Chapter 15 Chapter 9 The law is growing-1

Our overview has been stretched very long.But we haven't really started yet.There are more important cases, more famous cases ahead.But the basic lines have been drawn clearly. Let's also go with our Young Pioneer age laws. Mention a long-forgotten and not even political case. 6) The General Fuel Administration Trial (May 1921) because it involved engineers or experts as they were called at the time. The worst of the four winters of the Civil War passed, when there was absolutely nothing to burn, trains stopped running, people were starved and cold, and strikes (now extinct from history) a write-off).Who is to blame?A famous question: whose fault?

Certainly not the general leadership.And not even local leaders!this point is very important.If those "comrades who are often transferred from outside" (leaders of party members) do not understand the business, then experts should "draw up the correct plan to deal with the problem" for them!That is to say, "it is not the leaders who are at fault...but those who conceive and plan (how to feed and keep warm from the fields) are to blame".It is not the one who gives the order that is at fault, but the one who draws up the plan!Planning to turn out to be the fault of the braggarts.The discrepancy of the figures "is the fault of the specialists, and not the fault of the Labor and Defense Committee", and even "not the fault of the responsible cadres of the General Directorate of Fuel".No coal, no firewood, no oil This is a "complex mess created" by the experts.It is also their fault that they did not resist Rykov's emergency call and record who was sent and approved to whom the unplanned supplies were issued.

Everything is the fault of the experts!But the courts of the proletariat were not merciless against them, and the sentences were light.Of course, the proletariat is at odds with these damned specialists in its bones, yet cannot cope without them, everything is paralyzed.Therefore, the Revolutionary Tribunal did not punish them to death. Krylenko even said that since 1920, "there is no sabotage phenomenon".Yes, specialists are at fault, but they do not do so out of malice, they are just dorks who do not work better, have not learned to do their jobs under capitalism, or are just egoists and bribe-takers.

So, at the beginning of the Restoration period, a lever was drawn to the engineers' marvelous leniency. The first peaceful years of 1922 were so full of public trials that we devote almost all of our chapter to that year. (One wonders: the war is over - and the courts are so active? But remember that in 1945 and 1948 the Guardians were extraordinarily active. Is there the simplest regularity here? ) Although the Ninth Congress of the Soviets in December 1921 decided to "reduce the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Prudential Committee," it put on airs in accordance with this intention and changed its name to the State Political Security Bureau, but in October 1922 The powers of the State Political Security Bureau were expanded again. In December Dzerzhinsky told the reporter of Pravda (December 17, 1922): "Now we need to pay special attention to all kinds of Anti-Soviet factions and groups.The State Political Security Bureau has shrunk the organization, but raised its quality. "

Therefore, we also do not miss the cases at the beginning of this year: 7) "The Suicide of the Engineer Aldenbogle" (High Court", February 1922) has been a trivial and utterly unrepresentative trial that no one remembers.It is not representative because its content only involves one person's life, and it has already ended.If this life had not ended, the Engineer, and a dozen others with him, would have appeared before the High Court in the center, and the trial would have been fully representative.Now sitting in the dock are a well-known party worker Setelnikov, two officials of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, and two trade union workers.

Yet in this trial of the Schachtites and early forerunners of the "Industrial Party," there was something as melancholy as Chekhov's description of the sound of broken strings from afar. B.B. Oldenburger worked for the Moscow Water Company for thirty years, apparently since the turn of the century as its chief engineer.He has experienced the Silver Age of Art, four State Dumas, three wars, three revolutions and the whole of Moscow has been drinking from him.Peakists and futurists, reactionaries and revolutionaries, noble cadets and Red Army soldiers, People's Commissars, Chekas and Workers' and Peasants' Inspections drank Oldenburger's clean, cold water.He is not married, he has no children, and he only has running water all his life.In 1905, he kept the garrison on the water company "because clumsy soldiers might break the pipes or the machinery."On the second day of the February Revolution, he told his workers that the revolution was over, enough was enough, everyone was in their positions, and water should be supplied as usual.During the battles of the October Revolution in Moscow, he cared about only one thing: saving the water company.His practitioners went on strike in response to the Bolshevik coup, inviting him to join them.He replied: "Technically, I, sorry, do not go on strike. And in other respects, in other respects, I, well, go on strike." He received a sum of money from the strike committee to support the strikers, writing the receipt , but ran out to find a pipe joint to fix the broken pipe.

