Chapter 12 Chapter III The National Convention

We're near the top. This is the National Convention. In front of this peak, his eyes were fixed. Never before has there been such a peak on the human horizon. There is the Himalayas, and there is the National Convention. The National Convention may be the highest point in history. When the Convention was alive - because Parliament was alive - people didn't understand it, and what people couldn't understand then was the greatness of the Convention.People are too frightened to see its dazzling brilliance.All great things contain divine terror.It's so easy to appreciate mediocrity and mounds.But towering things, such as geniuses, mountains, meetings, masterpieces, are awe-inspiring when viewed up close.Any peak seems too high to climb.

You'll be panting on cliffs, slipping on inclines, and bruising on bumpy terrain, but that's the beauty of being rough. Rough torrents indicate nearby cliffs.Clouds and mist cover the top of the mountain, and both climbing and falling are frightening.So, fear outweighs admiration.You experience a strange feeling, and you loathe greatness.You see the abyss but not the sublime; you see the devil but not the genius.That was how the National Convention was viewed in the first place.It should be admired by the eagle, but despised by the short-sighted. Today the National Convention has become a relic, and it outlines the huge silhouette of the French Revolution in the deep sky in the quiet and tragic distance.

July 14th is Liberation. August 10th is the blow. September 21st is established. September 21st, autumnal equinox, balance. Libra①, Libra.In Roma's words, the republic was founded under the sign of equality and justice.Bright stars proclaim the republic. The National Convention was the first incarnation of the people.It was the National Convention that opened a new and great page, from which the present day history begins. Every thought must have a visible package, and every principle must have a dwelling.The church is the dwelling place of God.Doctrine must have its own temple.When the National Convention was born, the first problem to be solved was to find a home for it.

The Hall of Manez was chosen first, and then the Tuileries.People put up the frame and scenery in the Manege Hall, adopted the dark gray of David Xu, put rows of benches, a square pulpit, parallel pilasters, a base like a chopping board, long and straight The columns, the rectangular hives of the public gallery to accommodate the crowds, the Roman ceiling, the Greek hangings; in these right angles and straight lines were placed the Convention, and in this geometrical figure the storm and storm.On the pulpit, the red beanie is painted gray.Royalists laughed at this gray red beanie, at this ostentatious hall, this papier-mâché building, this sanctuary of papier-mâché, this sage word of mud and spit.It will be gone in no time!The columns were of staves, the dome of lath, the marble was painted, the walls of cloth, and in this improvised scene the National Convention wrought eternal deeds.

When the National Convention met in the Hall of Manez, the walls of the hall were covered with the slogans that filled the streets of Paris when the king was brought back from Varais.One sign read: "The King is back. Those who applaud the King will be flogged, and those who insult the King will be punished." Another read: "Be quiet. Keep your hat on. The King will be tried." "The king aimed at France a long time ago, and he missed it. Now it's time for France to shoot." Another one reads; "Law! Law! It was here that the National Convention tried Louis XVI.

On May 10, 1793, the National Convention moved to the Tuileries Palace, and the Tuileries Palace was renamed the National Palace.The conference hall is located between two buildings, one is the Unity Building, which is the original bell tower, and the other is Latin, meaning scales.The first block is the Liberty Building, the original Marsan Building.Flor House was renamed Equality House.Jean Biran's grand staircase leads directly to the conference hall.The conference hall is on the second floor, and the first floor has become a long guard hall, which is filled with weapons and camp beds of various arms guarding the National Convention.The National Convention has a guard of honor called the "elite troops of the National Convention".

A three-color strip separates the palace for meetings from the gardens where pedestrians come and go. Let's look at the conference hall again.Everything about this horrible place makes people interested. As soon as you enter the door, the first thing that catches your eyes is the tall statue of Liberty between the two large windows. The Chamber, once the theater of the kings, is now the arena of the revolution.Forty-two meters long, ten meters wide and ten meters high, it was built by Vigarani.Above the elegant and gorgeous hall is the original beam frame, which bears the weight of the people in 1993.

There is a public seat on the beam frame, and there is another detail worth mentioning: the only support for the public seat is a wooden column, a piece of water with a span of ten meters.There are not many caryatids of this strength.It bears the violent surge of revolution year after year.It has endured cheers, passions, curses, booing, clamor, tumultuous rage and riots.It's not crushed.After the National Convention, it saw the Senate.On the 18th Brumaire it was replaced. Percier replaced the wooden column with a marble one, but the stone column did not last long. The ideals of architects are sometimes strange.The ideal of the architects of the Rue de Rivoli was the straight range of the cannonball.The ideal of the architects of the city of Karlsruhe is a fan.The architect's ideal of the great hall where the National Convention met on May 10, 1793, seems to have been a gigantic wardrobe drawer: tall, long, and flat.Adjacent to one side of this parallelogram is a wide semicircle, which is a stepped representative seat, with neither a flat table nor a sloped table.Galang-Kuron, who was diligent in writing, had to write on his knees.Opposite the representative seat is the rostrum, in front of which there is a bust of Le Peletier-Saint-Fargeau, and behind the rostrum is the speaker's seat.

The statue's head slightly obscured the edge of the pulpit, so it was later removed. There are 19 rows of seats in a semicircle that go up one by one, and the seats at both ends gradually extend. Below, in the horseshoe in front of the pulpit, there are the bailiffs. On one side of the wall, framed in black wood, was a plaque about nine feet high, on which were two pages of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, separated by a staff.The wall on the other side was empty and later hung the same black wooden frame containing the Constitution of the Second Year of the Republic, with a sharp sword between the two pages.Above the dais, above the head of the orator, three huge tricolores protruded from two deep boxes packed with people, and they trembled slightly, almost flat on an altar; the altar "Law" is written on it, and behind it stands a huge Roman bundle as high as a column, as if it is a guarantee of freedom of speech.Against the walls are straight, massive statues facing the representations.To the right of the Speaker is the statue of Lycurgus, to the left of Solon, and above the Montagne is that of Plato. ① The ancient French unit of length, about 325 millimeters.

