Chapter 63 Chapter 4 How can I endure it?

Among my readers is a learned Marxist historian.When he sat on his soft chair at home and flipped through the pages of our construction enhanced control work shed, he took off his glasses, tapped the pages of the book with a flat object like a ruler, nodded frequently and said: "Well, well, I believe it. As for the breeze of revolution blowing slowly, that's pure nonsense! Shit! People like you can't start any revolution. Revolutions must conform to the laws of history to succeed. But, Now you have singled out thousands of so-called political prisoners, what is the result? You have lost your human appearance, your human dignity, your family, your freedom, your clothing and your food, but what about you ? Why don't you rise up and fight back?"

"We're earning our own rations. Look, we're building a prison!" "That's fine. You should be building. Building is always good for the people. It's the only way out. If that's the case, guys, stop calling yourself a revolutionist! Make a revolution." , must unite with the only advanced class..." "But aren't we all workers now?" Take these off, it's useless!This is called arrogance!What is the law, do you understand? " Is it regular?It seems to understand.Really, I understand.I understood: Since these countless labor camps, where tens of millions of people were imprisoned, have existed for forty years, this in itself should be regarded as some kind of historical regularity.The camps had existed for too long, and held too many millions of people in them, for all this to be explained by Stalin's arbitrariness and Beria's cunning.Moreover, it cannot be explained by the credulity and naivety of the ruling party, which is always under the brilliance of advanced theories.However, I do not intend to use this regularity to enlighten my opponent, because he will surely say to me with a pleasant face and a smile: "That is not what we are talking about now, you digress."

But he, he thinks I really don't know much about regularity.He was a little impatient, so he started to explain to me instead: "The revolutionaries once wiped out the tsarist system in one fell swoop. It's very simple! But could Tsar Nicholas do this? Would he dare to oppress the revolutionaries at that time like you did?! Let him try to sew numbers on the revolutionaries at that time Bu see! Let him try..." "It is true that the Tsar did not try it. It was because he did not that it saved the lives of those who could do it after him." "I don't think the Tsar can do that, no!"

It seems that this is true.It's not that the Tsar didn't want to do this, but he couldn't. According to the usual language of the Cadets (not to mention the Socialists), the whole history of Russia is a history of violence for violence.The tyranny of the Tartars, the tyranny of the Grand Duke of Moscow, the oriental dictatorship of the country for five hundred years and the 100% deep-rooted slavery. (There was no All-Russian Council of Gentlemen or rural communes, no free Cossacks or northern peasantry!) Whether it was "Ivan the Terrible" or "Alexey the Most Peaceful," the "severe Peter" or "Ekaterina the Moderate", even Alexander II, all the tsars until the "Great February Revolution" knew only one thing: repression.Suppresses its own subjects, tramples them to death like tiny beetles or caterpillars.The subjects are crushed by this system, and all riots and uprisings are always crushed to pieces.

But wait!Repression was repression.But there's a trade-off: it's not "shredding" in the high-tech sense we understand now.For example, all the soldiers who had stood in the Decembrist riot phalanx were pardoned after four days. (Please compare: in Berlin in 1953, in Budapest in 1956, in Novocherkassk in 1962, our soldiers were executed not for taking part in riots, but for refusing to The unarmed crowd opened fire.) Only five Decembrist officers who took part in the riot were executed. -- Was this conceivable in Soviet times?This thing is going to happen to us today, is there any one who can live?

Neither Pushkin nor Lermontov were sentenced for their bold writings, nor did Tolstoy lift a finger for their public subversion of the state.Nicholas I asked Pushkin: "If you were in Petersburg on December 14, where would you be?" Pushkin replied bluntly: "In Privy Council Square." ...put it home.And yet, those of us who have experienced first-hand the suffering of our nation's judicial machinery.There are also our prosecutor friends who understand very clearly what price Pushkin should pay for such an answer today-the application of the second subsection of Article 58 of the Criminal Code will punish him for participating in an armed riot!Article 19 (Conspiracy to riot) applies to the most lenient sentence.Therefore, even if it is not shot, it must be sentenced to at least ten years in prison.And, it is true that some Pushkin-type characters served their sentences, were sent to labor camps, and finally died there. (People like Gumilyov, the peak wave poet, were reimbursed in the basement before reaching the labor camp.)

The Crimean War was the luckiest of all wars for Russia. It brought not only the liberation of peasants and the reform of Alexander II!At the same time, it gave birth to one of Russia's greatest forces—public opinion. On the surface, the Siberian labor camps are still festering and expanding. It seems that prisons for detaining and repatriating prisoners have been established, and batches of prisoners are still being sent, and the courts are still passing sentences.But what is going on?The trial is coming, the trial is going. Wasn't Vera Zasulich who shot and seriously injured the capital police chief (!)... acquitted? ?

(The ease with which Zasulich was released transformed into the ease with which the Leningrad Prison Building was later built on the site of her crime.) Vera Zasulich did not buy the pistol she used to assassinate Trepov herself, but someone else bought it for her.Later it was replaced with a larger one.And the court didn't even ask: Who bought it?Where is this person?Such accomplices are not considered criminals under Russian law. (According to the laws of the Soviet Union, this person will be given a "head" penalty immediately.) We know that there were seven attempted murders of Tsar Alexander II (Karakozov; Solovinov; near Alexandrovsk; on the outskirts of Kursk; Bombs; Teterka mines; the Grinevitsky Tsar Alexander II walked around the city of Petersburg (without bodyguards, by the way), with a frightened look in his eyes, "like A hunted beast". (This is proved by Leo Tolstoy, who once met the Tsar on the stairs of a private house.) But how? Alexander II did something like Kirov was assassinated, destroyed and exiled half of Petersburg? Where? He didn't even think about it! Did he resort to preventive mass terror? Like in 1918 Total terror? Did he take hostages? He never had the concept. Did he lock up all suspects? No, how?!...Did he execute thousands of people? He only executed Five. The total number of those tried and sentenced during this period was no more than 380. (Think, if there was even one such assassination of Stalin, how many millions of lives would we have paid for it?)