But he was an enemy anyway!He said this to a worker: "Soviet power will not last for two weeks." (A new spirit descended on the eve of the transition to NEP, so Krylenko allowed himself a little Tell the truth.) "At that time, not only the experts thought this way, but we also thought this way more than once." (Page 439, the emphasis is on the author I added) But he was an enemy anyway!As Comrade Lenin told us: In order to monitor bourgeois experts, we need the police dog of the Workers and Peasants Inspection. Two such police dogs were placed next to Oldenburger (one of them was Makarov Zemlyansky, a slippery clerk from the water company, who was fired for "misconduct" and entered the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection , "because the treatment is good there", and later rose to the People's Commissariat of Workers and Peasants Inspection in the Central Committee, because "the treatment is better there" was sent from there to supervise his old boss, bent on revenge on those who offended him).And the local committees of the trade unions, the best defenders of the interests of the workers, have not slept too much.The Communist Party member became the leader of the water company. "Everything here should be led by the workers, and only the Communist Party members can be in power. The correctness of this point of view has also been proved by this case," (page 433). The eyes of the Moscow party organization have also been fixed on the water company. (And behind it there is the Cheka) "We were building a team of our own at that time, which started from the healthy feeling of class antagonism. Anyone who did not belong to our camp had to be matched with them The next ... political commissar, otherwise no responsible position can be handed over to them." (page 434) All parties came to correct, support, and teach the chief engineer at once, and without his consent, technical personnel were randomly transferred ( "Break up the dens of these businessmen").

However, the water company was not saved.It's not getting better, it's getting worse. There must be a gang of engineers behind the scenes.more than that.Oldenburger, who, because of his intellectual middle-of-the-road nature, had never uttered a harsh word in his life, now dared, uncharacteristically, to call the new head of the water company, Zenyuk (a man who made Clay "because of his inner temperament") A character that Lian Ke thinks is very cute) The behavior is called nonsense J In this way, it becomes clear that "Engineer Oldenburger consciously betrays the interests of the workers and is a direct and open enemy of the dictatorship of the working class." So all parties are invited to send inspection teams to the water company, but all inspection teams think that Everything is fine and the water is flowing normally.The workers' and peasants' inspectors did not stop there.They sent report after report to the Workers and Peasants Control Office.Olden Bogle simply "wanted to destroy, sabotage, and smash the water company with political purposes," but he didn't have the ability.We also did our best to hinder him from the extravagance of repairing boilers or replacing wooden tanks with concrete ones.Worker leaders began speaking openly at water company meetings that their chief engineer was the "spirit of organized technical sabotage" and called on everyone not to believe him but to resist him on all fronts.

But things still haven't improved, and they've gotten worse! ... What particularly distressed the "blood-proletarian psychology" of the workers' and peasants' inspectors and trade unionists was the fact that most of the workers on the water supply towers, "tainted with petty bourgeois psychology," sided with Oldenburger and could not see him. sabotage.At this time, just in time for the election of the Moscow City Soviet, the workers put forward Olden Bogle as the candidate for the water company. Of course, the party branch put forward the party's candidate tit for tat.However, because of the chief engineer's false prestige among the workers, the party's candidate appeared to have no hope of being elected.But the party branch sent a resolution to the district committees, to the organs at all levels, and declared at the plenary meeting: "Oldenburger is the heart and soul of sabotage, and in the Moscow City Soviet he will be our leader." Political enemies!" The workers responded with a roar and shouts of "No!" Gangsters talk!" He said, let's go talk elsewhere.

The following party measures were taken: the chief engineer was expelled from the management committee of the ... Give him tasks that need to be done urgently.Every time he was absent, he was written into the transcript "for future judicial trials."Through the Labor and Defense Committee (chaired by Comrade Lenin), the appointment of an "extraordinary triumvirate" (Workers' and Peasants' Control Office, the Trade Union Committee and Comrade Kuibyshev) was secured to head the water company. For four years there has been water in the pipes, and the citizens of Moscow have drunk it without noticing anything...