The bases of these statues are simple square stones, and they stand on the long frieze that runs around the hall, dividing the parliament from the people, on which the spectators rest their elbows. The black wooden frame of the Declaration of the Rights of Man was so high and overhanging that it touched the capital plate and broke the straight lines, so Chabot said to Wadier, "It's ugly." The statue wears a wreath of oak or laurel. From all sides hung a great pleated green drapery with a crown of dark green flowers, which adorned the ground floor of the hall where the Convention was seated.The walls above the hangings were a cool white.Two tiers of public seats have been dug out of the wall, the lower one square and the upper round, as if dug out with punching pliers, without feet or foliage; the building codes of Vitruvius were still in force at the time. , with arch decoration on the lower mast of the column top plate.There are ten public seats on both sides of the hall, and two huge boxes at both ends of the vertical side, a total of twenty-four audience seats, all of which are full of people.

Spectators in the stands on the lower level squeezed out the wooden railings, and there were spectators on all the prominent parts of the building.There is a strong and long iron guardrail in the upper stand, so that the audience will not be squeezed by the noisy crowd going upstairs.Once, however, a man fell and fell on the weeping Bishop Mathieu, and without dying, said: "Ah! Bishops are of some use." The hall of the National Convention could hold two thousand people, and three thousand in an insurrection. The National Convention met twice, one during the day and one at night. In front of the speaker was a thick stack of papers with golden nail heads.His table is carried by four one-legged winged devils who seem to have come out of the Apocalypse to attend the revolution, probably unloaded from Ezekiel's cart to pull Sanson's cart. ① Athens orator and statesman BC. ②Athenian statesman BC, pioneer of Athenian democracy. ③ An architect in the first century BC, author of the book "On Architecture". ④The prophet in the Bible once saw a vision: four grotesque living creatures and four wheels. ⑤ A family of executioners in Paris, one of whom executed Louis XVI. On the Speaker's desk was a great bell almost like a clock, a broad brass inkwell, and a folio bound in parchment, which were the minutes of the meeting. Some severed heads were picked up by picks and drained on this table. To get to the podium, you have to go up the nine steps.The stairs are high and steep, quite strenuous.One day Sauna finally staggered on the steps, saying: "This is a guillotine." Carrière shouted to him: "You learn now." The walls at the four corners of the hall are empty, but the architect has added some decorations: bunches of sticks with axes facing outwards. On the left and right sides of the dais is a chandelier with a base, twelve feet high, topped by four pairs of oil lamps with oil jars.There is such a candle holder decoration in each public box seat.A circle is engraved on the base of the candle holder, and the people call it a "severed head collar". The seats of delegates rose gradually, almost touching the crown of the public gallery.Representatives and people can talk and talk. Outside the exit of the public gallery is a labyrinth of corridors, noisy and noisy. The National Convention filled the Tuileries Palace and spread to the nearby restaurants, the Longueville Hotel, the Quany Hotel.If Lord Bradford's letter is true, then, after the 10th of August, the palace furniture was moved to the Quany Hotel, and it took two months to vacate the Tuileries. The committees are housed in the buildings near the hall, legislation, agriculture and commerce are in the Equality Building, shipping, colonies, finance, securities, national salvation are in the Liberty Building, and national defense is in the Unification Building. The Public Safety Committee and the National Salvation Committee are directly connected by a dark corridor. The lights in the corridor are lit day and night, and various spies come and go, but no one speaks. The witness box of the National Convention was moved several times.Generally it is located to the right of the speaker. At both ends of the hall, there are two straight partitions, which separate the concentric semi-circular stepped venue from the wall on the left and the right, so there is a narrow and deep aisle between the partitions and the wall. Two dark square doors through which people come and go. Delegates