Chapter 6 -2

about officials Every thirty households elect one official every year, named in their ancient language as the Gurante, and in the modern language as Fei Laha. Every ten of the Gurante and the households under his control attached to a senior official, formerly known as trump ①Syphogrant——The original Greek meaning of this word has different interpretations, and some interpret it as old man or elder. ——Chinese translator Nipur ①, now known as the Chief Ferraha. All the Guardian Grants have a total of 200 people. After taking an oath, they elect the person who they think is the most qualified. A governor is elected by secret ballot, especially from the citizens. Choose among the four selected candidates. Because there are four districts in the city, each district proposes a candidate for the governor, who is going to be mentioned in the council. The governor is for life, unless he is deposed because of suspicion of conspiracy to implement tyranny. Longibore is elected every year, but does not need to be replaced without good reason. The other officers are elected once a year. Longibore consults with the Governor every three days on business, and sometimes more frequently if necessary. They Discuss state affairs. But if there are disputes between citizens and private individuals

, they always dealt with it in good time. They often had two procuratorial grants present at the council, which varied from day to day. Discussion without approval. Discussion of business outside council or public assembly is punishable by capital punishment. The purpose of this measure, they say, is to prevent the governor and Trump from easily conspiring against the people. Carry out autocratic oppression, thereby changing the country's system. Therefore, all matters that are considered important must be submitted to the Guardian Grant meeting, and the Guardian Grant will notify the households under the management of each person, discuss the meeting, and report the decision to the council .Sometimes questions are referred to the island-wide assembly. Also, the council routinely does not discuss a question on the day it is first raised, but leaves it for the next meeting. They generally do this to prevent any member from making unthought-out remarks. , but in the future it is more to consider defending one's own opinion, and

① Tranibor ——Each family has different interpretations of the original Greek meaning of this word, and one says it refers to the person who sits in the chief seat. ——Chinese translator Instead of thinking of the national interest, that is, preferring to jeopardize the public welfare than risk his own reputation, he is motivated by insisting on false and inappropriate views of face, lest he be thought to have initially lacked foresight--which he always was. It should have been fully foreseen at the beginning that the speech should be cautious and not rash. about career People in Utopia, regardless of gender, take farming as their career. They all started farming from primary school, some of them received theory at school, and some of them went to practice trips to farms near the city, which was like recreational activities. They were not just spectators on the farm, but Whenever there is an opportunity to do manual labor, engage in practical operations. In addition to what I have said, everyone must learn a special craft. This is generally wool weaving, hemp spinning, masonry, smelting or woodworking. In addition, other occupations that some people engage in are not worth mentioning. As for clothing, the whole island has been the same style for hundreds of years, but there are differences between men and women, married and unmarried. Pleasant, easy to move, and suitable for both winter and summer. Oh, every household makes their own clothes!

In addition to tailoring clothes, each person learns other crafts. This is true for men and women. Women are weak in physical strength, so they do light work, usually wool weaving and linen spinning. Men do the rest. The work of the father. It is the general case, since most people have such a natural tendency. But if any person feels attractive to him in a trade other than the family tradition, he can be fostered to practice the trade that he likes. His father, and even the local authorities, were interested in finding him a dignified head of the household. Besides, if a man who had mastered one trade wanted to learn another, he could get the same permission. He had learned two After crafting, you can use any craft, unless the city has a greater need for one of them.

