Chapter 4 -2

①The whole church resonated and sang: "When Elisha ② walked to the church, those who laughed at him felt the eagerness of the bald man." Maybe the guy who made a dirty joke felt the same.'"'Perhaps ’ said the cardinal, ‘you act out of the right mood. But it seems to me that if you don’t quarrel with a fool, if you don’t engage in a foolish argument with a fool, you will at least appear more virtuous, if not more virtuous. wise.'" 'No, my lord,' he replied, 'I shall not appear wiser. And wisest Solomon said: "Any fool as fool says." ③—This is what I am doing now. I point out to him the deep pit into which he will fall if he is not careful. How could a man who made fun of so many dervishes, not a few of them bald, feel this way more!In addition, there is the Pope's decree, according to which those who mock us can be excommunicated.' "The cardinal couldn't stop seeing this, motioned the purger away with his head, and tactfully turned to another topic. In a moment he got up from the dinner table, went to hear the pleadings, and sent us away." Dear More, I've made you sound tired enough with my gibberish stories. If you didn't want to hear it very much, and wouldn't let it go I am ashamed to prolong any part of the conversation. I must narrate the conversation, albeit briefly.

① See "Psalms of the Old Testament", Psalm 69, verse 9. - Chinese translator ② Elisha (Elisha, 850 BC? -795?) - ancient Jewish prophet. Children carry out vicious revenge, see "Old Testament 2 Kings", Chapter 2, Sections 23 and 24. ——Chinese translator ③ See "Old Testament Proverbs", Chapter 26, Section 5. ——Chinese translator Ask for some, in order to expose the attitude of those who do not take what I said first, but when they see that the cardinal does not criticize such a statement, they immediately agree with it. They are so flattering to the red dress The bishop, and even the purge's fantasies, which the cardinal only took as a jest, were not refuted, and they applauded, almost assuming the truth. From this you can conclude how little these flatterers will treat me and my opinions with contempt. "

"It goes without saying, my dear Raphael," I remarked, "that you delight me, for what you say is both sensible and interesting. And, as I listen to it, it seems to me that I am in my native England. , and feel that by recalling the cardinal with pleasure, I have returned to my childhood, in the cardinal's court where I was brought up when I was a child. Since you miss the cardinal so much, you can hardly believe how much I am because of it. Much more fond of you, though I already have a great liking for you. However, even at present I cannot change my mind, but must think that if you can persuade yourself not to shun the imperial court, and thus state your plans, you can Do what is best for society. This is the most important part of your duty, and it is the duty of any good person. Plato, the author you love to read, had this opinion that only philosophers are kings or kings are engaged in the study of philosophy, the state Recreation comes at the end. How far away is pleasure if philosophers don't even bother to offer advice to kings!"

"Philosophers are not so unreasonable," He replied, "even unwilling to do so--in fact, many philosophers have written and said it has done so--if the rulers will adopt Jiamou Jiamo. If I am not engaged in the study of philosophy, the king will never approve of true Philosopher's opinion, because kings are infected with false ideas from childhood. Plato learned the above truth from his own experience with Dionysias. If I make a useful statement about a certain king, Clean the poison out of his soul, don't you think I'll be either thrown out or ridiculed at once?

"Well, suppose I serve at the court of the King of France and attend his privy council. At a secret meeting presided over by him himself, a group of the most shrewd advisers racked their brains to find out what ingenious strategy can be used to hold Milan and regain the lost Naples, then defeated Venice, conquered all Italy; then ruled Flanders, Brabant, and finally all Burgundy—and other countries whose territories the King of France had long intended to annex.” In At this meeting, a counselor suggested reaching an agreement with the Venetians. As long as the French king thinks it is convenient, the agreement will continue. If there is something to discuss with the Venetians, and let them enjoy part of the plunder, they may wish to claim back the original thing when the matter is fulfilled. Another counselor He proposed to recruit German mercenaries, and some counselors wanted to bribe the Swiss, and some counselors asked the king to use gold as an acceptable gift to dispel the emperor.