entered and exited directly through the doors leading to the Feiyan platform. The light from the windows was pale during the day and dimly lit at dusk, so that the hall was perpetually dark and had an air of night.The dimness of the night and the dimness of the lights make the nighttime meeting look very gloomy.No one can see who. From one end of the hall to the other, from right to left, clusters of blurred faces abused each other.People meet and don't know each other. Lettilo ran up to the podium one day and bumped into someone on the steps and said, "I'm sorry, Robespierre." "Who do you think I am?" a hoarse voice answered. "I'm sorry, Mara," said Lenelo. Below, to the left and right of the Speaker's seat, are two reserved public seats.It is a wonder that there are special audiences in the National Convention.The two public seats have curtains.In the center of the lower frieze of the capital plate are two draperies decorated with gold tassels. The public gallery of the people is bare. All of this looks dignified, rugged, and formal.Rough and in line with the rules.It's almost revolution.The Hall of the National Convention provides the most complete example of what artists later termed "the architecture of the moon".It's huge and thin. Architects of the time believed that symmetry was beauty.The Renaissance style had come to an end under Louis XV and there was a backlash.Nobility becomes prosaic, purity becomes dull.There is also decency in architecture.After the dizzying feast of form and color of the eighteenth century, art began to fast and recognize only straight lines.The result of this advancement is ugly.Art has become an empty skeleton, which is a phenomenon, a disease brought about by prudence and moderation.The art style is unpretentious, almost dry. Not to mention the political fervour, but the hall is also trembling in terms of architecture alone.People vaguely recall the original theatre, boxes decorated with garlands, sky blue and scarlet ceilings, multi-faceted branch chandeliers, glittering and multi-technical candlesticks, flashing wall decorations, numerous cupids on curtains and draperies and nymphs, and all the golden paintings and carvings of royal love, which once filled this austere place with smiles, are now surrounded by stiff, straight lines, cold and sharp as steel, as if Boucher had been cut by David. nod. ①Painter and interior decorator (1703-1770), good at pastoral or mythological themes. ②Painter (1748-1825), member of the National Association, and later painted for Napoleon. Whoever sees the assembly no longer thinks of the venue.Whoever sees a play no longer thinks of the theater.Nothing was more monstrous, and nothing more sublime, than the Convention.Heaps of heroes and crowds of cowards.There are beasts on the mountain, and snakes in the swamp.It was there that the fighters who are now ghosts fought and lived, rubbing each other, challenging each other, and intimidating each other. List of giants. On the right are the Girondins - a mass of thinkers, on the left the Montagne - a group of gladiators.On one side: Brissot, who took over the keys of the Bastille; Barbaru, who made the Maasai obey him; Kervelegon, whose Brest governor lived in the suburb of Saint-Marceau; Let Cambodian, he established the hegemony of the representative over the general; deadly Kadai, one night he watched the sleeping crown prince with the queen in the Tuileries Palace, and kissed the child's forehead, but let the child's father fall to the ground; Leo, the mysterious figure who exposed the close ties between the Montagne and Austria; Sieri, the lunatic of the right, just as Couthon was the stump of the left; , invited the reporter to dinner, and said: "I know that 'rascal' means only 'one who disagrees with us'"; : "The Revolution is over"; Kinet, one of those who overthrew Louis XVI; A seven-foot-high Christ icon was nailed to the top, and he knelt down before the image every night; Fauchet, he was a priest, but he created the 14th of July with Camille Demoulin; Isner , whose crime was the words: "Paris will be destroyed", when Brunswick said: "Paris will be burned"; ", to which Robespierre replied: "Atheism is aristocratic politics"; Auriard of Des; Le Begui, who was Pilates of Barbaru, who resigned because Robespierre had not yet been guillotined; Richaux, who opposed the establishment of the Paris districts as permanent institutions; Lazu He once uttered the fatal sentence: "Woe to the grateful nation!" Later, he changed his original intention before the guillotine and threw this haughty