Nietzsche's book, but Nietzsche has read Dostoyevsky's works, and he used his philosophy to reveal the of many secrets.Nietzsche said: "Dostoevsky is the only one I can learn from. A psychologist; I regard his acquaintance as the best achievement in my life.①" Nietzsche was an anti-rationalist voluntarist.He once proposed that "will to power" is the essence of all things in the universe, as well as the essence of human beings and life.He believes that the essence of human beings is to desire domination, power, and self-expansion.Nietzsche's "right The Theory of Force and Will" reveals the secret of Raskolnikov's "Superhuman Philosophy" and reveals Raskolnikov's motto "Freedom and Power, and above all Power!the power to rule over all trembling beasts and to praise all beings" secret.At the same time, the theory of will to power also reveals the love secrets of Natasha and Alyosha, Alyosha and Katya.See Natasha's confession: "I didn't love him as a scholarly and intellectual equal to myself, not as a Women usually love him the way they love a man, and I love him like...almost like a mother.I even feel that there is no equal love for each other in the world. "Vanya also said: "Natasha instinctively felt that she would be the master over him. " Katya is also a very clever and very independent girl, and she loves Alyosha because she thinks he is "very pitiful".Pity is not love.But pity for a man appearing on a woman, love can be born from pity at first, even Strong love, at least in some women.This is the "will to power" expressed by women in the form of love.Alyosha's love, on the other hand, manifests as a negative "will to power"; he longs to be ruled.as vanya said : "Since he is incapable of thinking and judging himself, he will definitely fall in love with those who can think for him, and even hope for him... and Alyosha can only love those who can dominate him, and even order his people. and natasha in his Part of the reason why we were able to attract him at the beginning of our relationship came from this. " ① Shestov: "The Philosophy of Tragedy" (Dostoevsky and Nietzsche), Lijiang Publishing House, 1992 edition, pp. 18-19. Nietzsche's philosophy later became the philosophy of imperialism and fascism, and of course it was reactionary.But it also reflects part of the truth of the old society where the weak preyed on the strong, intrigues, and bullying. Four It was serialized in the first-seventh issue of "Times" magazine in 1861.Due to the nature of long-form serialization, in order to attract readers, the plot of the novel must be fascinating, with ups and downs, climaxes, and development. When it reaches the climax, it should be interrupted suddenly, so that people can continue to watch the next issue.So at that time, this type of novel was called "essay novel", which is known for its tense and twists and turns, similar to Eugene Sue's "The Secret of Paris".This is what Dostoevsky interrupted After a ten-year literary career, the first attempt at this genre of literature was to imbue the novel with a strong sense of drama.Later, some techniques used in this essay style novel became the inherent form of many of his later works, and developed into It is a novel drama form different from the traditional destiny novel form.This kind of novel is a breakthrough to the traditional fate novel form, and it is the beginning of a new novel form.What is the form of fiction drama?That is "choose a moment of crisis in life, in a compact In the continuous and highly condensed time process, in the whirlpool of dramatic events, the relationship between the characters in the novel unfolds.Dialogue between the souls, to start debates on world issues and issues of the human soul. ①" Another feature of the dramatic form of the novel is the author's excellent skill in writing the dialogues of the characters.Some people call this form "dialogue novel" or "polyphonic novel"②.It is almost composed of various dialogues of characters. Like writing a drama dialogue, the author gathers various characters together in various situations, talks, discusses, and even debates on issues of their common interest, expresses their respective views, and narrates the story in the dialogue, explaining the plot , and through The long monologues or dialogues of the characters vividly and meticulously describe and portray the self-awareness, complex inner activities, and the transformation and rapid changes of the characters in the novel. ①Peng Kexun: "History of Soviet Fiction", Beijing Shiyue Literature and Art Publishing House, 1988 edition, p.7. ②Refer to Bakhtin: "Problems of Dostoevsky's Theology", Joint Publishing, 1988 edition. The title of this book was once translated by Comrade Nan Jiang as "The Bullied and Insulted" (1980).However, considering that the title of the original translated book "Insulted and Damaged" has been established by convention and has a specific meaning, it almost becomes "exploited and oppressed". It is a synonym for "forced" and does not specifically refer to the content in the book, so I think it is better to keep the original translation. If not, please correct me by experts. I would like to thank Ms. Hu Mingxia of Peking University for her help during the translation of this book. Zang Zhonglun In January 1995, Chengze Garden, Peking University