①Plato—see note on page 10 of this book. In his works, he advocated that the country should be governed by philosophers. the Younger, the fourth century BC) philosophy teacher. ——Chinese translator ② King of France—this refers to Louis XII (Louis XII, reigned from 1498 to 1515) , trying to occupy Milan (Milan) in present-day Italy through its foreign forces. , coveting Naples and Venice , the above-mentioned cities were several small principalities at that time. ——Chinese translator ③ Burgundy (Burgundy) ——In southeast France today, it has been an independent duchy since the ninth century, and was annexed by France in 1477. Brabant was a dukedom in the Middle Ages. It was merged into Burgundy in 1430 and later merged with Burgundy. Part of the northern territories were merged into the Hapsburg (Hapsburg) royal family of Austria. ——Chinese translator

The anger of His Majesty the Emperor①. Another counselor proposed to make peace with the King of Aragon②. As a guarantee of peace, the Navarre Kingdom③ belonging to others should be ceded to him. There are also counselors who suggested that the King of Castile ④ take the bait. Make him count on marrying France, and use a fixed annuity to buy some nobles in his court, so that he will fall to France." At the same time, there is a most distressing question: how to deal with Britain? It is universally acknowledged that peace must be negotiated; and that a weak union can at best be strengthened by firm compacts, that the English must be called friends and kept from being enemies. Therefore, to prepare the Scots, the English must If there is any movement, let the Scots seize the opportunity to attack them. In addition, you must secretly support an exiled nobleman-it is difficult to support openly since there is a treaty-to sponsor his claim to the British throne, so as to restrain an unbearable King of trust. "In such a meeting, hey, everyone is so hardworking, and many eminent people compete to make suggestions that are of a warlike nature. What if I stand up and propose a change of course, as an insignificant person like myself? Suppose I Said not to interfere in Italy. Suppose I use arguments to prove that we should stay in our country, because France itself is too big to be governed by one person, so the King of France should not dream

①Emperor - Maximilian I, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire I, reigned 1508-1519). ——Chinese translator ②King of Aragon (Aragon)——According to this throne, it is called Ferdinand II (Ferdinand II, reigned from 1479 to 1516) , commonly known as Ferdinand V , is the father of Catherine (Catherine), the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. It. ——Chinese translator ④King of Castile—that is, Charles V, see the note on page 8 of this book. This seems to refer to the marriage proposal between Charles and the youngest daughter of Louis XII at that time. ——Chinese translator Wanting to expand the territory under my jurisdiction. Suppose, then, I state to them the decision made by the Akorians on the mainland southeast and southeast of Utopia Island. "There was a time when the Akorians fought for their king for another kingdom. And engaged in war, the king considered himself his rightful heir by virtue of his old marriage to that country. After the Achorians had taken it, they found it no less troublesome to keep it than They took pains to acquire it. Among these newly plundered subjects were often the germs of internal rebellion and foreign aggression. The Akorians realized that these subjects they had to fight constantly to protect or punish, and thus maintained A constant and unstoppable army. Meanwhile the Akorians were plundered, their money flowed abroad, they shed their blood for the meager honor of others, but the peace was no more secure than it had been, for the war had made the morals of the country tend to Corruption, thievery second nature, killing on the battlefield encourages crimes, laws are flouted - all because the king is so distracted by the administration of two kingdoms that neither can govern well. Later, the people of Akoria found that there was no other way to end all these disasters, so they consulted together, and very humbly begged the king to keep only one of the two kingdoms, and let him choose voluntarily. He could not take care of both kingdoms, because He could no more rule over so many people in two than anyone would agree to employ even one mule-driver with another master. The wise king was obliged to be content with his kingdom, and to spend his newly acquired The kingdom was given to a friend who was driven out shortly afterwards.

①Achoriens ——Fabricated with Greek elements, it means people who have no land, which constitutes a meaning similar to "Utopia". ——Chinese translator "Furthermore, supposing I show that all this militarism, by which so many countries are disturbed by the king of France, must, after having consumed his treasury and annihilated his people, come to the unfortunate end of nothing, that he might as well govern This ancestral kingdom, strives to make it prosperous, loves and is loved by its subjects, lives with them, governs leniently but not strictly, does not covet other kingdoms, because the land he rules has more than enough for him. Dear De Moore, how will my words be received by those you want to hear?"