A Bolshevik named Oliminsky wrote that in 1891 he was the only political prisoner in the entire Krest Prison.After being transferred to Moscow, he was Taganka Prison is also the only political prisoner.It was only after arriving at Butyrka Prison that they were gathered together before they were taken to the place of exile! ... (A quarter of a century later, at the time of the February Revolution, seven political prisoners were found in the Odessa castle prison and ... three in the city of Mogilev.) With the development of the Enlightenment and liberal literature year by year, an invisible but frightening force of public opinion has grown in the tsars. The tsars have been unable to control the reins of this steed, unable to grasp its mane And Nicholas II fell to the point where he could only hug the horse's butt and hold the horse's tail.

He lacked the courage to act.He and all his powerful ministers have lost the resolve to fight to defend their regime.They are no longer suppressing, but letting go with a light touch.They are always looking left and right, listening carefully to what the public opinion will say. Nicholas II banned the establishment of intelligence agencies within the army, considering it an insult to the army. (So ​​no one in the authorities knows what kind of propaganda is going on in the army.) Therefore, we can only plant some low-spirited intelligence agents among the revolutionaries and rely on the meager information they provide.The government considered itself bound by the law and could not (as it had done in Soviet times) arrest all suspects regardless of specific charges.

Please look at the famous Miliukov, the leader of the Cadet Party. The Soviet regime has been in power for 30 years. And pride - is this "stupidity or betrayal"?A small incident happened to him in 1900: as a professor, he developed an idea in a speech at a student assembly (professor participated in a student assembly!) (student Savinkov was in the audience), Namely: the mechanics of a revolutionary movement are bound to lead to terror if the authorities don't back down, but that's not exactly instigation, is it?Nor is it "intent to lead to..."?This is nothing more than the usual sickness of radical liberals against acts of terror when it is not directed at them.In this way, Miliukov was sent to the detention center for political prisoners on Spaller Street. (A draft of the new constitution was also pressed at his residence.) As soon as he entered the prison gate, he was immediately greeted with flowers, sweets, and food from sympathizers.He can of course also borrow any book from the public library.The investigation time is short. --At this very moment a student assassinated the Minister of Education (two months after the meeting), but this did not in any way aggravate Milyukov's case.He is awaiting sentencing outside prison, but cannot live in Petersburg.So where is it?But it's on the other side of the Utel railway station, which is no longer Petersburg.He came to Petersburg almost every day, or worked at the Literary Fund or in the editorial office of "Russian Fortune".While awaiting sentencing he was granted a trip to... the United States.At last the sentence was pronounced: six months in Krest Prison. (Daffodils and books from the public library were a must here, too.) But he only stayed three months: at Klyuchevsky's plea ("science needs him"), the tsar released him. (It was this tsar who Miliukov later called the "Old Despot" and charged him with a "treason to Russia".) Soon after, he was released to Europe and the United States, where he created opposition to the Russian government. public opinion. Kimmel Sukhanov, one of the shadowy sprites of the February Revolution, was "banished" from Petersburg in the spring of 1914, but was allowed to continue his post at the Ministry of Agriculture under his original name (he often lived in the It goes without saying at home). How was the director of the General Prison Service Maximovsky assassinated in 1907?The bureau is based in a residential building with few guards.After get off work in the evening Maximowski unsuspectingly met a woman who asked to see him - and was killed by her. Police Chief Lopkhin revealed Azef's secret to the revolutionaries - there is no provision in the penal code for how to judge him, and the government has no defense against leaking state secrets. (At last he was sentenced on a similar clause, a trial which later lawyers have long eloquently denounced as "a shameful act of tsarism." According to the liberals, there was nothing in the matter to be tried. ) This cowardly and vacillating approach of the authorities can only