The chief and almost sole duty of the Guardian Grant was to see that no one was idle, and that all were hard at work, but not so exhausted from early morning till late at night. The misfortune is worse than that of slaves, but this is the life of working people almost everywhere except the Utopians. The Utopians divide the day and night into twenty-four hours, and only arrange six hours of labor. Three hours of labor in the morning, and then work in the morning. Lunch, rest for two hours in the afternoon, work for another three hours, and then stop for dinner. They count from the first hour at noon, go to bed around the eighth hour, and sleep time takes up eight hours. Among work, sleep and meal time The free time is for everyone to control and use, not to be wasted on banquets and wanderings, but to engage in some leisure activities according to each person's preferences. Such free time is generally used for academic discussions. They routinely hold public lectures before dawn every day. Only those who are specially selected for learning must attend. However, most people from all walks of life, regardless of gender, come to listen in groups. According to the closeness of each person's nature, some listen to one kind and some listen to the other. But if anyone prefers to devote this time to their own craft, it is left to their own devices. This is the case with many people, whose level is not up to the higher disciplines that use the brain. To be commended for doing good to the country. An hour of amusement after supper, in the garden in summer, in the dining-room in winter, or music, or conversation among one another. Dice and such absurd and pernicious games, Utopia I never knew about it. However, there are two common games among them, which are quite similar to chess. One is fighting numbers, where one number captures another number. It shows that evil and evil are fighting against each other and in unison against morality, and then what kind of evil rebels against what kind of morality, what kind of force is used to attack morality openly, what kind of strategy is used to march against morality, and morality is What defenses are employed to check the rampant progress of evil, what devices are used to thwart the artifice of evil, until at last, by what means is one of the parties victorious. But, in order to avoid misunderstanding, here is a point which you must examine more deeply. Since they work only six hours, you might expect that the consequence would be that there would be some shortage of necessities. But the truth is far from it. These six hours are not only sufficient for the whole supply of life's necessities or conveniences, but More than enough. This phenomenon you will understand, if you consider what a large proportion of the population in other countries eat and do not work, first of all almost all women, who constitute half of the population, Or where women are busy, men usually sleep late. Moreover, what a huge group of monks and so-called religious believers, how idle!Add to them all the rich, especially the landed lords, who are called gentlemen and nobles. Add their servants, and I mean all the bullying bastards who can't do a good job. Finally, including There are also able-bodied beggars, who use the excuse of illness to eat idle food. In this way, you must find that the number of laborers who create all the daily necessities of the people is far less than you imagine. Now you can estimate However, how few people are engaged in necessary crafts among the laborers. Because, in a society where everything is measured by money, people are bound to engage in many superfluous industries that are useless and uselessly provide for a life of luxury and debauchery. Enjoyment. If the great multitude now working were distributed among a few trades for the gratification of the few natural wants and conveniences of life, commodities would have to be greatly multiplied, and prices would have fallen so low that the manufactures could not live by their work. But if at present all idlers and all idlers (each of whom consumes as much of the fruits of the labor of others as two laborers) were assigned to labor and useful work, you can easily see that only How little working time is required is enough room to produce all that is indispensable to life's needs and conveniences (and even pleasures, so long as they are truly natural ones). The experience of Utopia proves the latter. There, every All men and women of age and physical strength suitable for labor in a city and its surrounding areas are required to participate in labor, and less than 500 people have been exempted. Lead by example, and are more willing to lead others to labor. Some people are also exempted by the recommendation of the priest and the secret vote of the patron grant, so that the scientific research of various sciences can be carried out seriously. On the contrary, it often happens that a worker studies knowledge as an amateur, tirelessly, and achieves outstanding results, so that he can get rid of his craft and be appointed as a scholar. It is from a group of learned Among the people, the Utopians elected envoys, priests, Tronipur, and even governors. In their ancient language, the governors were called Basang, and lately Adaman. Almost all the rest of the inhabitants were neither lazy nor lazy Busy and not unprofitable work, it is conceivable how much good things they make, and how little time they spend. Besides, most of the necessary crafts are not so expensive for them in other countries. So much work is also a convenience. Firstly, the construction and repair of the house requires the constant labor of a large number of workers elsewhere, because a father's building is always left to decay by his ignorant descendants.