sentence at the Montagne: "We die because the people are sleeping, and you will die because For the people will wake"; Birotto; who has brought about the abolition of inviolability, thus unintentionally forging the guillotine, and erecting the guillotine for himself; Charles Viart, with which he justifies himself : "I would not vote under the knife"; Louve, author of the novel Forblas, who later opened a bookshop with Lodoiska at the Palais Royal; Mercier, who wrote "Picture of Paris", exclaimed: "All kings feel the twenty-first of January on the nape of their necks"; Said to the executioner: "I really don't want to die, I want to read the following"; Viger, who claimed to be the grenadier of the 2nd Battalion Meyen-Loire, when he was booed by the public gallery, shouted: "As long as the public As soon as the banquet sounded, we all withdrew and marched towards the Palace of Versailles with our sabers up"; Bizot, who later died of starvation; Varazze, who later killed himself; Lars" and died in Queenstown, which was renamed Equality Town; Percyon, who was worshiped by the masses in 1792 and devoured viciously in 1793; : Pontecourante, Malborz,Lydon, Saint-Martin, Dusolt (who translated Juvenal and participated in the Battle of Hanover), Boileau, Bertrand, Lestel-Bohan, Le Sage, Go Merle, Galdian, Manvier, Duplantier, Lacaze, Antibre, before them and on the other side: ①The hero's life in the ancient Roman epic "Aeneas" comrades. ②A typical close friend in ancient Greek tragedies. ③The day Louis XVI was executed, January 21, 1793. ④Ancient Roman poet. A Barnave ① character named Vernio. Antoine-Louis-Leon-Florel de Saint-Just, pale, narrow forehead, regular features, mysterious eyes, melancholy and deep, twenty-three years old; Merlin de Saint-Just Thionville, the Germans called him "Fire Ghost"; Merlin of Douai, who was responsible for the anti-suspect law; Le Bon, who carried his saber in a hand sprinkled with holy water; Bijou-Varene, who conceived of a future justice in which there were no judges, but only arbitrators; Fabre de Grande, who invented a lovely thing , the Republican calendar, just as Rouge de Lier was inspired by extraordinary inspiration to compose the "La Marseillaise", but both of them were only once; Magnière, prosecutor of the Commune, said: " The death of a king is not a man missing"; Goujon, who entered Tripstadt, Neustadt, and Speyer, and saw the Prussian army flee; Lacroix, who turned from lawyer to General, and knighted of St. Louis six days before the tenth of August; Freron-Telsite, son of Freron-Zolios; Ruel, ruthless searcher of the king's iron chest, The republican, doomed to his own destruction, later committed suicide when the republic fell; Voucher, who had the soul of a devil and the face of a corpse; Said: "You are a Feyanite, but your daughter4 is a Jacobin"; Jago, when it was complained that he left the prisoner naked, he answered roughly: "The prison is a garment made of stone"; Javo Ge, the dreadful digger of the tomb of Saint-Denis; Oslan, the exile who hid in her house a exile Madame Chali and Tabor, who presided over the meeting and booed the public gallery; The reporter Robert, who is the husband of Miss Kelario, the lady wrote: "Neither Robespierre nor Marat comes to my house, Robespierre will come when he wants to, Marat never"; Gallan-Couron, who, when Spain intervened in the trial of Louis XVI, haughtily asked the assembly not to condescend to read a letter from one king to another. Later, under the monarchy, republican became count; Amar, he said: "Louis XVI. is found guilty by the whole earth. Who will judge? Other planets"; The Pont Neuf fired a cannon, saying: "The king should lose his head like everyone else, quietly"; Chenier, he is André's brother; Wadier, he also put the gun on the platform; Pani , he told Momorrow: "I want Mara and Robespierre to cuddle at my dinner table." ①The constitutional monarchist faction (1761-1793), who was quite influential, died on the guillotine. ②A ridiculous and cowardly character in Homer's "Ilion". ③Ancient Greek sophist, famous for criticizing Homer. ④Giotan (Guilforin) was a French member (17381-1814). In 1789, the National Assembly passed the guillotine he invented and named it Guillotine after him, that is, he daughter. "Where do you live?" "Charenton" "That's no wonder"; Legendre, who was the butcher of the French Revolution, as Pryde was the butcher of the English Nei shouted: "Come here, let me kill you." Ranjuinet replied: "You must first issue a decree and declare that I am a cow"; Colo d'Arbois, a yin and yang