In this context, Setelnikov wrote an article in "Economic Life": "In view of the rumors circulating about the disastrous situation of the water company that excited public opinion", he provided many new There are disturbing rumors, even: "The water company is pumping water from the ground, consciously eroding the foundations of the whole of Moscow" (that was laid by Ivan Khalida).An inspection team from the Moscow City Soviet was invited.In its view; "the condition of the water company is satisfactory and the technical leadership is reasonable".Oldenbogle refuted all allegations.In this way, Setelnikov said tolerantly: "My task is to arouse discussion around this issue. As for clarifying this issue, that is the job of experts." What else can the labor leaders do?What is the last but surefire way?Inform the Cheka!That's what Setelnikov did!He "sees signs of conscious sabotage of the water company by Olden Bogle", and he has no doubts that "a counter-revolutionary organization exists in the water company, in the heart of Red Moscow".And also: the catastrophic condition of the Rublev water tower! But at this time Oldenburger made a very blundering mistake and made a cowardly, middle-class intellectual move: his order for new boilers abroad was "cut" (while the old steel furnaces are now It couldn't be repaired in Russia) so he killed himself (too many hitches for one man, and people were untrained then). The matter has not been let go, and the counter-revolutionary organization can be found without this person.The workers' and peasants' ombudsmen took up the task of exposing this organization in its entirety.In the past two months, I have secretly made some tricks.But the spirit of the NEP that is starting is this: "Teach both sides a lesson".So the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal tried the case.Krylenko, just as stern as he is, and Krylenko as unselfish as he is, understands that "the Russian worker is right, of course, to regard everyone who is not himself as an enemy rather than a friend", but: "In further changing our actual and general policy, we will have to make some big concessions, we will have to make retreats and detours; perhaps the party will be compelled to choose a tactical line which will be challenged by loyal, self-conscious The objection of the naive logic of the sacrificial warriors" (p. 458). Of course, the Revolutionary Tribunal did not "take seriously" the workers who testified against Comrade Sedelnikov and the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectors.Defendant Seternikov responded calmly to the prosecutor's threat: "Comrade Krylenko! I know these provisions; but you must know that class enemies are not being tried here, but these provisions are for class enemies." However, Krylenko also worked hard to create tension: you intentionally delivered false accusations to state organs...with aggravating circumstances (private grievances, personal revenge)...use of position...politically irresponsible...abuse of power , abusing the prestige of Soviet cadres and members of the CPSU (Bolsheviks) ... disrupting the work of the water company ... causing losses to the Moscow Soviet and Soviet Russia, because there are very few such specialists ... no one can replace ... "We have already There is no need to speak of specific human losses... In our age, struggles constitute the main content of our lives, and we are accustomed to give little thought to these irreparable losses... (p. 458) The Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal should say If you have weight...the criminal punishment should be very severe...we are not here to joke!..." My God, what are they going to do now?Could it be...?My readers are used to the prompt: all guns... Completely correct.It's all amused: Given the true remorse of the defendants, sentence them to ... social condemnation! two truths... And Setelnikov seems to have been imprisoned for one year. Allow me not to believe it. Oh, those singers who painted the twenties as a jubilantly bright scene!Even if a person has only a little contact with the 1920s, even if it was only a childhood, he will never forget it.It was in the 1920s that the bullheads and horsemen who framed the engineer were fattened up. But now we see that since 1918 it has been... For the next two trials, we are going to leave our favorite Supreme Prosecutor a little bit: he is busy with preparations