Chapter 13 Versions and translations of Utopia

Malein The manuscript has not survived. Its first edition appeared in Louvain, Belgium, in 1516, when Erasmus, More's friend, lived in Louvain. The main supervisors of publication were, besides Erasmus, Peter. Giles. The text precedes the author's letter to Peter Giles. On the title page of this pamphlet it is stated that it was printed with "extraordinary precision". But this is nothing more than old-fashioned typographical boasting. There are many typos and Latin errors in the text. For example, there is a sentence on page 101 (according to Lupton edition) whose subject noun is Negative (oratio talk)

, while the adjective in the predicate belonging to it is masculine (iucundus happy).For More, who was well versed in Latin, such a sexual relationship was absolutely unacceptable. So the assumption that the original text was based on dictation may be a wise one. Precautions like this, and in other The most likely explanation is the fear of censorship. The first edition is a rare book. Only five are known to the world. The Soviet one is hidden in the Marx, Engels and Lenin Academy. The interest aroused by the unsatisfactory first edition led the bookseller Gilles de Gourmont to republish it in Paris in 1517. There are more wrong characters than the first edition. It is based on the first edition (A edition), but there are many interesting textual discrepancies. Among them, we can cite two places, here to emphasize the relationship between the rulers and the people. A tendency towards incongruity is clearly visible. That is, on page 193 (according to Lupton's edition), only the original text of edition B bears these words: "A people oppressed by tyranny"

, while in other editions the meaning of the wording is not so sharp. It is also true on page 303 (Lupton edition). The "exploitation" of the rich (Poor people) Such words and sentences, only the B version is more "like a laden animal". The B edition is also rare, and the sample I used was from the Leningrad Public Library. The first two editions were full of errors, and Erasmus was forced to approach the reliable printer Vroben who published his own works in Basel. In 1518, Froben published two editions (one in March and the other in November).These two versions, especially the second edition, are much more accurate. On March 1, 1517, Erasmus wrote to Moore from Antwerp: "Please send your revised version as soon as possible." .

More did not disappoint his friend's hopes, because at the end of May 1517, this Erasmus wrote to tell More: "Your satirical verse has been sent to Basel by me." Affirmation, 1518 edition (version C) It was printed from the original version of the A version revised by Moore. Of course, this makes this version special. But the two versions of the C version also have a lot of misprints. The C version I use is the book of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Library (January edition) , and the Library of the Documentation Bureau (March edition). The rest of the editions were published after More's death, and so do little to restore the original to its original appearance. ① It is true that revisers have sometimes been pertinent in correcting individual mistakes, but they have also added new ones. For example "The Uganda" contained in the Latin Collected Works of More in 1565

① In addition to the above, this book was printed in four editions in the original language in the sixteenth century and translated into various languages: German (1524) , Italian (1548) , French (150 and 159 editions) , English (151 and 156 editions) and Dutch (1562). -- 179 Versions and translations of 561 Topia" article (according to version B) , and this article received in the 1689 Complete Works (according to editions B and C) This is the case. In the 19th century, Michels cooperated with the famous educator Ziegler, based on the A edition, and republished it, which was included in the "Latin Literature Masterpieces of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century" (Berlin, Weidmann & Co., 1895) of this series. Michels reprinted version A blindly without correcting its defects. In addition, he appended the main variants of versions B and C, but did so sloppily. , especially for the B edition. Also in the year 1895, there appeared the Lupton edition based on the C edition (March edition), with excellent annotations①. I refer to the Lupton edition as As my main translation, refer to A, B and C editions (November edition)

, to correct its misprints, and to check them. Only on important occasions, it is pointed out that the translation does not agree with the Lupton version, and where the misprints are corrected. The marginal notes on versions A, B, and C are also omitted. , except for a few extremely important places. Now let’s talk about the various translations, and only cite the most famous and valuable translations among them. The classic English translation of Robinson Robinson, this version First published in 151, and printed many times since. This translation is very correct and close to the original. The language used by the translator is regarded as a model in England. Robinson's translation is attached to the above-mentioned Lupton edition. French Among the translations, the translation of Gedwell can be cited.

① "Sir Thomas More's Utopia, March 1518 Latin Edition and Robinson Robinson's first English translation in 151, with Lupton's new translation, introduction and notes...", Oxford, 1895 edition .The later editions, as far as we know, are the 1910 Sampson edition and the 1936 Dale Kuhl edition. But up to now, the Lupton edition is still the better edition. ——Russian translation editor "Bang" is not so much a translation as a paraphrase, and some parts are very imprecise. It is characterized by engravings. As far as I know, apart from some paintings by Holbein on the C version, this It is the only attempt to add illustrations. The most interesting of these pictures is the public refectory of the Utopians and the bride and groom examining each other. This translation was printed in Lying City in 1715. It is in the library of the Documentation Bureau. Other The best French translation is that of Thomas Rousseau, archivist of the Jacobin Club. The second edition was published in the year of the French Revolution (1789).