serve to irritate their opponents and whet their appetites. The heroes of that time thought nothing serious about the prison system and despised it to such an extent that they assassinated the wise and honorable Russian Bogrov of Stolypin without batting an eye When he was handcuffed, he shouted loudly: "You guys hurt me!" The extent to which the prison system is lax can be judged from the escape plan of the Kyiv anarchist Yuskin Jacket in 1907 (the escape was not carried out because it was apparently Bogrov's informant): in the court ( Political case!), Zhu Ke (terrorist) went to the toilet in the courtyard, and of course the soldiers guarding him (!) would not follow him in (nor would they guard nearby).A bag of common people's clothes and a tool for removing shackles were placed there in advance. (This turns out to be something that can be done in a court yard!) The persecution of revolutionaries by the authorities can only make them acquainted in prison, give them training, and put a halo on their heads.Now that we have a scale, we can boldly say that the tsarist government is not persecuting the revolutionaries, but pampering the revolutionaries cherishingly, thus leading to its own demise.The indecision and impotence of the tsarist government can be clearly seen by anyone who has experienced firsthand the absolutely infallible judicial system. Let us read the familiar biography of Lenin here.In the spring of 1987, Lenin's brother Alexander was executed for assassinating Tsar Alexander III. In other words, Lenin (like Karakozov's brother) was the brother of the criminal who assassinated the Tsar.And what happened to him?In the autumn of the same year, we saw that Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) was admitted to Kazan Royal University, and he was studying law!Isn't this fact surprising? Yes, Vladimir Ulyanov was expelled from the university that same year.But that was because he organized an anti-government student protest rally.In other words, the younger brother of a criminal who assassinated the tsar is instigating the students against the government again!What would happen to him in our country today?Undoubtedly shot! (Others got twenty-five or ten years too!) But, he was just expelled from college.Ah, how cruel!After the expulsion, he will be exiled! ...to Sakhalin?No, exile to Kokushkino, his village, where he went every summer anyway.He wanted to work in exile, so he was given the opportunity to work... Did he ask him to log in the primeval forest?No, it was to train him as a lawyer in Samara.During this period he also participated in the activities of several underground groups (as well as campaigning against the 1891 social relief for the hungry).After this he passed the graduation examination of Petersburg University as an external candidate. (I really want to ask such a question: how did he get his resume? What did the special office do during the review?) A few years later, the youngest revolutionary was arrested again for founding an "Association for Liberation Struggle" in the capital.Not only that!He also repeatedly delivered speeches on "inciting riots" to workers and drafted leaflets.So, was he tortured after arrest?Tortured him?absolutely not.Created conditions for him to engage in mental work.During the interrogation he spent more than a year in the Petersburg prison, where he was sent dozens of necessary books, where he wrote most of his book The Development of Capitalism in Russia.In addition, he sent (legally, through the prosecutors!) the article "Inquiry into Economic Questions" from prison to the Marxist magazine New Language.In prison, he can pay for lunch according to his own dietary regulations. There is milk and mineral water bought from the pharmacy, and the family can deliver food three times a week. (Similarly, Trotsky was able to write down his first draft of the Theory of the Permanent Revolution in the Peter and Paul prison.) However, was he shot in spite of the decision of the trio?No.He was not even sentenced to imprisonment, but to exile.Exile to Yakutia?Is it exile for life? ?No, to the rich Minusinsk Oblast, and he was exiled for only three years.He was handcuffed and transported in a prison car, right?sniff, no!He went exactly like a free man. Before he left, he spent three days at ease in Petersburg, and then wandered around Moscow for a few days: he still had to leave secret instructions, establish contact points, call the remaining The revolutionaries are meeting!He was even allowed to go to the place of exile "at his own expense", that is to say, he could go there by car like a free traveler.On the way to Siberia (not to mention