for the big trial of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. (There have been out-of-town trials of Socialist-Revolutionaries, such as the Saratov trial in 1919.) This large-scale trial had caused disturbances in Europe beforehand, when the People's Commissariat of Justice suddenly I remembered: We have conducted trials for four years, but there is no criminal code, neither the old one nor the new one.Krylenko will inevitably have to worry about the code: it needs the cooperation of all parties in advance. Those ecclesiastical trials before us are internal cases, which do not interest progressive Europe, and which can be dealt with without the Codex. We have seen that the state understands the separation of church and state in such a way that the church building itself and everything hung, placed, and painted in it belongs to the state, while the only thing left to the church is the Bible. The kind of church that has nothing as stipulated by God.As early as 1918, when the political victory appeared to have been achieved more quickly and easily than expected, a campaign to confiscate church property was initiated.However, this hasty move caused too much anger among the people.It would be unwise to build an internal front against the Christians while the civil war was raging.The dialogue between Communists and Christians had to be put on hold for a while. At the end of the civil war, as a natural consequence of it, there was an unprecedented famine in the Volga valley.Since this does not do much to honor the victors of this war, there are only two vague references to it in our literature.However, this time the famine reached the level of cannibalism and parents eating their own children. Such a famine was not seen even in Russia during the period of chaos (because at that time, according to historical records, for several years, unthreshed grain stacks were destroyed. pressed under ice and snow for the winter).A film about this famine could completely change everything we see and know about the Revolution and the Civil War.But it is disgraceful that there are no movies, no novels, no statistical studies that are trying to be forgotten.And we are used to putting the cause of any famine on the rich peasants, but who are the rich peasants in the general death?Korolenko, in his "Letters to Lunacharsky" (which has never been published in our country, despite the latter's promise), explains the causes of hunger and deprivation throughout the country: decline (workers' hands go to arms), as the peasants lose confidence in the government and hope to keep even a small harvest for themselves.Someone will settle the account in the future: according to the Brest Peace Treaty, how much food was supplied to the German Empire, which continued to fight in the West, from Russia, which lost its voice of protest, and even from the famine zone in the future, for many months and many wagons . A straight, short chain of cause and effect: people in the Volga region eat their own children because we were so eager to abolish the Constituent Assembly. But the genius of the statesman is to succeed even from the calamities of the people.This is indeed a clever calculation that can kill three birds with one stone; now let the priests feed the Volga Valley!They are Christians and they are compassionate! 1.Refuse to blame them for the whole famine, and can destroy the Church; 2.Agree with us and clean the church thoroughly; 3.Money reserves can be replenished in both cases. Moreover, this trick seems to be reminded by the behavior of the church itself.As Archbishop Tikhon stated, in August 1921, at the very beginning of the famine, the Church established the Diocesan Committee and the All-Russian Committee for the Relief of the Famine and began to collect funds.But to allow direct relief from the Church to go to the mouths of the starving would be tantamount to undermining the dictatorship of the proletariat.The committee was banned, and the money went to the treasury.The Archbishop also appealed to the Roman classroom and the Archbishop of Canterbury but this too was stopped, explaining that only the Soviet power had the right to negotiate with foreigners.And why all the fuss; the newspapers said that the authorities themselves had all the means to cope with the famine. In the Volga Valley, they are grazing, eating shoe soles, and gnawing door frames.Finally, in