actor, wore an ancient mask with two mouths on his face, and one said " Yes", one said "no", one agreed, one objected, he denounced Carrière in Nantes, deified Charier in Lyon, sent Robespierre to the guillotine, and sent Marat to the sages; Genesieux, who demanded the death penalty for anyone who bears the "Louis XVI Murdered" medallion; , Lawyer Goubio, businessman Laurent Lecouante, doctor Diem, sculptor Serjean, painter David, Prince Joseph, etc.Then there is Le Couante by Ilavo, who demanded that Marat be declared "demented"; Twenty-one thousand limbs covering the whole country, that is, the Revolutionary Committee; Le Boeuf, about whom Guiré-Dupré wrote in "Christmas of the False Revolutionary": When Lebouf ③ saw Legendre, he roared like a bull. And Thomas Pace, American, merciful; Anachasie Klose, German, baron, millionaire, atheist, Hébertian naivete; Lebas, He is a friend of Duplet, honest and honest; Rowell, he is a rare person who does evil for evil, because art for art's sake does exist, beyond people's imagination; "You"; Thalien, sad and ruthless, who made the Ninth Thermidor out of love; Cambaseret, the prosecutor who became a prince; Carrière, the prosecutor who became a tyrant ; La Planche, who one day shouted: "I demand priority for the police guns"; Duel, unmasked by Perth, and unmasked by Hébert; Fayot, who proposed "sending an arson force" to the Vendée; Tarvor, who on April 13th almost became a riposte between the Girondins and the Montagne. The mediator; Vernier, who asked the leaders of the Girondists and the Mont to serve as ordinary soldiers; Chambret, who stayed out at Mainz; Bourbert, who was shot dead on his horse during the capture of Saumur ; Gambertot, who commanded the coast defense of Cherbourg; Jarre-Ponvillier, who commanded the coast defense of La Rochelle; ②Voltaire took refuge in Ferney in the Jura Mountains. ③The word means cow. ④The day Robespierre was arrested. Le Carpentier, who commanded the detachment of Cancale; Roberto, who was waiting for him in Rastadt's enemy army; Prieure, from the Marne, who called the captain of cavalry without a fringe from his camp. Old epaulets; Levasseur of Sarthe, who with a single word killed Selan, commander of the battalion of Saint-Amand; Revichon, Moore, Bernard of Center, Charles-Richard , Reginho, and above the group was a Mirabeau-like figure named Danton. Outside of these two camps stood a man whom they feared, Robespierre. Horror and dread bow before them, and terror may be noble, but dread is base.Beneath the heroism, the heroism, the spirit of sacrifice, the fury, is a mass of lifeless unknowns.Those who sit at the lowest part of the venue are called the Plain School, where everything is floating, and people doubt, hesitate, retreat, procrastinate, peep, and everyone is in danger. The Montagne was the elite, the Girondins were also the elite, and the Plains were the masses.The concentrated representative of the plain faction is Sieyes. Sieyes is a man who is deep but becomes hollow.He stayed in the third rank and failed to rise to the people.Some people are born halfway through.Sieyes called Robespierre a tiger, and Robespierre called him a mole.What the metaphysician attained was not wisdom but prudence.He is a courtier of the revolution, not a servant of the revolution.He picked up a shovel and went to work in the Mars schoolyard with the people, but he was set in a car with Alexandre de Bollane.He recommends an iron fist policy, but does not use it.He said to the Girondists: "Let the cannon be on your side too." It is survival, such as the people around Sieyes. The most generous vats also contain lees.Beneath the Plains Pie there is the Swamp Pie.Beneath the dreaded stagnation lies egoism.Cowards wait in silent trembling.It couldn't be more tragic.Bearing the humiliation, swallowing his anger, covering his angry face with a servile face.They are brazenly afraid, capable of any act of cowardice.They liked the Girondins, but they chose the Montagne; they decided the end.They leaned towards the winner, handed Louis XVI to Vergnio, Vergnio to Danton, Danton to Robespierre, and Robespierre to Tallion.They displayed the living Mara to the public, and worshiped the dead Mara as a god.They support everything until one day they overthrow everything.They are the best at bringing the shaky things down last.From their point of view, they serve you only when your roots are deep, and you betray them if you falter.They are the majority, they are the power, they are the fear, from which blatant vileness emerges. Hence the tragedies