the way back, of course), Lenin never once walked with prisoners, nor did he live in any deportation prison.Later, in Krasnoyarsk, Lenin had to work in the library for another two months to complete his book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia", and this book written by exiled prisoners was published without being checked by publications Any difficulties from the authorities! (Measure it with our today's standards!) So, what did Lenin live on in that distant village?Will he not be able to find a job?He begged the government to keep him alive.As a result, he was approved for more money than he actually needed.Although his mother is also very well off financially, he can send him anything he wants.It could not have been better than the living conditions Lenin lived in during his only exile.At that time, the price of goods was extremely low, and the money sent to him was enough to buy all kinds of healthy food. There was enough meat (one sheep per week), milk and vegetables, and he could hunt as much as he wanted. (Lenin was dissatisfied with his hounds, and people seriously considered sending him another hound from Petersburg. Mosquito bites while hunting, and he could order a pair of soft sheepskin gloves.) Lenin healed his hounds here. Stomach troubles and other ailments left behind in youth, gain weight quickly.He does not have any obligation to perform, does not undertake work and servitude.Even his wife and mother-in-law didn't have to work, because for two and a half rubles a month a peasant girl of fifteen was hired to do all the menial work for the family.Lenin did not need to live on any remuneration, so Petersburg invited him to do a paid writing job several times, but he refused.What he wrote and published was limited to that which established his reputation as a writer. He served his full term of exile (he could have "run away" without difficulty, but he did not, out of prudence).Did it automatically extend his sentence?Was his sentence commuted to life in exile?Why has to be this way?This is against the law.After the expiration of his term he was approved to live in Pskov, but he was not allowed to go to the capital Petersburg.But he could go to Riga, to Smososk, and no one was sent to watch him.So he and his friend (Martov) went to the capital with a basket of secret printed materials, and they simply took the tsarist village where the censorship was particularly strict (this is because he and Martov were too clever), and the result, He was again arrested in Petersburg.True, he no longer had the basket with him at this time, but he still had with him a letter to Plekhanov, written in shadow ink, in which he spoke of the whole project of Iskra.But the gendarmes did not seem to want to ask for trouble: the arrested man spent three weeks in the cell, and the letter was always in the hands of the gendarmes, but they did not develop it. So how did the matter of his leaving Pskov without authorization come to an end?Sentencing him to twenty years of hard labor like we are doing now?No, only these three weeks of detention were the end of it; after that he was completely released, and he went by train to various parts of Russia to prepare locations for the promotion of Iskra.Then he went abroad to prepare for the publication of "Iskra" itself. (When the police station issued him a passport to go abroad, "I didn't see any obstacles!") And, more than that!From his place of residence abroad, he also sent his article on Marx to the editorial office of the Russian Encyclopedia (edited by the Granat brothers), and this article was published.Not just this one! In the end, he was engaged in activities against the Tsarist government in a small place in Austria not far from the Russian border, and the Tsarist authorities did not secretly send some "good guys" to sneak him back alive.In fact, it can be done without breaking a sweat. The tsar's persecution of any important Social-Democrat showed a similar weakness and inconsistency (especially in the case of Stalin, but there are other doubts here).For example, when Kamenev was searched in Moscow in 1904, some of his "defamatory letters" were confiscated.During the interrogation Kamenev refused to explain the circumstances of the letters.That's it.So, as punishment, he was sent to ... where his parents lived. Indeed, the persecution of the Socialist-Revolutionaries was much harsher.But how harsh is it?Are Gershuny (arrested in 1903) and Savinkov (arrested in 1906) less guilty?They organized and led the murders of the most important figures of the Russian Empire.However, they were not executed.Maria Spiridonova killed only a fifth-grade