"Of course not," I said. "Well, let's go on," he went on. "Imagine a situation where a certain king is listening to a group of courtiers discussing how to amass wealth for him. A The courtiers proposed that the king can appreciate the currency when he pays, and depreciate it below the legal rate when he receives it-this can double-benefit, not only repaying a large amount of debt with a small amount of money, but also recovering from the receivables. A small arrears in advance to make a fortune. Another courtier offers a bluff war, as a pretext to raise money, and then solemnly makes peace as the king thinks fit, and deceives the simple people, because the good king has good intentions. Heart, can't bear to waste life!

"There are also courtiers who mention to the king certain ancient and broken laws, laws that have been abolished because of long use, no one can remember to promulgate, and no one does not obey them. It is the biggest way to make money, and it is the most justifiable way, because it is under the guise of law enforcement! There are also courtiers who offer advice, and the king stipulates many prohibitions. In this way, he won the favor of the common people and had a double income: he not only extorted fines from those who were greedy for windfalls and brought them to justice, but also sold patents to others-indeed, the selling price The higher it is, the wiser the king is, because the king is extremely unwilling to grant patents that infringe the public interest to private individuals. If he wants to grant them, private individuals must pay a heavy price! "There are also courtiers who persuade the king to bind the judges and obey his temperance, so that the judges will decide every case in the king's favor. And he must call the judges to the palace, and have them debate his affairs before him. . Although the king's actions are obviously improper, the judges either deliberately refute others, or are ashamed to agree with other opinions, or simply seek favor. They can always find loopholes in the legal provisions and misinterpret them. However, a question that was originally very clear aroused controversy, and the truth became doubtful. The king just used this to interpret the legal provisions to suit his own interests. Others were either shameless or fearful, and they all followed suit. This decision is unscrupulously said to have been made by the court!) Then, there is no fear of finding an excuse to make a judgment on the side of the king. In order to benefit the king, it is only necessary to say that the king is just or deadlocked. The words of the letter of the law, or the falsification of the meaning of the written word, or the reference to the undisputed prerogative of the king, the last above all laws for the responsible judge! "All the courtiers agreed with Grasso's famous saying that no matter how much money a king has to maintain an army, it is never enough. Moreover, even if the king wants to do wrong, he can't do wrong, because everything What the common people own belongs to the king, and even the common people themselves belong to the king, but what is not taken away by the king's favor is everyone's own property. The less everyone's own property, the better. It is extremely beneficial to the king. Because the king's protection is that the people cannot change from being rich and free to being rude. Once the people ①Grasus (Crasus, about 115-53 B.C.)——Ancient Roman dignitaries and rich people. ——Chinese translator If you have money and freedom, you will not accept harsh and unjust government orders. On the contrary, poverty can grind their ambitions, make them endure, and make the oppressed lose their noble spirit of resistance. "At this time, if I get up again Arguing that these remarks are detrimental to the honor and safety of the king, because not only the honor of the king, but also his safety, depends on the wealth of the people, and not on his own. If I also point out that the people elect the king, Not for the king, but for themselves. To put it bluntly, if the king is required to work hard in politics, they can live and work in peace and contentment without being bullied and wronged. Because of this, the king should care more about the people than his personal happiness, just as As a shepherd, the duty of the shepherd is to feed the sheep, not feed himself." The fact is true, the mistake of these advisers is that the country is peaceful if the people are poor. But don't the beggars quarrel the most?Is there anyone more eager to rebel than someone dissatisfied with the status quo of life?Is there anyone who is more desperate to make trouble and fish in troubled waters than a person who has nothing?If a king is despised and hated by his people, and is obliged to torture, plunder, plunder, and reduce them to beggars in order to suppress them, it would indeed be better for him to abstain from the throne, lest those methods be used in order to maintain the throne. What is the meaning of a king who rules not a prosperous and happy people, but beggars? This was the opinion of the upright and noble Philippe, who replied: , he would rather govern the rich people than be rich himself. ①Fabricius (?