of the 31st of May, the 11th of Bud, and the 9th of Thermidor, woven by giants and untied by dwarves. ① Respectively refer to the "Day of Action" against the Girondins, the purge of Danton, and the arrest of Robespierre. Along with these passionate people are some people who are full of fantasy.There are utopias here in all their forms: belligerent in favor of the guillotine and naive in abolitionist, ghostly to kings and angels to peoples.Some minds are fighting, some minds are brewing.Some think of war, some think of peace.Carnot's brain came up with the fourteen armies, and Jean Debray's brain came up with the Datong World Democratic Alliance.Amidst these wild eloquences, amidst these loud roars, there were rich silences.Lacanal was silent, but planned national public education in his mind; Langtena was silent, but founded a primary school; Revelier-Rombo was silent, but fantasized about elevating philosophy to the height of religion.Others think about smaller, more practical details.Giton-Morvo studied improving hospitals, Mel studied the abolition of de facto slavery, Jean-Bon-Saint-André studied the abolition of debt prisons and civil incarceration, Rohm studied the organization of archives, and Colon One Festier studied the founding of anatomy rooms and museums of natural history, Ghiaumont studied inland navigation and dams on the Escaux.Art has its fanatical believers and even art fans.On January 21, when the king was beheaded in the Place de la Revolution, Bézard, the representative of the Oise, went to a shabby house in the Rue Saint-Lazare to look at a Rubens painting that had been found there.Artists, orators, seers, giants like Danton, children at heart like Cloze, douchebags, and philosophers, all run toward the same goal: progress.Nothing can confuse them.The greatness of the Convention consisted in finding the part of reality out of what is called the impossible.At one end of it lies Robespierre, fixated on rights, and at the other, Condorcet, fixated on duties. Condorcet was a dreamer and a man of clarity, while Robespierre was a man of action.In the final crisis of an aging society, action sometimes means annihilation.The revolution has two slopes, one uphill and one downhill, and each slope is lined with all the seasons, from ice and snow to flowers.Every stretch of hillside produces people suited to its climate, from those who live in the sun to those who live in the thunder. People pointed to the hideout in the left aisle where Robespierre had said the dreadful words to Clavier's friend Gala: "Clavier conspires wherever he breathes." Still in In this corner, suitable for private conversations and whispered complaints, Fabre de Grande quarreled with Roma, accusing Roma of falsifying the month of the month on the calendar into the month of thermidor.The people pointed to the corner where the seven Haute-Garonne delegates sat side by side, who were first named to pass the verdict on Louis XVI, and then answered in turn, Mai: "Death sentence", Delmar: "Death sentence", Projean: "Death penalty", Carlet: "Death penalty", Herard: "Death penalty", Julien: "Death penalty", De Saby: "Death penalty".This is the eternal echo that fills all history, and it has always made the court walls echo of the grave since man had courts.Among the tumultuous faces, those who clamored for a miserable end were pointed out, among them: Paganel, who said: "Death penalty. The king is only useful if he dies." Millau, said: "If the death penalty does not exist, it should be invented today." Old Lavron Du Trouier, said: "Execute quickly." Goubio, he said: "Immediately sent to the guillotine, delay is a more serious death penalty." Sieyes said simply and plainly: "Death penalty." Thirio rejected Bizo's proposal: "What! Basic council! What, four Four thousand courts! Endless trials, Louis XVI will fall when his head turns white!" Augustin-Bon-Robespierre, he cried after his brother: "There are people who kill people and forgive tyrants The benevolence of the world? The death penalty! Probation is to replace the judgment of the people with the judgment of tyrants." Fusduval, the successor of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, said: "I hate human blood, but the king's Blood is not human blood. Death penalty." Jean-Bon-André said: "The people have no freedom until the tyrant dies." Ravi Contry famously said: "As long as the tyrant is breathing, freedom will be suffocated. Death penalty." Xia Tonave-Landon shouted: "Execute the undead Louis!" Guyalya expressed his wish; "Execute the overturned obstacle!" The