illiterate (and there was a wave of defending her throughout Europe), and that's even more so—not daring to execute her, she had to be exiled .If in 1921 the suppressor of the peasant uprising in Tambov province (Tampov again!) was killed by a seventeen-year-old schoolgirl, then the schoolchildren who were executed without trial during the red terror wave of the "return" How many thousand will there be with intellectuals? Riots at the Russian naval base (Sviaborg) resulted in the death of several hundred innocent soldiers, for which thirty-eight were shot and another eight hundred were sentenced. (Several of them were released during the February Revolution at the legendary Zelin Tui penal camp - only twenty-two political convicts were found there at the time of this revolution.) So what was the punishment for the university students who staged a large-scale demonstration in Petersburg in 1901?According to Ivanov-Razumnik’s recollection, the prison in Petersburg at that time was like a picnic held by college students. The students laughed loudly, sang together, and strayed from cell to cell.Ivanov-Razumnik even asked the warden to allow him to go to a tour of the art theater: otherwise, he said, the tickets would have been wasted!Later he was sentenced to "exile". Where was he exiled?To Simferopol of his own choice, so that he could wander around Crimea with a backpack on his back. Recalling this same period, Ariadna Turkova wrote: "For those of us under investigation, the controls were not strict." "Bought lunch.Burtsev, another Narodnaya Volya critic who likes to drill down, confirms: Petersburg prisons are much more humane than European prisons" Leonid Andreyev had drafted a call to arms of the workers of Moscow for an armed (!) uprising to overthrow the (!) autocracy.For this reason, he was locked in a cell for a full fifteen days! (He also felt that it was too little, so he added an additional sentence; three weeks.) Let's take a look at a section of his diary at that time. "Single cell! But nothing, and it's not so bad. I made the bed, moved the little stool, put the lamp, put the cigarettes, pears... and read and ate pears, exactly as I was at home... Quite interesting. Really interesting." "Sir! Hello, sir!" greeted the jailer to his meal.He had many books at hand, and notes from the next room. In short, Andreyev admitted that in terms of living conditions and food, the life in the cell was no worse than his college life back then. During this period, Gorky finished writing his play "Children of the Sun" in the Trubets fortress prison. After the ebb of the revolution of 1905-1907, many activists, such as Diachkov-Tarasov and Anna Lark, did not wait for arrest, but went abroad, -- after the February Revolution They came back one by one like heroes, and took charge of the new life in the country.There are hundreds of such people. The leadership of the Bolsheviks published a rather brazen set of self-boasts in the forty-first volume of the "Granat" encyclopedia, entitled "Activists of the Soviet Union and the October Revolution - Autobiographies and Biographies".Read any of them casually, and you will be surprised by today's standards: since they are carrying out revolutionary work,How could he get away with it?What is particularly strange is how their confinement conditions in prison are so good? !For example, the entry on Krasin reads: "He recalled his time in Taganka Prison always with satisfaction. After the first few interrogations, the gendarmes left him alone. (But why? ?--Author's Note) So he used all his unfree leisure time to do one thing tenaciously: he learned German, read almost all the original works of Schiller and Goethe, and read the works of Schopenhauer and Kant. The book carefully studied Mill's logic, Wundt's psychology..." and so on.Krasin's chosen place of exile was Irkutsk, the capital of Siberia and the most culturally developed city in Siberia. Radek was imprisoned in Warsaw in 1906. "He was imprisoned for half a year, and his life was very good. He studied Russian, read the works of Lenin, Plekhanov and Marx. In prison he wrote his The first article . . . and he was very proud when he received (in prison) a Kautsky-sponsored magazine with his own article." Or, take the opposite example.An article about Semashko reads: "The imprisonment (in Moscow, 7895) was very painful": after three months in prison, he was sentenced to three years in exile, exiled to… ...to my hometown Yelets! It is those people whose bones have softened in prisons, politicians like Parvus, in order to avenge the tsarist dictatorship, will describe the Russian prisons in exaggerated memoirs full