—about 250 BC)—Roman consul, known for his incorruptibility. ——Chinese translator "It is true that if a man enjoys pleasure and lust, and is surrounded by moaning and wailing, it means that he is not in charge of the country, but in charge of the prison. He who, in order to improve the life of his citizens, must deprive them of the good things in life, should admit that he is a stranger to the government of free peoples." Yes, a king should guard against laziness and pride, which generally make him Cannot be loved by the people. He must live on his own and do no harm to others. He must live within his means. He should stop harm and crime, and guide the people justly. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them after the fact. He should not put into practice lightly the laws, especially those which have been neglected for so long. He cannot, on the pretext of punishing infraction, confiscate property which the courts cannot allow private appropriation, for that would be blackmail." I also mentioned to them the code of the Makrians, who lived very close to Utopia, whose king made a solemn sacrifice on the day of his enthronement, and swore his inner treasury The value of gold or silver at any one time did not exceed a thousand pounds. It is said that this law was made by a very wise king, who cared more about the welfare of the country than his own wealth. This legislation was used to To prevent the amassing of wealth from impoverishing the people. The king believed that this stock was sufficient to quell internal strife and resist foreign aggression, but not so large as to induce him to invade other people's property. Preventing the last point is to make this law The main purpose. He also considered that it was a precautionary measure against the possible lack of currency for the daily transactions of the people. Moreover, he felt that he had to hand over from the treasury all sums exceeding the numerical limit prescribed by law, Then he will not have to ask for ill-gotten gains. Such a king will be feared by the bad and loved by the good. ①Macarians (Macarians) - this Greek, meaning happy people. - Chinese translator -- 55 Part 14 For those who think otherwise, isn't this what the deaf say? " "It's true with deaf people," I agreed, "and I'm not surprised, for God's sake. Honestly, since you're sure they're deaf, I don't think you have to force your opinion on them, you don't have to ask them. Suggestion. They already have different beliefs preconceived. How can this unusual view of yours help them? Can it touch their heartstrings? Your scholastic philosophy is interesting to chat with each other among acquaintances, but take Your ideas have no place in the king's council, where big issues and everything are discussed." "I say philosophy has nothing to do with rulers," He replied, "It's exactly what you said." "Yes," I said, "that's true. There is no such thing as a scholastic philosophy, which thinks it is applicable everywhere. But there is also a philosophy which knows the stage in which it moves, and adapts itself to the stage on which it is to be staged." It is a philosophy that is more practical for a statesman to play the part, and play the part that is required. It is the philosophy that you must adopt. Otherwise, it happens that when the comedy of Prautas is played, A group of house slaves are improvising with each other on the stage, and you go on stage in the clothes of a philosopher and recite Seneca's argument with the emperor Nero in the tragedy of "Octavia". Wouldn't it be better to play a dumb character if a joke turned into a mishmash of sorrow and joy? You'll kill a show, ①Plautus (254 BC?-184)—Ancient Roman comedian.