December 1921, the Committee of Relief (National Committee for the Relief of the Starving) made a proposal to the church to donate church valuables, not all valuables, ordinarily related, to the hungry.The archbishop agreed, and the Salvation Committee formulated a detailed implementation rule: all donations must be voluntary!Proclamation issued by the Archbishop on February 19, 1922; allowing diocesan councils to donate valuables not related to liturgy. In this way, everything may turn into a compromise that blinds the will of the proletariat. Thoughts are like lightning!Thoughts become decrees.The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on February 26: Collect all valuables from the church for the hungry! The archbishop wrote to Kalinin and Kalinin did not reply.Thus, on February 26, the Archbishop issued a new, deadly proclamation: From the point of view of the Church, such actions are sacrilegious and we cannot therefore agree to such charges. After half a century of long time, it is not difficult to blame the Archbishop now.The leaders of the Christian Church certainly should not be distracted by such thoughts as: whether the Soviet regime has other resources, or who is starving the Volga Valley; nor should they hold on to these valuables, faith Resurrection (if it can be resurrected) is completely out of these things.But one should also put oneself in the shoes of the unfortunate Archbishop.Already after the October Revolution, he was elected within a few short years to head the Church which was ostracized, persecuted, executed and which he was entrusted to preserve. At this moment the newspapers immediately unleashed a sure-fire siege of the archbishop and the senior clergy, saying that they were shooting the Volga valley with the bony hands of the famine!The harder the archbishop resisted, the weaker his position became.In March, a campaign was also launched within religious circles to give up valuables and to coordinate with the authorities.Bishop Antonin Granovsky, who participated in the Central Committee of the Salvation Committee, expressed to Kalinin the fears that have not been completely dispelled: "The believers are disturbed that the valuables of the Church may be used for people who are not close to their hearts. narrow other purposes." (Experienced readers who know the general principles of advanced doctrine will agree that this is quite possible. For the needs of the Comintern and the liberating East are no less urgent than those of the Volga Valley.) Archbishop Wen Hamming of Petrograd was also in a decidedly agitated state: "This is God's, and we will give it all ourselves." But don't come to collect it, let it be a voluntary donation.He also called for the establishment of clergy and religious oversight: accompanying valuables until they became food for the hungry.He was distressed not to go against the archbishop's condemnation of the matter at the same time. In Petrograd it seems to be going on amicably.At the meeting of the Petrograd Salvation Committee on March 5, 1922, according to eyewitnesses, there was even an atmosphere of joy.Wen Hanming declared: "The Orthodox Church is determined to hand over everything to help the hungry people", but he just thinks that compulsory collection is blasphemy.But if he does this, there is no need to collect it!Kanatchikov, chairman of the Petrograd Salvation Committee, assured that this would endear the Soviet regime to the Church (how could it not be so!).A warm current passed through the atrium, and everyone stood up.The archbishop said: "The main burden is discord and hatred. But the time will come when the Russians will unite. I will personally lead the faithful men and women to remove the golden robes from the Virgin of Kazan and offer them with sweet tears. ’” He blessed the Bolshevik members of the Salvation Committee, and they escorted him to the gate bareheaded.The Petrograd Pravda of March 8, 9, and 10 confirmed the peaceful and successful conclusion of the negotiations and praised the Archbishop. "It was agreed in the Smolny Palace that the church's goblets and golden robes will be recast into gold ingots in front of the believers." Smearing became some kind of compromise again!The gas of Christianity poisons the revolutionary will.The hungry people of the Volga valley do not need this solidarity and this automatic donation!The unstable team of the Petrograd