① Barzanes ——According to Greek, it refers to the son of Zeus (Zeus is the main god in Greek mythology). ——Chinese translator ②Ademus (Ademus)—according to Greek, it means "no nation". ——Chinese translator As a result, the house that can be repaired with a small amount of money, later generations have to spend a lot of money to build another one. Moreover, although A used a huge sum of money to build the house, B picks it arbitrarily, does not take it seriously, and does not cherish it , let it fall into disrepair, and then spend the same amount of money to build another elsewhere. On the Utopian land, because everything is well-organized and the public welfare management is serious, it is rare to see new land and new houses. Utopians are diligent in maintaining houses, Special attention is paid to the care in advance. As a result, the amount of labor spent is minimal, and the house is very durable. Sometimes the carpenter is closed and has nothing to do, unless he chops wood in his own home and repairs stones at the same time, so that one day there is a need for construction. Build the house quickly. Also, with regard to clothing, notice how little labor is consumed. First, they wear rough leather clothing that will last seven years during working hours. This is modest clothing. When they go out in public places, they wear Coat, which does not reveal the thicker work clothes. The color of the coat is the same throughout the island, but it is the true color of wool. Therefore, the need for plush is definitely less than elsewhere, and the price is lower than elsewhere. On the other hand, linen The cost is less, and the application is wider. For linen, they only pay attention to the white color, and for woolen, they only pay attention to the clean texture. They don't care about the fine hair. Therefore, in other countries, a person has sweaters of various colors Four or five, or four or five silk shirts, are not satisfied, and those who are more picky and picky are not satisfied even with ten; in Utopia, only one coat is enough to satisfy people, and it usually takes two yr. Of course the Utopians have no reason to want more clothes, for more does not make them warmer or look prettier. Therefore, since they are all engaged in useful handicrafts, and from which less products have been Sufficient, they call out countless citizens from time to time to repair all damaged public roads, when all daily necessities are plentiful. If even such repairs are unnecessary, they often openly announce a reduction in the hours of work. The government does not compel citizens to perform Superfluous useless labor. The Utopian Constitution stipulates that, as long as the public needs are not damaged, all citizens should have as much time as possible for spiritual freedom and development in addition to engaging in physical labor. They believe that this is the essence of life. hapiness.

about social life It seems in time to describe how citizens deal with one another, the nature of their social relations, and the method of distributing supplies. Cities are made up of homes, and homes are inhabited by related members. When a woman of maturity marries, she goes to live with her husband. The son and grandson live in their own homes and obey the oldest head of the family, unless he is old and faint, then he will be replaced by the next oldest person. In order to keep the city population neither thin nor dense, it is stipulated that every There must be no less than ten and no more than sixteen adults in any household. There must be six thousand such households in every city, except in the suburbs. Of course, there is no limit to the number of underage children. This limit is not difficult to observe, as long as the The overpopulation of a household is taken out to fill the underpopulation of a household. If the population of each household in the whole city is full, any adult who exceeds the number can be moved out to help enrich other cities with underpopulation. For example, the population of the whole island If the specified number is exceeded, they register citizens from each city, and establish colonies in the uninhabited wastelands of the adjacent continents according to Utopian laws. If the local people are willing to come and live with them, they will unite with them. If the union is implemented, The gradual and easy integration of the two parties, and the assimilation of the common way of life and customs, is to the great advantage of both. It was previously considered barren and barren by the local people. For the local people who did not abide by Utopia’s laws, the Utopias would drive them out from the land they had delineated for themselves. If they resisted, Utopia would send troops to attack. The Utopians consider it an excellent reason for war if the land is left unused and unused, and denied to other peoples who, according to the laws of nature, should depend on it for their livelihood. If the Utopian cities are depopulated by some disaster, Incapable of taking supplements from other parts of the island without detriment to the proper manpower of other cities (this is said to have happened only twice in history, due to the prevalence of plagues)