——Chinese translator ②Octavia——A tragedy of ancient Rome, mixed with the In the manuscript of Seneca (see note on page 11 of this book), this play is not actually the work of Seneca. Seneca was a teacher of the Roman tyrant Nero (Nero, reigned 54-68 years). Seneca Lu did not like his first wife Octavia for some reason, and later executed her. Seneca protested against Nero's intention to abandon his wife, but Nero ignored it, so the argument was useless. This play is long and dull It's boring, and there's an overly sad atmosphere, so here it goes. ——Chinese translator -- 56 24 Utopia If you mix in irrelevant things, even if they are worth more in their own right. Whatever your play, do it as well as you can, and don't spoil it by thinking of something more interesting." It is the same with a country. It is the same with a council called by the king. If you cannot uproot wrong prejudices that persist, and long-standing maladies cannot be cured to your satisfaction, you must not abandon this country because of it. The wind throws the ship in a storm." On the other hand, instead of imposing on a person who holds a different opinion a fresh opinion that would be unacceptable to such a person, be sure to be as tactful as you can indirectly Do things as well as you can. Whatever you cannot make better, do not make the least bit worse. For it is impossible for everything to be good unless everyone is good, and I dare not hope that in the near future everyone will be well.” "In this way," he remarked, "all I get is that, in curing other people of madness, I get insane myself. If I stand for the truth, I must speak as I tell it." I think it may be the duty of a philosopher to tell a lie, but I will never do it. Although my speech may be disapproved and disgusting to my advisers, I do not see that my speech can be so strange as to be absurd. If I What would it be like to put forward what Plato conceived in his republic, or what the Utopians practiced in theirs? Though these institutions are superior (advanced, needless to say) , but it would seem strange, since here everyone has the right to private property, and there everything is common. "He who wills to advance rashly in the opposite way will not welcome him who beckons to him and points out the dangers ahead. But besides this, what is it that I have said that it is inappropriate or ought not to say everywhere? Indeed, if everything that seems strange to the perverted morality of mankind must be dismissed as heretical, then -- 57 Part 1 34 So, we must ignore all the teachings of Christ. But Christ does not allow us to ignore them, so that even if he whispered in the ear of his disciples, he ordered them to be publicly proclaimed on the rooftops①. Most of the teachings of Christ , is far more different from the morals of the world than my speech. However, the cunning missionaries, seeing that people are unwilling to correct their morals according to the principles of Christ, seem to follow your advice and adapt to the teachings of Christ, as if It is a soft lead ruler, to suit the morals of the world, and bring them into agreement, at least in some cases. I see no advantage to the missionary in doing so, except that it may be more comfortable for the people to go Just doing bad things." There is no doubt that I will be equally difficult to achieve in the king's council. For I will either hold the opposite opinion, which is tantamount to expressing opinions, or echoing others, which is like in the play of Terence What Mixie said, to encourage their madness. As for the indirect method you propose, I don't see it. Don't spoil it. A man cannot be deaf or dumb before a king, nor can he turn a blind eye. He must openly endorse the worst advice, and support the most harmful decrees. Anyone who does not flatter bad opinions will be looked down upon become a spy, almost a traitor." Moreover, you have no chance to do anything useful, because you get along with the kind of colleagues who can easily spoil even the best before they themselves have been reformed. You yourself are either dragged into the water because of this bad partnership from them, or you stay upright and clean, and you are a cover for other people's bad and stupid things. So your indirect methods are far from helping. "Due to this , Plato makes an excellent comparison, showing why philosophers have reasons not to take part in the administration of the state. Philosophers see people coming out into the streets, drenched in constant showers, but cannot persuade them to take shelter in houses. ①Philosopher Know that if they go out by themselves, it is no good, except to get wet like the rest. Therefore, if at least they themselves are safe, they are satisfied, so that they stay at home, and they are as good as the cure for other people's stupidity. Powerless." But of course, my dear More, I will tell you frankly what I feel in my heart: it seems to me that wherever private property exists and all people value everything by its cash value, a country cannot There is justice and prosperity. Unless all the most precious things fall into the worst hands, which you think is just; or if a very small number of people divide up all the wealth, you think this is prosperity-even if these few people do not necessarily live well. , and