This is also a translation that is very far from the original text, and it adds to the original text, although it is not as good as the Gedeweier translation. However, Rousseau's translation turned out to be a Latin Bible in France, and it was republished in 188. Cole German is notorious for his German translation, which was published in 1846 by the well-known company "Reikla" and was later reprinted in the "Universal Books" of this company. Irrefutable proof that it was not translated from the original, but from an unreliable French translation, and that the French translation itself was not from the original, but from Burnett's English translation. The whole book turned out badly .Finally I come to the Russian translation. "Diligent Linguist"

Taragi Yakovsky was one of the first figures who introduced More to Russian readers. The political profile of the writer, as Academician Orlov now identifies him, proves that he was far from the man he is usually portrayed as. He is not a flattering imperialist, but is good at expressing his anti-government feelings subtly in the choice of the original works he has to translate. The genre of the poem paraphrases "this glorious and wise man" A work of "British Thomas More". As far as it is concerned, its two first translations appeared at the end of the eighteenth century. We reproduce the titles of the two translations① as follows: (1) A Narrative of the Great Harmony or Utopia. The author, Thomas More, the British Prime Minister, shared Volume II. Rousseau's translation from English into French, from which the present Russian edition was translated. Approved by the Diocesan Authority. Printed in St. Petersburg, at the expense of Schnoor. 1789, p. 210. (2) Raphael the philosopher The Travels of the New World by Erl Hisrad, a noteworthy narrative of adventure and discovery, as well as of the sensible way of life of the peace-loving people of Utopia. Translated from English by Thomas More 1 ruble each in softcover. Printed in St. Petersburg. Approved by the Diocesan Administration. Schnoor, 1790. 210 pp. Although the titles of the two translations are different, the translations are identical. In the title of the first translation The Rousseau mentioned is the same person as already indicated above. The shortcomings of this Russian translation are found in the second edition (1801) of the Moscow Magazine (1791, No. 1), published concurrently with it. pp. 361-371 have been pointed out. The book reviewer notes the title of the book (i.e. "Raphael Hisrad the Philosopher" cited above, etc.)

, briefly narrated More's life, and then relayed the contents of the book in great detail; , and quoted some fragments of the translation to prove this point. The end of the book review reads: "There are many places in the style of French, indicating that this book is not translated from English, but from French. ① Comparing Chichurin's comments in "On the Russian Translation of Thomas More's "Utopia" in the Eighteenth Century", published in the "Gazette of the Ministry of National Education", 1905, Volume 5, pp. 223-224. Chichurin Regarding the two titles, especially the first title, the quotation is not precise enough. (Chichulin spelled Moore’s name Mop as Myp, and the citing person marked it with sic afterwards. ——Chinese translator)

translated " (This opinion is quite correct, since it uses Rousseau's French translation) ; "The translator does not use, but uses, does not use, MNOIJPQRISFTQFUVQTFWX YIRX, and so on. It can be seen that the translator's French and Russian are not very good MHNZ [ WXYIRTX ". It is mentioned in Danilevsky's novel "The Great Wave" published in 1874 (according to the magazine "Neva" published in St. Petersburg in 1901, Vol. 5, p. 185) "Thomas More's Utopia Island". However, after consulting the bibliographies and catalogs of major libraries, it is impossible to confirm that such a version did exist. In 1901, Tallie translated it as his master's thesis "From Appendices to More's Social Views on the Economic Conditions of England in the Era of More (St. Petersburg, 1901). This translation was obviously rushed out, and generally speaking, it was not very successful. According to the time, the last Russian translation is Geng Kaili’s translation: Author Thomas Moore, a well-known British figure ①. Translated from Latin by Geng Kaili, participating worker Maxwell, with a brief biography of More edited by Maxwell (published with a portrait of More) , St. Petersburg, 1903".This translation (an unsatisfactory one) was reprinted several times even after the October Revolution. For example, the third edition was printed in Petrograd in 1918 as the "Soviet Edition of the Petrograd Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies", while the The fourth edition was published by the "Proletarian" Publishing House of Kharkov, and the words "revised edition" were written on each volume of this edition, but it was not actually revised and supplemented. ①The original text in brackets is Latin, but the ending of "country" is wrong, and it is spelled rei publici should be reiPublicae.This misprint is marked with sic by the citing person. ——Chinese translator In this translation of mine I have first of all tried to convey the meaning of the original text. Perhaps because I have tried to do so, in many places I have relied too much on the structure of the original Latin text, which is completely different from the Russian style, although I have always tried to avoid the Latin text. The structure of the text. It is especially difficult to overcome the long compound sentences in the original text. I can’t completely get rid of those long compound sentences, because it will lose the grandeur of the original work. Finally, I should thank the Academy of Sciences Academicians Volkin and Orlov, as well as Anlinsky, pointed out to me some stylistic flaws in the translation. Anlinsky contributed a lot to this translation, and he painstakingly corrected it from the Latin original. At the same time, he put forward many valuable opinions, so not only from the aspect of easy reading, but also from the point of view of being closer to the original text, it also makes the translation a lot more interesting. The translation of this edition, the third edition, has been revised by Petrovsky, and the editor has tried to treat the translation of the late Professor Marxist Lenin with prudence. Some more correct explanations and minor revisions have also been made in the annotations of the translation. Marxist Lenin The first edition of Yin's translation was published by the Publishing Bureau of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1935. The second edition was published by the Publishing Bureau of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1947.