overturned obstacle is the throne.Tellier said: "We should shoot at the enemy with the cannonball of Louis XVI." And those who are tolerant: Genty said: "I am in favor of imprisonment. To make a Charles I is to make a Cromwell." Boncal Said: "Exile. I want to see the king of the world forced to work for a living." Albuy said: "Exile, let this living ghost wander in other kingdoms." Zangji Akomi said: "Shut up. Keep this Capet to frighten others.” Said Chayion: “Let him live, I don’t want him to be canonized by Rome after death.” When these sentences were spoken from the mouth of the stern,--one scattered in history, Some well-dressed, bare-chested women in the auditorium looked at the list in their hands, counted the votes, and pricked a few needles under each voter's name. Where tragedy has passed, what remains is hatred and compassion. To look at the Convention—whatever its stage—was to relive the trial of the last Capetian king. The events of January 21 seemed to permeate all the Convention's activities.A deadly breath permeated the dreaded assembly, which blew through and extinguished the candle of the ancient monarchy which had burned eighteen centuries.To adjudicate all kings on one king is to have a reckoning with the past.No matter which National Convention meeting people attend, there is always the shadow of Louis XVI on the guillotine.The audience told each other that Kelsey had resigned, that Roland had resigned, and that Di Chatel, the representative of the two Sèvres provinces, had him carried to the meeting place together with the hospital bed, and voted against the death penalty while dying, which aroused Marat's dismay. laugh at.People look for the representative - now forgotten by history - who, after a thirty-seven-hour meeting, is so bored that he falls asleep in his seat, and the bailiff wakes him up to vote, his eyes half-closed Said: "Death penalty!" Then fell asleep again. When Louis XVI was sentenced to death, Robespierre had only one and a half years of life left, Danton only one year and three months, Vernio only nine months, and Marat only five years.个月零三星期。勒佩勒蒂埃?圣法尔若只剩下一天。人类的气息是多么短暂而可怕！ 人民从一扇开着的窗户来观看国民公会，那扇窗户就是公众席，而当窗户不够用时，人民便打开大门，于是平民涌进了会场。群众涌人国民公会，这是历史上最惊人的景象之一。一般说来，这种闯入都是善意的。平头百姓与当政官员融洽一致。然而人民的这种友善十分可怕，因为他们曾在三小时内就夺取了荣军院的大炮和四万支长枪。会议时时被打断，或是代表团、请愿书，或是致敬、献礼。妇女们扛来了圣安托万区的荣誉梭枪，英国人为赤脚士兵送来了两万双鞋。《箴言报》写道：“奥比尼昂的本堂神甫兼德罗姆营的指挥官阿尔努公民，要求上前线并保留其本堂神甫职位。”巴黎各区的代表用担架拾来托盘、圣盘、圣餐杯、圣体显供台、一堆堆金银和红宝石，这是一大群衣衫褴楼的人献给祖国的，他们要求的回报只是在国民公会上跳卡马尼奥舞。什纳尔、纳尔博和瓦利耶尔到场唱歌，歌颂山岳派；布朗峰区带来了勒佩勒蒂埃的胸像；一位妇女将红色无檐帽戴在议长头上，议长亲吻她；“粘球场区的女公民们”向“立法者们”掷去鲜花；“祖国的学生们”跟在乐队后面前来感谢国民公会“开创了本世纪的繁荣”；法兰西卫队区的妇女们献上了玫瑰花；香谢丽舍大街区的妇女们献上一个橡树王冠启普勒区的妇女们来到会场，宣誓“只和真正的共和派团结一致”；莫里哀区送来一枚富兰克林纪念章，国民公会决定将它挂在自由神像的王冠上；被称为“共和国之子”的孤儿院的孩子们穿着制服列队走过；九二年区的年轻姑娘们穿着白色长抱来到会场，第二天，《箴言报》就这样写道：“议长从一位年轻美女的天真无邪的手中接过一束鲜花。”演说者向群众致敬，有时还奉承群众，说：“你是不会错的，你是无可挑剔的，你是崇高的。”人民有孩子气的一面，喜欢甜食糖果。有时，叛乱穿越会场，来时气势汹汹，去时心平气和，就像罗讷河流经莱芒湖一样，进湖时污浊不堪，出湖时清澈碧蓝。 有时情况不太平静，于是昂里奥让人将大炮抬到杜伊勒里宫门前。 国民公会释放出革命，同时也产生文明。它是大火炉，也是大熔炉；恐怖在锅中翻滚，进步也在锅中沸腾。从这堆杂乱的阴影中，从这些狂舞的乱云中，透射出宛若永恒法则的强烈光束。这些光束一直留在地平线上，在人民的天空中永远清晰可见，它们就是：公正、宽容、善良、理智、真理、仁爱。国民公会宣布这个伟大真理：“一位公民的自由在另一位公民的自由的开始处结束。”这简简单单的一句话归纳了人与人关系的全部内容。国民公会宣布贫穷是神圣的；残疾是神圣的--盲人和聋哑人由国家收养；未婚母亲的生育是神圣的--国民公会安慰她们，使她们振作起来；儿童是神圣的--孤儿由祖国抚养；清白无辜是神圣的--对无罪释放的被告赔偿损失。国民公会谴责贩卖黑人，废除奴隶制。它宣告公民团结，颁布义务教育法，在巴黎建立师范学校，在省会建立中心学校，在市镇建立小学。它创立了音乐戏剧学院和博物馆。它确立了统一的法典、统一的度量衡、统一的十进制。它建立了法国财政，以公共信贷取代了帝制下的长期破产。 它为交流提供了电报，为老年人提供了养老院，为病人提供了干净的医院，为教育提供了综合工科学校，为科学提供了经度研究室，为人类精神提供了科学院。国民公会既有国家性，也有世界性。它颁布了一万一千二百一十条法令，其中三分之一涉及政治，三分之二涉及人类。它宣布普遍道德是社会的基础，普遍觉悟是法律的基础。而这一切，废除奴隶制、宣扬友爱、保护人类、匡正人心、将劳动法则变为权利，使之不再是难以承受的，而是有益的、巩固国家资产、教育儿童和救济儿童、宣扬文艺和科学、在所有的顶峰点燃光明、援助一切困苦者、宣布一切原则，国民公会做了这一切，虽然它腹中有旺代这条七头蛇，肩上有国王们这群老虎。 庞大的场所。这里有一切典型：人、非人、超人。这是由众多对抗组成的史诗。吉奥坦回避大卫，巴齐尔侮辱夏博，加代嘲笑圣茹斯特，韦尔尼奥蔑视丹东，卢韦攻击罗伯斯比尔，比佐揭发平等，尚邦斥责帕什，所有的人都憎恶马拉。此外还有许多人！阿尔蒙维尔，他开会时戴红色无檐帽，因此绰号是红色无檐帽，他是罗伯斯比尔的朋友，然而，为了保持平衡，他希望“在将路易十六斩首后，将罗伯斯比尔斯首”；马西厄，他是仁慈的拉穆雷特主教的同事和复制品，这位主教的名字令人想到轻浮的爱情①；莫尔比昂的勒阿尔迪，他对布列塔尼的教士们痛加斥责；巴雷尔，他依附多数派，路易十六出庭受审时，他是议长，他与帕梅拉的关系就等于卢韦与治多伊斯卡的关系；多努，他是奥拉托利会会员，曾说：“要争取时间”；迪布瓦一克朗塞，马拉曾对他耳语密谈；德?夏托纳夫俱爵、拉克洛、埃罗?德?塞谢尔，当昂里奥高呼：“炮手们，各就各位” 时，埃罗?德?塞谢尔后退了；于连，他把山岳派比作塞尔莫皮尔②战役；加蒙，他希望为妇女保留一个专用席；拉卢瓦，他在会上赞扬主教戈贝尔，因为戈贝尔来到国民公会摘下主教帽，戴上红色无檐帽；勒孔特，他喊道：“看谁先还俗”；费罗，他的人头曾受到布瓦西一当格拉的敬礼，在历史上留下这个问题：布瓦西一当格拉是向人头还是向矛枪致敬？是向牺牲品还是向凶手致敬？还有迪普拉两兄弟，一个是山岳派，一个是吉伦特派，他们像谢尼埃兄弟一样相互仇恨。 从这个讲台上发出了许多令人眩晕的话语，言者也许无意，但话语有时像革命的预言，在它们以后，事实仿佛突然表现出强烈的不满，似乎对刚刚听见的话不以为然；事实似乎对话语感到气恼；灾难忿忿而来，仿佛被话语激怒了，这就好比是在山上一说话就能引起雪崩。多一个字就会引起倒坍。如果没有说话，事情就不会发生。有时事件好似具有暴躁易怒的性格。 伊丽莎白③夫人就是这样掉脑袋的，出于演说者的话所引起的误解。①拉穆雷特Lamourette与轻浮爱情lamourtte同音。 ②公元前五世纪的战役，波斯人大胜斯巴达人。 ③即路易十六的妹妹。 在国民公会，语言的放肆无度是理所当然的。在辩论中，威胁恫吓满天飞，而且相互碰撞，好比是大火中的火星。佩西翁：“罗伯斯比尔，说正题！”罗伯斯比尔：“正题就是你，佩西翁，我这就说，你等着吧。”