, they transfer citizens back from the colonies to enrich them. They would rather let the colonies be wiped out than see any cities on the island weakened. . Wives serve their husbands; children serve their parents. Generally speaking, young people take care of the old. Each city is divided into four parts of the same size. The center of each district is the market where department stores gather. The products of any household All goods are transported to the designated building in the market. All kinds of goods are stored in the warehouse by category. The head of each household comes to the warehouse to find the materials needed by himself and his family, and brings them back to the household without paying cash. No compensation of any kind. Is there any reason for denying needed supplies?First, everything is in sufficient supply. Second, there is no need to worry about anyone asking for more than they need. Is there any reason to doubt that a man will ask for too much, when he is sure that there will never be enough?Of course, in all living beings the insatiable desire springs from a fear of scarcity, but in man it arises from a sense of self-respect, a feeling that it is something to be proud of to show that you have more than others. Fashion has no place in the habits of the Utopians. Adjacent to the market of which I am speaking is the food market. Not only vegetables, fruits, and bread of every kind are brought here, but also fish and birds that are edible. and livestock. All bloody filth is washed away by running water in a special place outside the city, and from here the livestock carcasses slaughtered and washed by slaves are transported. Valuable compassion. Moreover, they do not allow any unclean things to be brought into the city, so as to prevent the air from being polluted by decaying substances and causing diseases. In addition, each street has spacious halls and halls, which are located at equal distances. One has its own proper name. The guardian Grant lives in these halls. There are 15 households on the left and right of each hall, and a total of 30 households are in charge of them. They gather in the halls for meals. The catering managers of each hall Gather at the market on time, and receive food according to the number of people in charge. Patients treated in public hospitals receive special care first. Within the scope of each city, there are four public hospitals near the suburbs, all of which are very large, like four Small town. Its purpose is twofold: first, no matter how many patients there are, they will not be crowded together and cause discomfort; second, people suffering from infectious diseases can be isolated as much as possible. These hospitals are well-equipped, and there are everything that can promote health Moreover, the treatment is serious and considerate, and Dr. Gao Ming personally takes care of him continuously. Therefore, although the patient is not forced to be sent to the hospital, all the residents in the city are willing to leave home for hospital care when they get sick. After the prescribed food, the most exquisite meals were distributed equally according to the number of people in each hall, but to the governor, bishop, Tronipur, and foreign envoys and all foreigners (if there were foreigners, but generally speaking, Aliens are rare) are exceptionally given special care. When foreigners come to Utopia, there is a fixed residence prepared for them. During the prescribed lunch and dinner time, when they hear the sound of the brass trumpet, they will take care of all of Grande’s subordinates. Residents come to the hall to gather together, except for those who are hospitalized or sick at home. After the hall is open, if someone picks up food from the market and goes home, it is not forbidden. Utopian people realize that there must be a reason for a person to do that. Because While it is not forbidden for anyone to cook at home, it is not forbidden for anyone to have a cook at home. When the food in the nearby halls is so good and rich, it is considered a practice for a person to be foolish enough to ask for trouble for poor quality cooking. Undignified. All the more or less strenuous and dirty work in the hall is performed by slaves. But the food cooking and the arrangement of the whole meal are performed by women alone, and women in each household take turns. Or divided into three dining tables Or divide more tables to eat, depending on the number of people. Men sit on the tables with their backs to the wall, while women sit outside, so the latter may feel acute pain or discomfort (pregnant women often cannot avoid it)

, you can leave your seat and go to the nanny's place without causing disturbance. The nanny takes the baby in another specially designated dining room, where there is always a fire, clean water, and a cradle. The babysitter can put the baby in the cradle, or You can unpack the baby at will and let it play freely by the fire. The mother feeds her own baby, except for the mother who dies or gets sick. This was not difficult. For all women who were able to do it voluntarily and with great enthusiasm. This kind of charity was praised by all. And the infants who were brought up in this situation regarded the nurse as their own mother. Infants under five years of age All live with the nanny. Other minors, including men and women under the age of marriage, or those who serve at the dining table, or stand aside because they are too young to do their job. The above two kinds of young people eat from the dining table Served the meals to them, and there was no other meal time. The chief executive and his wife sat in the middle of the chief. This place is the most honorable, and they can see all the people who are eating. The chief is Heng'an At the far end of the cafeteria. Sitting at the same table as the Guardians and Mrs. Grant are the two oldest citizens.