Salvation Committee was removed, and the newspapers began to bark at "bad priests" and "church princes", explaining to the church representatives: No donations from you are needed!There is no need to negotiate with you!Everything belongs to the authorities and it takes what it deems necessary. As a result, in Petrograd, as in other places, compulsory collection accompanied by conflicts began. There is now legal grounds to start the church case trial 8 The Moscow Church Case (April 26-May 7, 1922), held at the Polytechnic Museum, the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal, presiding judge Buick, chief prosecutors Lunin and Longinov.Seventeen people on trial accused of distributing the Archbishop's proclamation, including high priests and lay people.This offense is more serious than surrendering or failing to surrender valuables. High priest A.H. Zauzelski handed over all the valuables in his church, but in principle he insisted on the view of the archbishop's proclamation, thinking that compulsory collection is an act of reading God, so he became the central figure of the trial. To be shot (which also proves: the important thing is not to feed the hungry, but to destroy the church at the convenient moment). Bishop Tikhon was called to court as a witness on May 5.Although the audience in the hall was selected and specially arranged (1922 was not much different from 1937 and 1968 in this respect), Ross's old background was so deep, and the Soviet His foundation is still so shallow, so when the archbishop came in, more than half of the people present stood up to accept his blessing. Tikhon took the entire responsibility for drafting and distributing the proclamation upon himself.The presiding judge tried his best to get to the bottom of it: this is impossible!Could it be that I wrote everything by myself?You must have just signed it?Who wrote it?Who is the one with the idea?Also: Why did you mention the siege of you by the newspapers in your proclamation? (It is you who are besieged, why should we hear this?...) What do you want to show by this? Archbishop: "It is time to ask those who started this siege, what is their purpose?" Judge: "But what you wrote has nothing in common with religion!" Archbishop: "It has a historical character." Presiding judge: "You used a saying that when you were negotiating with the Board of Education, you issued the decree behind your back?" Tikhon: "Yes." Judge: "So you think the Soviet regime did something wrong?" Devastating argument!That question will be repeated to us a million times over in the scout's night office!And we will never dare to answer so simply, like the answer below. Archbishop: "Yes." Presiding judge: "Do you think the current laws of the country are binding on you?" Archbishop: "Yes, I recognize them, if they do not contradict the canon." (If only everyone could answer like this! Our history would be different!) Repeatedly ask about the canon.The archbishop explained: If the church itself handed over the money, it would not be an act of reading God.If it is taken against its will, it is an act of reading God.In the statement, it did not say that they would not hand over things at all, but only condemned the law of handing over against their will. (This remark makes us more interested in going against the will!) Comrade Baker, the presiding judge, was surprised: "In the final analysis, what is more important to you, the precepts of the church or the views of the Soviet government?" (Predictable answer: "The Soviet government's...") The public prosecutor shouted: "Okay, even if it is an act of God according to the canon, but from the point of view of benevolence!!" (This is the first and last time in fifty years that the meager word benevolence is recalled in court...) A linguistic analysis was also carried out. The word "blasphemy" comes from the word reliquary-thief. Prosecutor: "That means we representatives of the Soviet regime are thieves of holy relics?" (Prolonged uproar in the hall. Break. Court administrators hustle.) Prosecutor: "So, you call the representatives of the Soviet regime and the All-Russia Central Executive Committee thieves?" Archbishop: "I'm just quoting the canon." The term "blasphemy" is discussed below.When collecting items from the Vasily Kesarisky Church, the golden robe of the icon couldn't fit in the box, so it was crushed with his feet, but the archbishop himself