of sentimental and beautiful rhetoric, and create a new era in the West. It has gained the reputation of the so-called "horrible Russian bus prison". The same can be seen in the thousands of individual biographies of minor people. For example, I have an encyclopedia on hand, but it is not very suitable: it is an "Encyclopedia of Literature", which is relatively old (1932 edition), and it also "contains errors. Now, taking advantage of these" errors "Before it is cleared, let me take a "K" letter as an example, and let's take a look at a few names starting with the letter "K". Calpenko? Carre.He is the secretary of the municipal police (!) in Elizabethgrad, and he gives passports to revolutionaries! (Translate this sentence into the current language, that is: the staff of the passport department obtain passports for illegal organizations.) For this he...was hanged?No.He was sentenced to exile for ... five (!) years, to ... his own estate!In other words, it is equivalent to going to the villa.Later he became a writer. Kirilov? B? T.He participated in the revolutionary movement of the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet.Was it shot?Was he sentenced to hard labor for life?No.He was sentenced to three years in exile in Ust-Sesolsk.He later became a writer too. Casatkin? H? M.He was in prison while he was writing short stories, and they were published in newspapers! (We don’t even publish things written by ex-prisoners here.) Karpov Yevtish was exiled twice (!).Later, he was still entrusted with important tasks, letting him lead the Royal Theater of Alexandria and the Suvorin Theater. (If we are here, first, he is not allowed to settle in the capital; second, I am afraid that the special department will not even let him play a role in prompting lines in the theater.) Krzyzhanovsky returned from exile (he was still a member of the secret Central Committee) at the height of the Stolypin reaction and immediately began his professional activities as an engineer without hindrance. (In our country, if he can work as a fitter in the agricultural machinery station, he will be lucky!) Although the Literary Encyclopedia does not include Krylenko as an entry, it is always fair to mention Krylenko when it comes to names beginning with the letter "District".He was enthusiastically engaged in revolutionary activities and "fortunately escaped arrest" three times, while the remaining six arrests served a total of fourteen months in prison.In 1907 (another reactionary year!) he was charged with sedition in the army and joined a military organization, was acquitted by the military district (!) court ... and released!In 1915 Krylenko was accused of "avoiding military service" (there was a war going on, and he was an officer), but he, the future military commander (and the murderer who wanted to "murder" another military commander ) was punished by ... sending him to the front line (not a punishment battalion!)! (The tsarist government counted on this to both defeat the Germans and extinguish the revolution...) And so, under the protection of his unclipped prosecutor's wings, many deserved to be sentenced to a bullet in the back of the head in numerous trials Some people can survive for fifteen years. During the same "period of Stolypin reaction," the governor of Kutais, B.A. Staroselsky, had directly supplied the revolutionaries with passports and weapons, leaked the plans of the police station and government troops to the revolutionaries.But he was only imprisoned for two weeks for this. Whoever has enough imagination, please translate this situation into our current language! During this "reactionary" period, the Bolshevik philosophical and socio-political journal "Idea" was legally published as usual.And the "reactionary" Vekhi essays can also openly publish such words: "the dictatorship that is terminally ill", "the evils of autocracy and slavery".Nothing, we can say such things today! Those were truly intolerably severe times!B.K. Yanovsky, a repairman in a photo studio in Yalta, drew a painting reflecting the shooting of the Ochakov Uprising sailors and hung it in the window of the photo studio. (For example, as the picture depicting the Novocherkassk repression is now exhibited on Blacksmith Bridge Street in Moscow.) What did the mayor of Yalta do about this matter?Because the tsar's estate, Livakia, was very close, he handled the matter particularly cruelly: first, he yelled at Yanovsky in a fit of rage; second, he burned... burned Yanofsky's photo studio?No, the original painting depicting the shooting was not burned, but a copy of that painting was burned. (People will say: Yanofsky is so