They always sit at a table of four. If there is a church in a certain area of ​​the Grande, the couple of priests will sit on the benches of the Grande and serve as the head of the chair. The tables on both sides are used by young people, and the next Tables for the elderly, and the tables in the whole cafeteria are arranged in such a way that people of the same age sit at the same table and cross with people of different ages. They say that in this arrangement, the solemn and awe-inspiring dignity of the old people is enough to prevent Young people get involved in loitering because their words and deeds can't escape the attention of the elderly present. The food plate is not served in the order of the first seat, then the second seat, etc., but the old man who sits prominently first. The best food is served, and then the other tables are evenly distributed. If this kind of delicious food is limited and cannot be enjoyed by the whole cafeteria, the old man can distribute his delicious food to the people next to him at will. Therefore, The elderly are respected as they should be, and the rest of the people are equally honored. Before lunch and dinner, someone reads a book to persuade others to be kind, but the content is short so as not to bore the listener. The tone is cheerful and slightly humorous. However, the old man does not always give himself a long speech, but is also willing to listen to the young people's speeches, and even deliberately draws out their words so that he can test them in the relaxed atmosphere of the meal conversation. The talent and character revealed by every young man. Lunch time is not too long, and dinner time is longer, because after lunch, you have to work, and after dinner, you have to go to bed and rest all night. Utopians think that a good night's sleep It helps the stomach and intestines to digest. Every dinner, there must be music, and the dessert after the meal is very delicious. They burn incense, spray perfume, and try their best to make everyone happy. They always prefer to think that everything is harmless In the city they live together. But in the country, since the dwellings are far apart from each other, each eats in his own home. Every household has all the food supplies, and the city All the food that the Chinese people eat comes from the village people.

About Utopian travel and more Citizens who want to visit friends or engage in sightseeing in another city can easily get permission from the Guardian Grant and Tronipur, unless there is a good reason not to let them go. Therefore, a group of travelers set out , holding papers from the Governor, certifying that they were permitted to go out, with a date of return stated. They were given a trailer, a public slave for driving cattle. But if no women were traveling with them, they always returned the cart, thinking Having a car is cumbersome and inconvenient. During the whole trip, they don’t bring anything, but they don’t lack anything, because they feel like they are at home everywhere. If they stay in any place for more than one day, each of them will do his own job there. Live, and be treated with kindness by his peers. Anyone who crosses the jurisdiction of the city without authorization, is caught and found to have no papers from the governor, and it is very dishonorable; he is escorted back as a fugitive and severely punished. If anyone wants to visit the outskirts of the city, as long as his father allows and his wife agrees, he is not prohibited. No matter where he comes to any part of the country, he must finish the morning tour. work or dinner, and then he is fed and entertained. A man may visit any place in the district of the city at will, provided that he observes this condition. In this way, he contributes as if he were still in that city. Thus You can see that there is no room for wasting time or excuses for avoiding work, anywhere. They have no taverns and liquor parlors, no brothels, no places of corruption, no dens of filth, no places of secret meetings. On the contrary, In view of all the people, people must do their usual work, or spend their leisure time legitimately. Since this is the general fashion, all goods must be extremely abundant. The goods are evenly distributed among the entire population, so that no one can become poor. Or beggars. At the meeting of the senate in Amauroti (I said above that each city sends three representatives per year) , they first ascertained which classes of commodities were plentiful in a particular district, and then which districts of the island were in short supply. They immediately distributed the surplus between the two places. What is needed. People who support one city without compensation from their own reserves can also get anything they lack from another city free of