the rest are very poor. "So, when I thought of the very wise and holy system of the Utopians, I thought that among them there were few laws and well-governed people, and good things were rewarded, but because of equal distribution, everyone had everything. Supplies are plentiful; and so, in contrast to the policies of the Utopians, I think elsewhere that laws are continually enacted, but none of them are on track--in these countries, no matter what a man acquires,and call it his own private property, and yet all the laws that are daily made there are not enough to enable a man to guard against, or to distinguish, what may be called his own commodity in his turn, from that of another. This difficulty Situation, as is easily attested by numerous lawsuits. I repeat, when I consider all the above facts, I am all the more in favor of Plato, and it is not surprising that he refuses to make laws for those who refuse to have laws for property.① "The philosopher certainly readily foresees that the only road to general happiness is the equal enjoyment of all. I doubt whether equal enjoyment of all can be attained when individual possession is private property. Absolute possession, no matter how abundant the product is, a few people still share and the rest are poor. In general, the poor should enjoy the situation of the rich, because the rich are greedy, unscrupulous, and useless, while the poor are Decent, straightforward, working hard all day long, sacrificing oneself to contribute to the country. I firmly believe that if private ownership is not completely abolished, products cannot be distributed fairly, and human beings cannot obtain happiness. As long as private ownership exists, the vast majority of human beings will also be the best A part will always bear the heavy and inescapable burden of the calamity of poverty." I admit that this burden can be lightened to some extent, but I firmly believe that it cannot be lifted. A regulation may be made that no one shall own more than A certain number of acres, no one’s monetary income should exceed the statutory amount. Specific laws can also be passed to prevent the king’s power from being too powerful and the people’s arrogance. It makes people want to enrich their private pockets through deceit and plunder, and the official positions that should be held by wise men are bound to be appointed by rich people. , those ills can also be alleviated and moderated. However, as long as each person is the master of his own property, complete cure and recovery of health are hopeless. Moreover, when you concentrate on the treatment of one part, you will aggravate the condition of other parts. Therefore , you cure A's disease, and B turns sick again, the reason is that everything given to A is given to B." "However," I said boldly, "I have the opposite view. If everything is shared, life will be no fun. If everyone is not engaged in productive labor, how can the supply of materials be sufficient? Because a person lacks personal interests as motivation, He is lazy and lazy, and expects others to work hard. And, when people are driven by poverty, and it becomes illegal to keep one's own income, is it not necessary to cause constant bloodshed and riots? Especially since the abolition of the magistrate This would be the case with respect to the authority and dignity of his office, for I cannot imagine how the magistrate could have any place among them when all were on the same level." "I am not surprised," replied Raphael, "that you see the matter in this way; you cannot imagine the situation to which I refer, or imagine it wrongly. If you have been to Utopia with my own eyes, you have seen it with your own eyes I have lived there for five years, and I would never have left had it not been for the purpose of making this new world known to outsiders. Therefore, if you have been to Utopia, you can rightly admit that, except in You have never seen a well-ordered people there." "But certainly," objected Peter, "you can hardly convince me that people are to be found living in a more orderly way in that new world than in the world we know. The world, I suppose, has men of equal intellect, and countries more ancient than there, who have found many conveniences of life by the experience of ages, not to mention the discoveries of chance and coincidence which are beyond the imagination of any human intellect. " "About the country's long history," Raphael retorted, "If you read the records of that world, you will make a better judgment. If we have to believe those records, then there were cities there before there were people here. And , all creations of human intelligence or accidental discoveries can be found there as well as here. I firmly