clever! But we should also point out: the mayor did not order the windows of the photo studio to be smashed on the spot!) Finally, Yanofsky received the most severe punishment: Although he was allowed to continue living in Yalta, he was banned from the streets when members of the royal family passed by. The Populist commentator Burtsev even denigrated the Tsar's private life in an expatriate magazine when he was living abroad.But when he returned to his native Russia (in 1914, when patriotism was at its height), was he shot by the Tsar?No.It's just that he has been in prison for less than a year, and he is given preferential treatment in prison: he can get books to read and write. Abram Goetz was exiled to Irkutsk during that war... and there he headed a Zimmerwaldist, anti-war newspaper. Since you let the ax do whatever you want, the ax will hit your own people. The leader of the "Workers' Opposition" and a generation of metal workers Shlyaznikov was first exiled (to Astrakhan) in 1929, but "had no right to communicate with the workers" , not even entitled to the position of worker he wants. The Menshevik Zulabov who made a big fuss about the Second State Duma (abusing the Russian army) was not expelled from the venue.However, his son has not been out of a Soviet labor camp since 1927.This is the comparison of the two eras. When General Tukhachevsky was "repressed" by the Soviet regime, as is now commonly called, the authorities not only destroyed his own family, but put his entire family in prison (not to mention his daughter expelled from the university), and also arrested his two brothers and sister-in-law, arrested his four sisters, brother-in-law, and brother-in-law, and drove all his nieces and nephews to the nursery, forcing them to change their surnames, Some changed their surnames to Tomashevich, others to Rostov, and so on.Tukhachevsky's wife was shot dead in a concentration camp in Kazakhstan, and his old mother died begging on the street in Astrakhan.Hundreds of other relatives of well-known figures who were executed also met the same fate.This is called persecution! Probably the main feature of the persecutions (actually "non-persecutions") in the tsarist era was that the relatives of the revolutionaries were not implicated in the slightest.娜塔利娅?谢多娃（托洛茨基的妻子）一九O七年还能够自由地回到俄国来，当时托洛茨基已是被判刑的罪犯了。乌里扬诺夫（列宁）一家的任何一个成员（他们在不同时期几乎全都被捕过）任何时候都可以拿到出国护照。当列宁因号召武装起义而被"通缉"时，列宁的姐姐安娜还能够合法地按期给列宁往巴黎汇款，汇到"里昂信贷银行"他的户头下。列宁的母亲和克鲁普斯卡娅的母亲两人的丈夫都曾是沙皇政府的三等以上的文官或军官，所以她们两人都曾终身领取沙皇政府的高额抚恤金。对她们进行迫害在当时简直是不可想象的事。 正是在这种条件下，列夫?托尔斯泰才形成了一种信念：认为似乎不需要政治上的自由，需要的只是道德上的完善。 当然，对于那些已经享有自由的人来说，自由是不再需要的。这一点，我们也同意，因为归根结底并不是为了政治自由嘛！人类发展的目的并不在于某种空洞的自由。甚至不在于某种成功的社会政治制度。right?问题当然在于社会的道德基础。但是，这到最后才是如此。那么，开始阶段呢？第一步呢？托尔斯泰的庄园雅斯那雅-波良纳在当时成了公开的思想俱乐部。可是要把这个地方也像列宁格勒的阿赫马托娃的住宅那样用军警包围起来，检查每个人的身份证件；或者让那些人们也受镇压，像我们在斯大林时期所遭受的那样，使得三个人不敢集在一间屋子里谈话的话，那么，大概托尔斯泰也会起来要求政治自由的。 在"斯托雷平恐怖政策"最猖獗的时候，自由派报纸《罗斯》还能够毫无阻碍地在头版用大字标题刊登："五名处死！……在赫尔松二十人被处死刑！"看到这些消息后，托尔斯泰号陶大哭，声称：活不下去了，没有什么比这更加可怕的了！ 还有前面提到的《往事》杂志上的统计表：六个月中处死刑者九百五十名声 就以这一期杂志为例吧。我们注意到，它的出版日期（一九O七年二月）正是在为期八个月（自一九O六年八月十九日至一九O七年四月十九日）的斯托雷平"军事司法"统治最猖狱的时期中，而它的统计所依据的资料则是俄国电讯社的铅印资料。想想看，假如一九三七年莫斯科的报纸登出了被枪决者的名单并发行一个资料汇编的话，内务人民委员部那双从不杀生的素食者的眼睛大概就得眨巴眨巴了吧。 其次，俄国历史上空前的、持续了八个月的这个"军事司法"时期之所以未能继续实行下去，归根结底还是因为那所谓"没有实权的"、"唯命是从的"国家杜马没有批准这种司法制度的缘故。（斯托雷平甚至没敢提交国家杜马审议。） 第三，当时提出实行这一"军事司法"制的理由，是因为前半年中发生过"无数起由于政治原因杀害警察官员的事件"，许多官员遭到袭击，直到在阿普切卡尔岛上发生爆炸事件，自由斗士们在那里一次就炸死和重伤了60入。因此"如果国家不对这些恐怖行动及时予以还击，那就不成其为国家了。"斯托雷平政府忍无可忍了。它又不满于实行陪审制的法院那种从容不迫的迂阔之论和律师力量的无限强大（当时的法院和律师们可不像我们现在的州法院或军区法庭那样接到某人一个电话指示就会俯首听命），因此。政府就急于要通过语言不多、直截了当的战地法庭来制止那些革命者。（简直就是土匪--他们竟向客运列车的窗口开枪，为了三五个卢布杀死普通居民。）（即使如此，也还是有些节制：只有在处于战时状态或实行非常保卫措施的地区才能成立战地法庭，而且只有在罪行刚刚发生后不久，即在不超过一昼夜的时间内，在犯罪行为有确凿见证的情况下才能开庭。） 既然这种作法使当时的人们感到十分震惊和愤慨，那就是说这种作法对当时的俄国来说已经是很不寻常的了！ 在一九O六-一九O七年的情势下，很清楚，对于出现那段"斯托雷乎恐怖时期"的责任应该由内阁和实行恐怖主义的革命者们共同担负。 今天，在俄国的革命恐怖诞生了一百年之后，我们可以毫不犹豫地说：采取恐怖手段的念头和这类行动都是革命者犯下的极严重的错误，是俄国的灾难，它除了混乱、痛苦和超过必要限度的牺牲之外，没有给俄国带来任何东西。 让我们把同一期杂志再翻几页看看吧。这里刊载着一八六二年最早期的一张政治传单。一切就是由此开始的。传单上写着： "我们要求什么？要求俄国的福利和幸福。要获得新的生活，更美好的生活，没有牺牲是不可能的，因为我们没有时间拖延，我们需要快速的，急剧的变革！" 这是一条多么错误的路线啊！当时那些热心者没有时间拖延，因而他们就想用牺牲（可不是他们自己的、而是别人的牺牲）来加速普遍福利的到来！他们没有时间拖延，因此我们。他们的曾孙辈们，今天，在经过一百零五年之后，却不仅不是在（解放农奴的）原地踏步不前，反而是大踏步倒退了。 我们应该认识到：恐怖主义者是斯托雷平战地法庭的超前的伙伴。 在我们看来，斯托雷平时期和斯大林时期两者不能比拟之处只有一点，就是：我们这个时代的残杀是单方面的--仅仅因为某人长叹一口气，甚至连叹气都算不上的一点小事，就可以砍掉他的脑袋 托尔斯泰不是惊叹"没有什么比这更加可怕的了"吗？其实，比这更可怕的事是一点也不难想象的。有比这更可怕的事，那就是：不是时而在某个众所周知的城市中处死一些人，而是每天到答都在处死人；不是一次处死二十人，而是二百人成批地处死；关于这些事，报纸上非但不用大字标题受，也不用小字标题登，报纸反而在报道"生活比以前更美好了，生活比以前快乐了"！ 这是打烂了别人的嘴脸，还要硬说：他原来就是个烂嘴脸。 不，原来不是这样的！完全不是这样的。尽管当年公认俄国在欧洲算是最压迫人的国家。 本世纪二十年代和三十年代的科学发展，使人类对于进行压缩的可能性有了进一步认识。我们的祖先曾经认为地球表层，我们脚下的大地本身，已经是被极度压缩的了。可是，现代物理学家却把地表解释为几乎好像是一个多孔的筛状物。放在一百公尺见方的空旷处的一小粒霰弹--这就是原子的模型。人们又发现了奇异的所谓"核填装"：就是把这些霰弹的孩从一切空旷的一百公尺见方的地方驱赶到一起去。