charge. So the whole Utopia is one family. When the Utopians themselves supply After sufficient supply (since the second year's harvest cannot be determined in advance, they must have two years of reserves before they consider the supply complete) , and the surplus they carried to other countries was the bulk of corn, honey, wool, flax, wood, scarlet and purple dyes, hides, yellow wax, fat, boiled hides, and cattle. They gave a seventh of the above products to The poor of these countries sell the rest cheaply. Through this transaction, they send back the goods they lack (actually the only thing lacking is iron) , and brought back large quantities of gold and silver. This trade has continued day after day for so long that they have everywhere in their country an incredible quantity of gold and silver. As a result, they do not care now about selling goods for cash, Still on credit. In fact, they sell bulk goods on credit. However, they do not trust private individuals in all credit transactions. The city authority must come forward and sign legal documents as usual. The debtors collect all the arrears and deposit them in the public treasury, which can be used as funds before the Utopians withdraw them. Most of these debts, the Utopians never claim. It is not fair to take it from another. But if a circumstance arises which renders them obliged to lend a part of this sum to another country, they recoup the debt. The same is true when they must go to war. Its sole purpose is , and store all their money at home, as a security in case of extreme crisis or sudden event. They use this money especially to recruit foreign mercenaries (whom the Utopians would rather risk than use) national citizen) , well aware that as long as there is a large amount of money, they can even buy and sell the enemy, or cause them to conspire against each other or openly use force to kill each other. For the above military reasons, the Utopians stored a large amount of gold and silver, but not just as gold and silver How they hoarded their gold and silver, I am ashamed to tell, lest what I say should not be believed. My fear is all the more justified, for I know that if I had not been to Utopia to see this phenomenon with my own eyes, It is also difficult for me to believe that from other people's reports. It is almost inevitable that this is a general rule: the listener is less accustomed to something, the less convinced he is. So different from us in all other respects, it may not be so surprising that their use of gold and silver should be adapted to their habits of life, and not necessarily to ours. It is to preserve it for unexpected events which may happen and may never happen. At the same time, they regard the gold and silver of coinage only according to their true nature, and no more than this value. Much less useful than iron. Man cannot live without iron, as without fire and water. All the uses nature has given gold and silver would be unnecessary to us, were it not for the folly of men to make things rare and precious. On the contrary, nature, like a benevolent and forgiving mother, brings to light all that is most useful, like air, water, and earth itself, but separates as far and as far as possible from man all that is useless. If gold and silver In Utopia, it is locked in a tower. Out of wild guesses, ordinary people will suspect that this is a deceitful trick of the Governor and the Council, and try to profit from it. If it is necessary to melt down all these exquisite handicrafts to pay for the military pay, then they understand that the common people who are the masters of the utensils are unwilling to give up things that were once beloved. In view of this, the Utopians came up with a kind of A method consistent with every other system of theirs. We value gold so much, and guard it with such care, that that method has nothing in common with our system, and is believed by none but those who have experienced it. They are made of pottery and glassware, which are exquisitely made and of little value; as for utensils such as excrement buckets and drowning basins in public halls and private houses, they are made of gold and silver. In addition, the chains on slaves are also made of gold and silver. Finally, those who are shamed by crimes wear gold earrings, gold rings, gold collars, and a gold crown. The Utopians have thus worked hard to make gold and silver a badge of shame. In Utopia, on the contrary, all gold and silver are taken away if necessary, and no one feels a penny lost. Utopians gather pearls on the seashore, and diamonds on certain cliffs. They are not I was looking for this kind of thing on purpose, but after encountering it by chance, I polished it and made it for children to make decorations. Young children were proud of it. When they grew