believe that even if we are more intelligent than the people there, we are far less practical and diligent than them.” According to their chronology History, until we landed, they knew nothing about our activities (they called us the people of the equator) , I only know that a stormy ship was wrecked on Utopia Island 1,200 years ago. That time some Romans and Egyptians were washed ashore and stayed on the island. Please see how unrelenting the Utopians are, very good and made good use of this opportunity. Whatever useful art the Roman Empire had, they either learned it from these shipwrecked foreigners, or discovered it themselves from the lines of research they received. Some of us drifted to their shores only once, They benefited a great deal from it. "But if anyone from this country drifted by the same chance into our country, we would forget all about it, just as future generations may forget that I was there. Net. As soon as they met our people, they immediately appropriated our good inventions, and I think it took a long time for us to adopt their better institutions. I think this characteristic shows that, How come we are as smart and resourceful as they are, while our country is not as well governed and happy and prosperous as theirs." "If this is the case, my dear Raphael," I said, "I beg you to describe this island to us. Do not give a brief description, but please give the territory, the river, the town, the inhabitants, the traditions, the customs, Law, in fact everything you think we want to know. You must consider that we would like to know anything that would open our eyes." "It's something," he declared, "that I did with great pleasure, and the circumstances are still fresh in my memory. But it's a long story, and it will take time." "In that case," I suggested, "let's eat inside. Then we'll have as much time as we like." "Agreed," he replied. So we went in to eat. After dinner we went back to where we were, and sat down on the same bench, and told the servants not to disturb. Peter Giles and I urged Raphael to keep his promise. .He saw that we were eager to listen, and after sitting down and thinking for a while, he began his following narration. The first part ends, and the second part follows. ① King Henry VIII of England (Henry VIII, reigned from 1509 to 1547) - At that time, there was a major conflict between Britain and Spain in overseas trade. After the Netherlands was gradually dominated by Spanish ruling forces, Britain banned the export of wool to the Netherlands. Therefore, Moore Invited as an envoy to mediate disputes. ——Chinese translator ②King Charles of Castile—that is, Charles V (Charles V) , King of Spain from 1516 to 156, Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 156. Castile is the English name of Castile; Spanish Castila, Chinese translation of Castile. It has been an independent kingdom since the 15th century, and it was united with the Kingdom of Aragon to form Spain in the latter part of the 15th century. Charles V was originally the king of Castile, so he is called so here. ——Chinese translator ③Flanders—Middle Ages The earldom of Western Europe spans the three countries of present-day France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. At that time, it was the center of the European weaving industry and needed a large amount of wool exported from Britain. ——Chinese translator ④Cuthbert Tunstall (Cuthbert Tunstal, 1474-159) ——British official, friend of More. ——Chinese translator ①布鲁日（Ｂｒｕｇｅｓ）——当时是羊毛纺织业中心，在今比利时法兰德斯省. ——中译者②坦西斯（Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ Ｔｅｍｓｉｃｅ）——布鲁日城人，写过一本地方史，此外无考. ——中译者③加塞尔（Ｃａｓｅｌ）——今法国西北部的城镇. ——中译者④布鲁塞尔（Ｂｒｕｓｅｌｓ） ——当时为“低地国家” 首都，今比利时首都. ——中译者⑤安特卫普——当时属法兰德斯，今为比利时重要商港. ——中译者①巴利纽拉斯（Ｐａｌｉｎｕｒｕｓ）——古罗马诗人维吉尔（Ｖｉｒｇｉｌ，公元前７０—１９）所著史诗《伊尼特》（Ａｅｎｅｉｄ）主人公伊尼斯的船上的舵手，曾堕海失事，此处殆借喻为不高明的航海员. ——中译者②奥德修斯（Ｏｄｙｓｅｕｓ）——古希腊诗人荷马（Ｈｏｍｅｒ）所著史诗《奥德赛》（Ｏｄ－ｙｓｅｙ）的主人公，著名航海冒险家. ——中译者③柏拉图（Ｐｌａｔｏ，公元前约４２８—约３４８） ——古希腊哲学家，相传为了追求知识，曾在国外广泛旅行. ——中译者④辛尼加（Ｓｅｎｅｃａ，公元前约４—６５）——古罗马哲学家. ——中译者⑤西塞罗（Ｃｉｃｅｒｏ，公元前１０６—４３）——古罗马政治家，希腊哲学的普及者. ——中译者⑥亚美利哥. 韦斯浦契（Ａｍｅｒｉｇｏ Ｖｅｓｐｕｃｉ，１４５４—１５１２）——意大利航海家，美洲（亚美利加）从他得名. ——中译者 ①西拉（Ｓｃｙｌａ）——古代希腊传说中的怪物，岩礁的化身，为害海中船只. ——中译者②塞利诺（Ｃｅｌａｅｎｏ） ——古希腊传说中鸟身女面的三妖之一，巨风的化身，有利爪，能将人攫走. ——中译者③雷斯特利哥尼人（Ｌａｅｓｔｒｙｇｏｎｅｓ） ——古希腊传说中海岛上毁坏航船以吃人为生的巨怪，见史诗《奥德赛》第１０卷. ——中译者 ①见《新约全书路加福音》，第１２章，第３节. ——中译者②软铅尺——屡见于旧的著述中，古代希腊莱斯博斯岛（Ｌｅｓｂｏｓ Ｉｓｌａｎｄ） 上用于建筑上弯曲线条的一种尺. ——中译者③忒楞斯（Ｔｅｒｅｎｃｅ，公元前约１９０—１５９）——古罗马剧作家，其喜剧《兄弟》（Ａｄｅｌｐｈｉ）中人物之一是密喜俄（Ｍｉｔｉｏ）。此处所引的话见该剧第１幕，第２场，第６５行. ——中译者 ①此处马克思曾引用，参见《资本论》第１卷，人民出版社１９７５年版，第８０４页注２２１ａ。 ——Chinese translator ①塞拉斯特（Ｓａｌｕｓｔ，公元前８６—约３４）——古罗马历史家，引言见其所著《卡特林的阴谋政变》第１６章. ——中译者②罗马及迦太基用雇佣兵作战，在古代西方史中是较突出的. 此处所说叙利亚，当系指公元前塞琉古（Ｓｅｌｅｕｃｕｓ）王国. ——中译者 ①此处所引见代俄哲尼斯. 雷厄喜阿斯（Ｄｉｏｇｅｎｅｓ Ｌａｅｒｔｉｕｓ，约２０—约２５０）用希腊文写的《著名哲学家生平及见解》第３卷中关于柏拉图部分. ——中译者 ①见柏拉图第６卷. ——中译者