这样填装起来的顶针那么小的东西就会有火车头那么重。但是，即使这样的填装也还是很像一根绒毛那么松的，因为由于阳质子的关系我们不可能把核完全压实。而如果能单纯地把中子压缩在一起的话，那么像一枚邮票大小的这种"中子填装"就会有五百万吨重！ 不，当局甚至根本无须借助什么物理学家的研究成果，就对我们进行了压缩。 他们通过斯大林的口，向全国发出了一个永不更改的号召：不要发善心！可是，"善心"这个词在达里的俄语详解辞典里的解释却是："心地的良善、心灵的友爱本性、仁慈、对共同福利的关注。"看吧！这就是斯大林号召我们必须丢掉的东西，我们确实也就匆匆忙忙地把善心丢掉了：丢掉了对共同福利的关注！我们变得只满足于守着自己的饲料槽。 本世纪初，俄国的社会舆论曾经构成一支惊人的力量，构成了自由的空气。沙皇专制制度的被粉碎，不是在彼得格勒发出二月怒吼的时候，而是比这早得多！俄国文学中早已形成了一种定见，认为：勾画一个宪兵或警士的形象时多少带一点点同情，就等于是黑帮分子的阿谀奉承。早在这种定见形成的时候，沙皇制度实质上已被无可挽回地推翻了。当人们认为不仅同宪兵和警察握手、和他们相识、在街上向他们点头致意是自己的耻辱，而且连走在人行道上衣袖被他们擦一下都是耻辱的那个时候，沙皇制度实质上就已被推翻了！ 如今，在我国，那些失业的刽子手们竟被特别委派来领导……文学和文化工作了！他们下令歌颂他们自己，把他们歌颂成传奇式的英雄。不知为什么这一切在我们这里竟称为……爱国主义！ 社会舆论！我不知道社会学家给这个概念下的定义是什么，但我清楚地知道，它只能是由能够自由地表达、完全不受政府或党的意见左右的、能够互相影响的个人意见所组成。 只要我国国内一天没有独立的社会舆论，就不会有任何保障能使无缘无故消灭几百万人的暴行不再重演，就不会有任何保障使这类事情不在某一天夜里，不在任何一个夜里，不在今天白昼过后的第一个夜里重新开始。 我们已经看到，"先进学说"并没有能够保护我们免遭这种瘟疫。 不过，我已经看见我的论敌在朝着我撇嘴、使眼色、并连连摇头了：第一，当心你的话会被敌人听见！第二，何必如此夸大其辞呢？ !要知道，问题的范围本来是窄得多的，问题并不在于：为什么把你们抓进了监牢？也不在于为什么外界人士竟会容忍这种违法行为。人所共知，他们原来根本就没有相到公布这种事，他们不过是相信党的话啊（这是二十大以后的惯用语）；他们不过是听话而已。既然说要把整个民族在二十四小时内迁到边远地区，那这些民族的人一定是个个有罪喽！问题并不在于此，问题在于：当你们这些人已经身处劳改营内的时候，你们总该想到这些了吧？ !那么，你们为什么还在那里忍饥挨饿，弯腰折背，忍气吞声，而不进行斗争呢？ !他们，那些没有被武装士兵押解的、手脚可以自由活动的人们，没有进行斗争是情有可原的，他们总不能把家庭、社会地位、薪金、稿费等统统牺牲掉嘛！ !是的，正因为这样，他们今天才有可能发表批评性文章，指责我们，怪我们当时处在没有什么可丧失的情况下为什么竟会抱住自己那份口粮不放，而不进行斗争。 恰好，我也正想回答这个问题。我们之所以在劳改营里忍受，就是因为外界没有舆论。 一个囚犯要想反抗强加于他的制度，他通常能想得出哪些可用的办法呢？不外下面几种吧： l）抗议； 2）绝食； 3）逃跑； 4）暴动。 可是，正像那个死人常说的那样，"谁都晓得"（如果不晓得，那也能够想法使你晓得）前两种办法只是有了社会舆论的支持才有力量（监狱官才怕它）！如果没有社会舆论支持，人们对于囚犯的抗议和绝食只会报以嘲笑！ 像捷尔任斯基那样在监狱长面前撕碎自己身上的衬衣，从而争取达到自己的要求，当然是很有戏剧性效果的。但那也只是在社会舆论支持的情况下才行。没有舆论支持，人们就会用个什么东西把你的嘴一堵，然后还得叫你赔偿公家的衬衣！ 这里不妨回忆一下十九世纪末期在卡里苦役地发生的轰动一时的事件。当局向政治犯们宣布：从今以后对政治犯可以施行体罚，而政治犯娜杰日达?谢格达要第一个受到笞刑（因为她打了警卫队长一记耳光，想以此来……逼他退休）。于是娜杰日达?谢格达立即服毒自杀了，她宁死也不愿受到狱吏的树条抽打！继她之后，另外三名妇女也服毒自杀！男监里十四名男囚犯也要自杀，有些人自杀未遂产这场斗争的结果是完全、永远地废除了对犯人的体罚。当时政治犯们的想法是：恐吓监狱当局。因为他们相信关于卡里苦役营里的悲剧终究会传遍俄国，真象会大白于全世界的。 但是，假如让我们这些囚犯来衡量一下这个事件，我们只会洒下几滴轻蔑的眼泪。打自由人警卫队长一记耳光？何况还不是他侮辱了你本人？就算是他朝你的屁股踢了两脚，那又有什么了不起？你总可以活下去嘛！为什么几位女伴也要跟着她服毒呢？为什么还有十四个男人也跟着干？生命不是只给予我们一次吗？重要的不是结果吗？我们有吃的、有喝的，为什么要和生命诀别？也许会赶上大赦呢！说不定会被提前释放呢！ Look!我们已经从政治囚犯的高度滑到了什么地方！跌落到了什么地步！ 同时，我们那些狱吏们却上升到了什么高度啊！不，他们可不比卡里苦役营的那些笨蛋！即使我们现在挺起腰杆来，想要升天（四个妇女再加上十四个男人），他们也会在我们弄到毒药之前把我们全部枪毙掉。（何况，在苏维埃的监狱里上哪儿去弄毒药呢？）如果有谁真的服毒自杀死了，那也不过只是减轻监狱当局的负担而已，同时，其他犯人则会因为没有告发而受到鞭刑。而且，当然；关于这事的消息甚至传不到狱墙外面。 问题就在这里。这帮人的力量也就在这里。就因为消息传不出去！即或传了出去，也传不远，它会是一个微弱、暗哑的声音，得不到报纸的证实，眼线们会到处追根；因此，等于什么也没有。绝不会出现什么社会舆论的愤慨！既然如此，怕．What?有什么必要去听取因犯的抗议？谁想服毒吗，那你就服毒好啦！ 、关于我们的每次绝食都遭到失败的情况，我在第一部里已经谈过了。 那么，逃跑呢？历史为我们记载了沙皇时代的几次越狱逃跑的严重事件。我们看到，每次逃跑都是在外面的人，即其他革命者或逃跑者同党的领导下实现的，在许多细节上还得到了广大同情者的帮助。不论逃出监狱本身，还是逃出后隐藏或偷渡的过程，都得有许多人从旁协助。（"噢，对呀！"马克思主义历史学家可算找出我的破绽了。"那是因为老百姓支持革命者！支持他们，为了自己的未来嘛！""可是，"恕我反驳一句："是不是也还因为那样做只是一种不会承担罪责的有趣游戏呢？从窗口向逃跑者挥动几下手帕，让他在你的卧室里过夜，替他化装，这算什么？那个时代并不会为此受到审判呀！彼得?拉夫罗夫从流放地逃跑了，而沃洛格达的省长（霍明斯基）还给拉夫罗夫的自由同居的妻子发了证件，允许她去追赶自己心爱的人……那个时代，甚至伪造护照的人也不过被流放回自己的家乡去。当时人们并不害怕什么。您凭亲身经验应该知道这是怎么回事。"可是，顺便问一句："您怎么会没蹲过监狱呢？""噢，这个嘛，也算运气吧……" 不过，也有另一方面的证明。我们大家在中学时都不得不读高尔基的。可能有人还记得那里所描写的尼日戈罗德监狱的生活吧：看守们的手枪都生锈了，他们用手枪当锤子往墙上钉钉子。人们可以毫无困难地把梯子倚在墙上，安安稳稳地到狱外去。再看看一个叫拉塔耶夫的高级警察官员是怎么写的吧："流放实际上只是一纸空文。监狱根本就不存在。在当时的监狱制度下，落到狱中的革命者可以毫无阻碍地继续他原先的活动……基辅革命委员会的全体成员都被关在基辅监狱里，可他们照样在领导着基辅市的罢工斗争，并且还从狱里发出呼吁书。" 目前，我没有可能搜集有关沙皇时代主要苦役营地警卫情况的资料，不过，我倒也没有听说那时曾发生过像我们这里那样的只有十万分之一成功希望的绝望的逃跑。显然，当时的政治苦役犯并未感到有必要去冒险：他们没有受到由于繁重劳动体力衰竭以致过早死亡的威胁，也没有无缘无故延长刑期的威胁，服过一半刑期后，他们还可以到流放地去服后一半刑期，他们打算逃跑的话，推迟到那个时候再跑也不迟。 看来，只有那些懒得逃跑的人才没有从沙皇的流放地逃跑。显然，警察局也并不要求经常去汇报，监视并不严格，路途上没有设行动人员哨所，劳动地点也并非每天都有警察。囚犯们手里有钱（或者可以寄来钱），流放地一般距大河和大路不太远。还有，在那时帮助逃犯的人并不冒任何危险，而逃亡者本人即使被抓回去也不会像我们这里似的被枪决、被毒打；也没有再加判二十年苦役的危险。那时候逃跑被抓回的人一般都送回原地，刑期照旧。that is it.这是一场只会赢、不会输的赌博。法斯坚科逃往国外（见第一部第五章），就是这类情况中有代表性的事例。比他更加典型的，可以说是无政府主义者乌兰诺夫斯基从图鲁汉斯克边区逃跑的事例。他逃到基辅，随便走进大学生的阅览室，声称要索取米哈伊洛夫斯基的《什么是进步？ 》一书，于是大学生们立即招呼他吃饭、留他住宿，还给了他路费。他逃出国外的情况是这样的：随便登上一艘外国轮船的舷梯就上船了，（要知道，那里并没有内务部的哨兵在守卫嘛！）上船后他就在锅炉房里一蹲。不过，更妙的是：他在一九一四年战争期间又自愿回到俄国，回到了图鲁汉斯克流放地！把他当作外国派回来的间谍了吧？枪毙？ "快坦白吧，败类！他被什么人收买啦？"都没有。调解法官对他的判决是：由于逃跑到国外三年，判罚款三卢布或拘留一天！当时，对乌兰诺夫斯基来说三个卢布是一笔不小的数目，所以他选择了一天拘留。 格尔丰德-帕尔武斯，毁灭性的《财政宣言》（一九O五年十二月）的作者，一九O五年彼得堡工人代表苏维埃的实际指导者……被五马分尸了吗？没有，他被判处流放图鲁汉斯克边区三年，半道上在克拉斯诺雅尔斯克就曾有机会跑掉（放犯人们进城购买食品，列夫?杰伊奇一去不回，帕尔武斯慢了一步）。他到了叶尼塞斯克，在那里才把唯一的一个押送士兵灌醉，自己溜走了。他不得不换上庄稼人的衣裳，沿叶尼塞河多走一段回头路，庄稼汉的环境，肮脏，跳蚤，使他受了一些罪。以后他仍住在彼得堡，以后到了国外。 而我们的逃跑--从乘破旧的小船渡海或躲在原木货舱里逃出索洛维茨群岛开始，到豁出性命。丧失理智、毫无希望地冲出斯大林晚期劳改营（本书有几章专讲这些事）为止，--我们的逃跑是巨人们的行动，但这是必遭灭亡的巨人们的行动。革命前的逃跑从来没有表现过这样的勇敢，这样的想象力，这样的意志，但很容易成功，而我们的逃跑则几乎从来没有成功过。 "那是因为你们的逃跑按其阶级本质来说就是反动的！……" 一个不愿再当奴隶、不愿再当牲畜的人振臂奋起，企图逃跑，难道他的这种激情竟会是反动的吗？ 逃跑之所以没有成功，是因为逃跑过程的后几个阶段的成败取决于普通居民对此所抱的态度。而今天我国的居民是不敢帮助逃亡者的，甚至（出于自私动机或者由于思想认识的原因）还要出卖逃亡者。 这就是我们社会的舆论！ ... 至于囚犯的暴动，像劳改营里那样有三千人、五千人、八千人参加的暴动，在我国历次革命的历史中还从来没有先例。 而我们却有过。 可是，还是由于同样的邪恶力量的作用，我们所作的最大努力、最大牺牲所带来的只是显微不足道的成果。 那是因为整个社会还没有准备好条件。因为如果没有社会舆论的支持，即使在最大的劳改营里的暴动也不会有任何进展。 因此，对于我们"怎么会忍受的？"这个问题，现在可以作出回答了：就连我们也并没有忍受！读者下面就会看到：我们绝对不是一直在忍受的。 我们确实在特种劳改营里举起了政治犯的大旗，并且确实成了当之无愧的政治犯！