up a little, they found that only childrenWhen children wear such playthings, they throw them away, not because of their parents' advice, but because of their own regrets, just as children in our country throw away marbles, rattles, and dolls once they become adults. The Utopian system is so different from other countries. The sentiments are diametrically opposite. In this respect I have been well understood by the example of the diplomatic envoys sent by the Animolians. I was there when they arrived at Amauroti. Three representatives from each city of Utopia have gathered here in advance. All the envoys from neighboring countries who have visited in the past are well aware of the customs of Utopia. When the diplomats came, they always dressed very plainly. But the Animolians lived far away and had little contact with the people of Utopia. Because they heard that everyone in Utopia had the same clothes and the materials were crude, they decided that there were things that Utopia didn’t use. That is what the Utopians do not have. They are people who are more than proud but not clever enough. They are determined to dress themselves up like gods with luxurious costumes, so that the poor Utopians will be dazzled by such radiant costumes. So the The three envoys entered Utopia grandly, with a hundred followers, all wearing colorful clothes, most of which were made of silk. The three envoys themselves were nobles in their own country, so they wore gold forgings, heavy gold collars and gold necklaces. earrings, and gold rings on their hands. Their hats were adorned with clusters of pearls and precious stones. All that they adorned themselves with was exactly what was used in Utopia to punish slaves, to insult criminals, and to amuse children. When Animorian When people are smug, their finery is compared with that of the Utopians who flock to the streets to see them pass. And notice how unfounded their optimistic expectations, they want to do for themselves It's just as interesting to be appreciated and how unappreciated ① Anemolians ——From Greek, it means windy, bragging, and vain. ——Chinese translator In the eyes of all Utopians (except for a few who have traveled abroad for business reasons) , such pomp and pomp are disgraceful. Therefore they salute the lowest servant of the legate as master, and the legate himself as a slave, for the legate wears a gold chain and passes without any respect. Yes, You can also find that the children who have thrown away the pearls and gems nudged their mothers and said, "Look, mother, what a big fool to wear pearls and gems, what a child!" generally!" But the mothers take it seriously and say, "Hush, boy, I think that's the clown around the foreign envoys." Some people in Utopia were very critical of those gold chains, saying that they were too thin and unfit for use, and that they were easily broken by slaves, and that they were too loose, so slaves could break them off at will and escape. After living in Utopia for a day or two, these envoys found There was gold and silver innumerable, worthless, and regarded as cheap things, contrary to their own value of gold and silver. They also saw that the gold and silver used in the chains of a fugitive slave were more than the gold and silver that all three of their envoys dressed in. Much more. They were so dejected and ashamed that they had to put away all the finery which had made their arrogance stand out, especially after having acquainted with the customs and opinions of the Utopians. The Utopians thought it strange that a One can look up at the stars and even at the sun, but how can one love the shimmer of a small piece of jewellery? So fine a texture, that it was originally draped on a sheep, and a sheep is still a sheep. Utopians also find it strange that gold, which is worthless in its own right, should be so valued in all parts of the world at present that people are more precious than gold. Much cheaper, and the reason why gold is so expensive is due to human labor and human use. This is a very real situation, so a puppet-like fool, dishonest and ignorant, just because he has a lot of money A large number of wise and good men can be enslaved by gold coins. However, if by some luck or some legal fraud (which is as easy as luck to exchange the status of the rich and the humble) ，黄金从其主人手中转到他全家最卑微的杂役手中，这个主人无疑不久会去伺候他的旧仆人，似乎他是金币的附属品或外加物. 而乌托邦人更感到惊奇而且也憎恨的是某些人的疯狂，这些人给富人几乎以神圣的荣誉，只是由于富人有钱，他们自己既不欠富人的债，也并非在富人权力掌握之中. 这些人又很清楚富人吝啬小气，深信富人只要还活在世上一天，决不会从成堆现钱里取出一分钱给他们.乌托邦人的这些见解以及类似见解是从他们的教养形成的. 他们是在这样一个国家培养起来的，那儿的制度和上面说的那种愚昧无知是完全格格不入的. 同时这些见解来自他们的学习和有益图书的阅读. 每个城市中可免除其余一切工作以便专门从事学术工作的人（即从小被发现性格特殊、聪明不凡并爱好学问的人）固然为数不多，然而所有儿童都被引导读有益的书. 大部分公民，无分男女，总是把体力劳动后的剩余时间一辈子花在学习上，这在上面已经提到.他们通过本国语学习各科知识.这种语言既词汇丰富，又发音悦耳，是表达思想的准确工具. 它和分布在那个世界的广大地域上的语言几乎相同，所不同的仅是，在其他各地这种语言有不同程度的形式讹误.