一个声音喊道：“处死马拉！”马拉说： “马拉死了就再没有巴黎了，巴黎死了就再没有共和国了。”比佑－瓦雷恩站起来说： “我们要……”巴雷尔打断了他：“你的口气像国王……”有一天菲利波说：“有人向我拔出了枪。”奥杜安说：“议长，你叫凶手遵守秩序。”议长说：“等一等。”帕尼说：“议长我请你遵守秩序。”人们哄堂大笑。勒库安特说：“尚德布的本堂神甫状告主教福谢，因为主教不许他结婚。”一个声音说：“我就不明白，既然福谢有情妇，为什么不许别人娶老婆。”另一个声音说：“神甫，娶老婆吧！”观众也参加对话。他们对大会以亲密的“你”相称。有一大，代表吕昂走上讲台，他的屁股这半边比那半边大得多。一位旁听者喊道：“朝右边转过来呀，你不是有大卫式的半边屁股吗①？”人民就是这样随随便便地和国民公会说话。然而有一次，一七九三年四月十一日，在一片嘈杂中，议长下令逮捕了一位阻碍发言的观众。①吕昂及大卫均为山岳派。大卫的画作中有相当现实主义的裸体画。 有一天--老比奥纳罗蒂是这次会议的见证人--罗伯斯比尔发言，讲了两个小时，有时死盯住丹东--这是很严重的--有时斜眼瞧着丹东--这更糟糕。他用密集的火力猛击丹东，最后气势汹汹地说了许多充满杀气的话：“我知道谁是阴谋家，我知道谁行贿，谁受贿，我知道谁是叛徒。他们就在这个会场上。他们听见我们说话，我们看见他们，我们盯住他们。让他们瞧瞧自己头上吧，那里有法律的利剑；让他们看看自己的良心吧，那里有他们的耻辱。他们得小心点！”罗伯斯比尔说完后，丹东脸朝天花板，眯着眼睛，一支手臂从椅背上垂下，整个身体向后仰，哼哼道： 卡代?鲁塞尔②夸夸其谈不长的话就叫短诗。②一七九二年流行于革命军中的民歌。 于是诅咒铺天盖地而来：“阴谋家！”“凶手！”“恶棍！”“捣乱分子！”“温和派！”人们对着布鲁多的胸像相互揭露。斥责、辱骂、挑衅。双方怒目而视，挥舞拳头，露出短枪和匕首。讲台上火光熊熊。有些人慷慨陈词，仿佛背后是断头台。人头起伏摆动，既惊恐又可怖。山岳派、吉伦特派、斐扬派、温和主义派、恐怖主义浪、雅各宾派、科尔德利派；十八位散君教士。 所有这些人都是随风四散的青烟！ 人们随风摆动。 但这是奇风。 成为国民公会之一员，就是成为大洋中的一个波浪。大人物更是如此。推动力来自上天。国民公会中有一种意志，它是所有人的意志，又不属于任何人。这个意志是一种思想，一种无法驾驭的巨大思想，它在上空的暗处吹动。我们称它为革命。当这个思想经过时，有人被压倒，有人被抬起，有人像泡沫一样被吹走，有人撞到礁石上粉身碎骨。 这个思想知道自己去哪里，而且推着深渊前行。将革命归之于人，就等于将潮汐归之于波浪。 革命是无名氏的行动。你可以说它好或环，这要看你期望的是未来还是过去，但是你必须让做它的人去做。革命似乎是大事件和大人物相互结合而成的共同事业，其实不然，它只是事件的结果。事件在花费，付钱的是人；事件在口授，签名的是人。七月十四日签名的是卡米耶?戴穆兰，八月十日签名的是丹东，九月二日签名的是马拉，九月二十一日签名的是格雷瓜尔，一月二十一日签名的是罗伯斯比尔。然而，戴穆兰、丹东、马拉、格雷瓜尔、罗伯斯比尔不过是记录员。这些巨大卷页的非凡而阴森的撰稿人有一个名字，神，有一个面具，命运。罗伯斯比尔是信仰神的，当然！ 革命是内在现象的一种表现形式，这现象从四面挤压我们，我们称之为必然性。 面对这种令人不解的、错综复杂的善行与痛苦，历史提出了：为什么？ because.这是一无所知者的回答，也是无所不知者的回答。 在这些既蹂躏文明又使之复苏的灾难性关口前，很难对细节作出判断。根据结果来责怪或赞扬人，就好比根据总数来责怪或赞扬数字。该来的一定来，该刮的风一定刮。 这种劲风不会破坏永恒的宁静。真理与公正始终在革命的上方，宛如风暴之上的星空。 这就是巨大的国民公会；它好比是人类在四面黑暗的袭击下所维护的营地；它好比是被包围的思想大军在黑夜里发出的火光；它好比是深渊峭壁上一座巨大的精神营地。 历史上没有任何东西能与它相比，它既是议会又是群氓，既是正式选举会议又是十字街头，既是权威机关又是平民大众，既是法庭又是被告。 国民公会始终随风而倒，但这风出自人民之四，它是神的气息。 八十年后的今天，每当国民公会出现在人们脑海中时，无论是历史学家还是哲学家，都会停下来沉思。这些巨大的影子所到之处不可能不引起人们的注意。 二幕后的马拉正如他对西蒙娜?埃弗拉尔所说，在孔雀街会谈的第二天，马拉就来到了国民公会。 国民公会里有一位马拉派侯爵，路易?德?蒙托，他后来赠送国民公会一座顶上有马拉胸像的十进制座钟。 马拉进来时，夏博刚刚走近蒙托，说道： “前贵族……” 蒙托抬起眼睛： “为什么叫我前贵族？” “因为你就是前贵族。” "I?" “你不是侯爵吗？” “从来不是。” "Ah?" “我父亲当兵，我祖父是织布工人。” “你胡说些什么呀，蒙托？” “我不姓蒙托。” “那你姓什么？” “我姓马里邦。” “其实这和我有什么关系呢，”夏博说，接着又从牙缝中漏出一句话，“谁都抢着说自己不是候爵。” 马拉在左边的走道上站住了，瞧着蒙托和夏博。 马拉每次来都引起喧哗，但离他很远，离他近的人们则默不作声。马拉不在乎，他蔑视“沼泽里的呱呱叫声”。 在下排阴暗的座位上，瓦兹省的库佩、普目内尔、维拉尔（主教，后来是法兰西学院院土）、布特鲁、佩蒂、普莱复水、博内、蒂博多、瓦尔德吕什都相互指着马拉。 “瞧，马拉！” “他没生病？” “是生病了，瞧他穿着睡饱。” “睡袍？” "No!" “他这人为所欲为。” “竟敢穿着睡袍来国民公会？” “他不是戴着桂冠来过吗？当然可以穿睡抱来了。” “脸是铜色，牙齿是铜绿色。” “睡袍像是新的。” “什么料子？” “棱纹乎市。” “有条纹。” “瞧瞧翻领。” “是皮子。” “老虎皮。” “不，是白鼬皮。” “假白鼬皮。” “他还穿着长袜！” “真古怪。” “带扣的鞋。” “银扣！” “康布拉的木鞋是不会原谅他的。” 其他座位上的人假装没看见马拉，谈着别的事。桑托纳克斯对迪索尔说： “你知道吗，迪索尔？” "what?" “前贵族德?布里埃内伯爵。” “他曾经和前公爵德?维勒鲁瓦一起坐牢。” "good." “我认识他们两人。怎么了？” “他们胆战心惊，一看见监狱看守的红色无檐帽就鞠躬，有一次他们还不肯玩皮克牌，因为牌上有国王和皇后。” “后来呢，怎么了？” “昨天他们上了断头台。” "Two people?" “两个人。” “他们在监狱里表现得怎么样？” "coward." “在断头台上呢？” “很勇敢。” 迪索尔感慨道： “死比生容易呀。” 巴雷尔正在宣读一份报告，内容是旺代的叛乱。莫尔比昂派出了九百人和一些大炮去支援南特。勒东受到农民的威胁。潘伯夫遭到攻击。海军监视船在曼德兰附近游大以防止登陆。从安格朗德到莫尔，卢瓦尔河左岸全都是保皇党的炮队。三千农民控制了波尔尼克，喊道：“英国人万岁！”巴雷尔念的是桑泰尔致国民公会的信，信的结尾如下： “七千农民攻打瓦恩，被我们击退了，我们缴获了四门大炮……” “多少俘虏？”一个声音打断说。 巴雷尔继续念……附言：“我们没有俘虏，因为我们不再抓俘虏了。” 马拉始终一动不动，他没有听，仿佛在专注地思考一件严重的事。 他手里拿着一张纸，在手指间控揉着。谁要是展开它，就会看到莫莫罗的这几行字，它们大概是对马拉的探询的回答：①《箴言报》第十九卷，八十四页。--原编者注对特派员的绝对权力，简直毫无办法，特别是救国委员会的特派员。热尼西厄在五月六日的会议上说：“每个特派员都比国王还厉害。”但这话也无济于事。他们掌握着生死大权。昂热的马萨德?圣阿芒的特目拉尔、马尔塞将军身边的尼翁、萨布勒军中的帕兰、尼奥尔军中的米尼埃，他们都有极大的权力。雅各宾俱乐部甚至任命帕兰为准将（旅长），一切都说是形势所迫。救国委员会的特派员使主将无法行动。 马拉将那张纸揉成一团放回衣袋，慢慢朝蒙托和夏搏走去，那两人还在聊天，没有看见他进来。 夏博说： “不管你是马里邦还是蒙托，你听我说，我刚从救国委员会出来。” "What are they doing?" “派一位教士去监视一位贵族。” "Ah!" “像你这样的贵族……” “我不是贵族。”蒙托说。 “派一位教士去……” “你这样的教士。” “我不是教士。”夏博说。 两人都笑了起来。 “你说清楚一点。”蒙托说。 “是这样的。一位叫西穆尔丹的教士作为全权特派员被派到一位叫戈万的子爵身边去。这位子爵指挥着海岸军的远征队。因此既要防止贵族弄虚作假，也要防止教士叛变。” “这很简单嘛，”蒙托说，“只要事关生死就行了。” “我正是为这来的。”马拉说。 他们抬起头来。 “你好，马拉，”夏博说，“你很少来开会。” “医生嘱咐我沐浴。”马拉回答说。 “别太相信沐浴了。”夏博说，“塞内克①就是沐浴时死的。” ①公元一世纪的罗马哲学家，曾是暴君尼禄的家庭教师，后受到尼禄贬谪，自杀而死。 马拉微微一笑： “夏博，这里没有尼禄。” “这里有你。”一个粗嗓子说。 这是丹东，他正经过这里去他的座位。 马拉没有回头。 他在蒙托和夏博两张脸中间俯下头说： “听我说，我来是为了一件重要的事。我们三个人中间，必须有一个人今天在国民公会上提出一项议案。” “我不干。”蒙托说，“他们不听我的，我是候爵。” “我呢，他们也不会听的，我是嘉布遣会修士。”夏博说。 “至于我，他们也不会听的，我是马拉。” There was a silence. 马拉满腹心事，不愿回答询问，但是蒙托还是大胆地提出了问题： “马拉，你想要什么法令？” “任何军事领袖，一旦放跑了反叛分子俘虏，一律判死刑。” 夏博插嘴说： “这项法令已经有了，是在四月底通过的。” “那就是说，有等于没有。”马拉说，“在整个旺代地区，哪里都有人放跑俘虏，而且我们也没惩罚他们的避难所。” “马拉，这是因为这项法令失效了。” “夏博，那就应该让它重新生效。” "certainly." “因此应该在国民公会上讲讲。” “马拉，大可不必，救国委员会就足够了。” “如果救国委员会在旺代的所有市镇张贴这项法令，再挑两三个惩办对象，目的不就达到了吗？”蒙托说。 “要挑大人物，”夏博说，“挑将军。” 马拉低声说：“的确，这就够了。” “马拉，”夏博又说，“你自己去找救国委员会吧。” 马拉盯着他，即使对夏博来说，这也不是愉快的事。 “夏博，”马拉说，“救国委员会是在罗伯斯比尔家，我不去他家。” “那我去吧。”蒙托说。 “好的。”马拉说。 第二天，救国委员会向各处发出命令，要求在旺代地区的城镇村庄张贴这项法令并严格执行：凡是与土匪及叛乱分子越狱逃跑有牵连者一律处死刑。 这项法令只是第一步，国民公会后来走得更远。几个月以后，共和二年雾月十一日（一七九三年十一月），由于拉瓦尔城开门接纳旺代逃亡者，国民公会通过法令：任何接纳叛乱分子的城市都将被夷为平地。 另一方面，欧洲的王公们在布伦瑞克的宣言--它是由流亡贵族授意，由奥尔良公爵的总管兰农侯爵起草的--中声明：手执武器的法国人都将被枪决；如果国王掉一根头发，巴黎将被夷为平地。 一方是残忍，一方是野蛮。