was not there, right? Prosecutor: "Where did you know that? Please tell me the name of the priest who told you!" (= We will lock him up immediately!) The archbishop did not name him. That would be tantamount to lying! The public prosecutor triumphantly asked: "No, who spread this vile slander?" Presiding judge: "Say the names of those who trampled the golden robes with their feet! (They always leave their business cards when they do this kind of thing.) Otherwise, the court will not believe what you say!" The archbishop cannot be named. Judge: "That is to say, you made a false accusation out of thin air!" All that remained was to prove that the archbishop wanted to overthrow the Soviet regime.See how this is proven: "Agitation is an attempt to prepare emotions for future subversion." The court decided to initiate criminal proceedings against the archbishop. The verdict was announced on May 7: Eleven of the seventeen people on trial were sentenced to be executed by shooting (five people were actually shot dead). As Krylenko said, we are not here to joke. Another week later, the archbishop was suspended and arrested. (But this was not the end. He was temporarily sent to the Donskoy Monastery under strict supervision until the congregants got used to his absence. Remember, not long ago Krylenko expressed surprise: what kind of Where is the danger that threatens the archbishop? . . . Yes, it is of no use to ring the bell or telephone when it comes upon you stealthily.) Two weeks later, Archbishop Vennemin was also arrested in Petrograd.He was not a high official of the church, not even an ordained one, like all archbishops.In the spring of 1917, for the first time since the time of Gunovgorod, the archbishops were elected in Moscow (for Tikhon) and Petrograd (for Vennemin).Wen Nieming was a man of gentle character who was accessible to everyone, a frequent visitor in the factory, and quite popular among the people and the lower clergy, and it was their votes that made Wen Nieming elected.He did not understand the times and saw himself as tasked with keeping the Church out of politics "because the Church has suffered so much from it in the past".It was this that brought the Archbishop into the case. 9 Petrograd Church Case (June 9-July 5, 1922).The defendants (who resisted surrendering church valuables) numbered eighteen, and included professors of theology, professors of canon law, monk-priests, priests, and laymen.Semyonov, the presiding judge of the court, was only twenty-five years old (it was rumored that he was a baker's shopkeeper).Chief Public Prosecutor Krasikov Lenin's age and friend in exile in Krasnoyarsk and later in exile, Vladimir Ilyich liked to listen to him play the violin . On Nevsky Prospekt, at the corner from Hanva Avenue, a large group of people stood densely every day. When they passed the archbishop, people knelt down and sang "God saves all living beings!" (It is conceivable that on the street, Just as in the courthouse, some overzealous believers were arrested at the time.) In the courtroom, most of the audience consisted of Red Army soldiers, but even these people stood up whenever the archbishop wearing a white cap came in .And the prosecutors and the courts called him an enemy of the people (the term already existed, remember that). The atmosphere of the trial became more and more tense every time, and the suppression of lawyers was already very obvious.Krylenko told us nothing about this, but eyewitnesses told us about it.The court loudly threatened to imprison chief defender Bobryshev-Pushkin himself, and this was already the fashion at the time, and it was so realistic that Bobryshev-Pushkin hurriedly handed over the gold watch and wallet to the Lawyer Gurovich... The witness, Professor Egorov, was detained by the court on the spot for speaking in favor of the Archbishop.However, Yegorov did not expect that he had already prepared for this: he carried a bulging leather bag with him, which contained food, a change of clothes and even a small quilt. The reader will note how courts gradually assumed the familiar form. Archbishop Wen Hanming is accused of nefariously entering into an agreement with the ... Soviet regime in order to achieve a less lenient decree on the collection of valuables.He maliciously circulated among the people his appeal to the Salvation Committee (private publication!).It also acts in concert with the world bourgeoisie. Father Krasnitsky, a leading neophyte and a member of the Political Security Service, testified that the priests had conspired to use the famine to provoke an uprising against the Soviet regime. Witness statements were heard only on the plaintiff side and not on the defense side. (Ah, how similar, more and more similar...) Public prosecutor Smirnov demanded "sixteen heads".Prosecutor Krasikov shouted: "The entire Orthodox Church is a counter-revolutionary organization. To be honest, the entire Church should have been put in prison!" (The program was very realistic and it got there almost quickly. It was a good basis for dialogue between the two sides.) Taking advantage of this rare opportunity, we will quote only a few words from Gurovich, the archbishop's advocate who has survived: "No evidence, no facts, not even a charge... What will history say? (Ouch, it's scary! Never mind, it will forget, it won't say anything!) Collection of church valuables in Petrograd What happened was completely peaceful, but the religious circles of Petrograd are now sitting in the dock, and are being driven to death by the hands of certain people. The basic principles you are emphasizing are the interests of the Soviet government. But please Do not forget that the Church grows in the blood of martyrs (it will not grow with us!)... I have no more words, but it is difficult to end my statement. The accused can live while the debate is going on. When the debate is over, so is the life..." The Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced ten to death.他们等死等了一个多月，一直等到对社会革命党人的审判结束（好像是准备同社会革命党人一起枪毙）。在此以后全俄中执委赦免了六个人，四个人（文涅明大主教；修士大司祭、前国家杜马成员谢尔吉；法学教授诺维茨基及律师科夫沙罗夫）于八月十二至十三日的夜里执行枪决。 我们务请读者不要忘记"地方多数"这个原则。这里有两起教会案件，那里就有二十二起。 社会革命党人案开庭之前，十分抓紧制定刑法典的工作：到了该铺好法律的花岗石块的时候了。五月十二日，按照商定的日程，全俄中执委应届例会开幕，但法典草案还是没有来得及搞好，它刚送到戈尔基去请弗拉基米尔?伊里奇审定。法典中有六条的最高刑规定为枪决。这是不能令人满意的。五月十五日，伊里奇在草案的页边上又补充了也必须实行枪决的另外六条，（其中有第六十九条：宣传与鼓动……特别是号召消极反抗政府、号召普遍不履行兵役或纳税义务……）还有一种应判枪决的情节：不经允许而从国外返回（就像先前所有的社会主义者经常来回乱窜那样）。还有一个与枪决相等的惩罚：驱逐出境（弗拉基米尔?伊里奇预见到那个不远的将来，那时人们将从欧洲难以招架地涌向我国，但却没法强迫任何人自愿地离开我国到西方去）。主要的结论伊里奇是这样向司法人民委员说明的： "库尔斯基同志！在我看来，应当把枪决扩大适用于……（可代之以驱逐出境）孟什维克、社舍革命党人之流的各种活动；拟定一个把这些行为同国际资产阶级联系起来的表述方法。"（着重点是列宁加的。） 扩大枪决的适用！这还不明白吗？（驱逐出境的有几个？）恐怖手段这是一种说服手段广好像清楚了吧！ 而库尔斯基还是没有彻底清楚。他大约感到才尽技穷，实在不知道这个表述方法怎么拟定，这个联系怎么编造。于是第二天他就到人民委员会主席那里去请求指点。这次谈话内容，我们不知道。但紧跟着，五月十七日，列宁从戈尔基发出了第二封信： 库尔斯基同志：现在给你寄去刑法典补充条款草案，作为我们谈话的补充。……草案虽然有许多缺点，但我相信基本思想是明确的：公开地提出原则性的和政治上正确的（而不只是狭隘的法律上的）原理，来说明镇压的实质和理由、它的必要性和范围。 法院不应该取消镇压；答应这样作是自欺欺人，法院应该在原则上明确地毫无掩饰地说明镇压的道理，并使它具有法律根据。这一点应该尽量广泛地表述出来，因为只有革命的法律意识和革命的良心，一才能提出使它实施得比较广泛的条件。 致共产主义敬礼 lenin 对这个重要文件我们不打算进行评论。对它适宜于静静地思考。 这个文件之所以特别重要，因为它是还没有完全病倒的列宁在尘世上所作的最后指示之一，是他的政治遗嘱的重要部分。发出这封信后过了九天，他得了第一次中风。只是在一九二二年秋天的几个月里他才局部地恢复了一段不长的时间。也许给库尔斯基的两封信，就是在二层楼角上那个光亮的白色大理石客厅兼办公室里写的，那里已经放着将成为领袖临终卧榻的那张床，在等待着。 随后附着那个草案、补充条款的两种方案。这个条款过了几年后就成长为五十八条4以及我们的老妈妈整个的五十八条，你一面读着一面感到钦佩，"尽量广泛地表述出来"原来是这个意思！实施得比较广泛原来是这个意思！你一面读着一面就会回忆起来，下面这段如此亲热的条文是多么法力无边： "……宣传或鼓动，或参加组织，或协助（客观上协助或者有能力协助）其活动具有……性质的……组织或人……" 把奥古斯丁带到这里交给我，我马上就给他套上这个条文！ 该做的都做了，做了补充，重新打印，扩大了枪决的适用范围于是全俄中执委五月下旬的会议通过了刑法典共决定自一九二二年六月一日起生效。 现在就有了最合法的根据开始为期两个月的下一审判。 10社会革命党人审判（一九二二年六月八日至八月七日）最高法庭。办事灵活的格奥尔吉?皮亚塔科夫代替通常的审判长卡尔克林同志（审判员的好姓！）来审理这个重大案件。 如果我们与读者对于任何审判中主要的不是罪状，不是所谓"罪"而是适宜性这一点还没有充分的理解，也许我们一开始对于这次审判心里会有点疙疙瘩瘩。但适宜性势如破竹地发挥着作用：与孟什维克不同，社会革命党人当时还被认为是具有危险性的、还没有溃散、还没有彻底打垮的为了巩固新建立的（无产阶级）专政，适宜于把他们彻底打垮。 要是不知道这个原则，那就可能把整个审判错误地理解为党派报复。 对于在这个法庭上所提出的指控，你不由自主地会和各国漫长、悠久、连绵不断的历史联系起来加以深思。除了屈指可数的几十年间的屈指可数的议会民主制以外，各国的历史就是一部政变史和夺权史。谁能更迅速更牢靠地把政变搞成功，他就即刻受到司法之神光灿的法衣的萌庇，他的过去和未来的每一步都是合法的和应受颂扬的，而他那些倒霉的敌人的过去和未来的每一步则都是犯罪的，应该受到审判和合法惩处的。 刑法典通过才一个星期，但是他们已经把革命后五年的历史全安排进去了。二十年、十年、五年以前，社会革命党曾是一个从事于推翻沙皇制度的友邻的革命政党，它承担了（由于它那恐怖策略的特点）布尔什维克几乎没有遭受过的苦役的主要重负。 现在指控他们的第一条罪状是：社会革命党人是国内战争的发动者！不错，是他们发动了国内战争，这是他们发动的！他们被指控在十月革命的日子里对它进行了武装抵抗。当他们所支持并且部分地由他们所组成的临时政府被水兵们的机枪火力合法地扫荡了的时候社会革命党人非法地试图保卫这个政府（有气无力地试图了一下，马上就动摇了，马上就脱离了那就不一样。但罪也不会因此而轻些。），甚至以射击回答了射击，甚至发动那些在正被推翻的政府下任军职的士官生进行反抗。 他们在武装上被粉碎，但在政治上并没有悔改。他们没有跪在宣布自己为政府的人民委员会面前求饶。他们继续顽固不化地认为以前的政府是唯一合法的政府。他们没有当即承认自己二十年的政治路线的破产，但曾请求赦免他们，解散他们，请求当局不再认为他们是一个政党。根据同样的理由，所有在地方上和边疆区先后出现的那些政府阿尔汉格尔斯克的、萨马拉的、乌发的或者鄂木斯克的、乌克兰的、库班的、乌拉尔的或者外高加索的，都被认为是非法的，因为它们都是在人民委员会以后宣布自己为政府的。 第二条罪状是：他们的行动加深了国内战争的危局，一九一八年一月五日和六日，他们上街游行示威，因而成为反对工农政府合法政权的暴乱分子；他们支持自己非法的（普遍、自由、平等、秘密和直接投票选举出来的）立宪会议，反对合法地驱散那个会议与那些示威者的水兵和赤卫队员（立宪会议心平气和地开会能产生什么好结果呢？只可能引起三年国内战争的大火嘛。国内战争之所以会发生，全是因为全体居民们没有同时地和驯顺地服从人民委员会的合法法令）。 第三条罪状是：他们不承认布列斯特和约就是那个没有把俄国的头砍下来而只是砍下一部分躯体的合法的救命的布列斯特和约。起诉书判明，这样一来就具备了"叛国和旨在把国家拖进战争的犯罪行为的全部要件"。 叛国行为！这也是可以任意颠倒的一种玩意儿。你怎么摆，它就……