Chapter 17 3. Unstable offline, look online

The economic base determines the superstructure. After talking about the economy in the capitalist era, the next step is the political state of this period, the political state of the capitalist world. The revolutions of the 1860s and 1870s were different from the early bourgeois revolutions. First, the background of the times was different.The early bourgeois revolution was the era of handicraft industry, while the bourgeoisie in the 1860s and 1870s was the era of large-scale machine industry and large-scale machine production. All the differences are rooted in the different backgrounds of this era.

Differences in the background of the times—the era of the industrial revolution and the era of manufactures and handicrafts—can also lead to differences in the leadership class.The early bourgeois revolution was led by the big bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy, which were called liberal aristocracy in France and plantation owners in North America. The revolution in the 1860s and 1870s was led by the industrial bourgeoisie, and commercial capital no longer accounted for the majority. It was the industrial bourgeoisie that led the revolution. The difference in the leading class can lead to the difference in the main force. Someone must follow suit. The main force is different. Then who do you think should be the main force participating in the bourgeois revolution in the early bourgeois revolution era, that is, the era of manufacturing and handicraft industry?It cannot be the leaders or the new aristocracy, but the peasants and handicraftsmen, because at that time there were no industrial workers, peasants, handicraftsmen, and urban poor as the main force in our sense today. The bourgeois revolution of that era When the outbreak broke out, whether it was a craftsman or a farmer, the first thing he felt was the oppression from the feudal dynasty, not how his boss exploited him, so this was the main force of the early bourgeois revolution.

In the bourgeois revolution in the 1860s and 1870s, the proletariat participated, that is, industrial workers.Of course, whether industrial workers are the main force is a matter of two opinions, but at least we know that at this time, the bourgeois revolution in the 1860s and 1870s was either attended by workers or the proletariat. This is true. .The task of the early bourgeois revolution was to fight against feudalism. The task of the bourgeois revolution in the 1860s and 1870s was to sweep away the remnants, some of which were not necessarily feudal remnants. , regardless of whether you are feudal or left over from the era of manufacturing and handicrafts, it will clear all obstacles for the development of capitalism.

There are different revolutionary tasks, and finally there are different targets.The methods are all bourgeois revolutions and violent revolutions, but the result is the same as the purpose. The early bourgeois revolutions were the fate of the landlords. If there were landlords in Europe, they would be the fate of the feudal autocracy, and they were the feudal monarchs.The object of the bourgeois revolutionary struggle at this time has become the leading class of the revolution—the big bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy, that is, the land aristocracy, because the United States is not the new aristocracy, but the plantation owners, these are the land aristocracy, big capitalism and land aristocracy. The aristocracy became the object of the bourgeois revolution in the 1860s and 1870s.Did you say that the planters made great achievements when they established in the United States?Yes, I have!There was very little industry and commerce in the United States at that time. Basically, the founding fathers and fathers of the country were all plantation owners. Washington and Jefferson were all plantation owners. They made great contributions to the establishment of the United States, but later the American Civil War killed them. leather.The reason is the same, that is to say, the original leading class hindered development at this time and became an obstacle to the revolution, which must be cleared away.

Before the American Civil War, two issues were discussed: one is territorial expansion, and the other is westward expansion. We must understand territorial expansion and westward expansion. Everyone must understand the meaning of this. When the United States of America was just born, its flag was The 13-star hexagon arranged in a circle is similar to Israel's David, a bit like the flag of the European Union.In the future, every time a state is added to it, a white star will be added on its blue background. Because there are too many, the circle cannot fit, so it will be changed to a horizontal row, and the six corners will take up space, so it will be changed to five corners. Of course, this bar cannot be increased. , and then increased into a zebra.

The national flag has been changing. You can see that the increase in the number of white stars on the flag represents the territorial expansion of different eras. The Americans are very good at taking advantage of loopholes. He bought Louisiana from the French for 15 million US dollars. It only takes one square kilometer 6.5 US dollars; bought Alaska from Russia for more than 7 million US dollars, 4.5 US dollars per square kilometer, of course, the dollar at that time was worth more than today; spent 2.5 million US dollars to buy the south of the Rio Grande from Mexico; used Florida was purchased for $5 million, and the total territorial expansion of the United States cost less than $30 million. Its area expanded 10 times, and it soon became a country that spans two oceans. It was originally west of the Appalachian Mountains. , east of the Atlantic coast, and soon across the two oceans.

During this expansion process, the United States carried out a westward movement, and the indigenous Indians were massacred, but the vast undeveloped areas were developed. What kind of concept is this?In fact, it is the same as the Western colonists’ foreign colonial expansion that we talked about earlier. There are always people who have to pay the price for the progress of history. If the Indians are still in that place today, that place may still be in the pre-civilized era .Of course, today’s Indians in the United States, like our pandas, are endangered and protected “animals”. Regardless of wars or conscription, Indians are not required to perform military service or pay taxes. All the places where NO SMOKING is posted are swallowing clouds. It must be the Indians, you Asians, don’t spray there just because you are yellow face, you are finished, the Indians can, Americans feel very guilty for the Indians, feel sorry for them.But you have to understand that the westward movement is actually for the further development of the United States, especially the establishment of the large estates and bourgeois large farms we mentioned earlier.Isn't that a good thing?The territory has expanded, the land has grown, and everyone has become rich, so why do they start?What is the war for?

Therefore, the reason for the outbreak of the civil war is basically caused by the difference between the two economic systems. The difference between the two economic systems has caused the intensification of the conflict between the North and the South, and the intensification of the conflict between the North and the South. In the final analysis, the two economic systems are competing for labor, markets, and raw materials. This is a traditional joke.The southern part of the United States is a market, which is in line with the United Kingdom. Its raw materials are also exported to the United Kingdom. 4 million black slaves were exported to the United Kingdom, which made the United States extremely scarce in the labor force for industrial development. There are more than 30 million people in the United States, and these 4 million black slaves are missing. Industry Underdeveloped?You pointed at the black slave to turn on the machine, isn't that a joke?In a country, frictions and conflicts will inevitably arise between two different economic systems, except for one that needs a legitimate market for raw materials and labor; the other, the most critical one, is the issue of competing for legislative power.

The 1787 Constitution of the United States established the political system of the separation of powers. In the political system of the separation of powers in the United States, its legislative power belongs to the Congress, which is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives.The Senate is obviously equivalent to the House of Lords. There are two members of one state in the Senate. Therefore, in the western region of the United States, that is, in the vast Midwestern region, whether to establish a free state or a slave state actually determines the north and south of the United States. The question of who controls the Senate and who controls the legislative power.If there are more free states, there will be more senators, all of whom are from free states, which is beneficial to the north. If there are more slave states, most senators will come from slave states, from the south.So in the end, the North and the South reached a compromise, and the states north of the 35th parallel were free states, and the states south of the 35th parallel were slave states.

Americans are not like the Chinese. Americans are not open minded. Kansas straddles the 35th parallel north latitude. If something goes wrong, then it cannot be one state with two systems. One state is half free and half slaves. This is impossible.Then when you row the state, don't row like this, won't it be over?I don’t know why, but it had to draw it like this. Later, it said, is this state a free state or a slave state? During the Civil War, it was loyal to the federal government and did not participate in the rebellion. Kansas has become a slave state, and the northerners are psychologically resentful, including the government. Why are they so bearish?Compromise with the South?When will this situation end?Until an uncompromising president came to power - Lincoln.Lincoln is the president with the humblest background in American history. His rival is probably President Clinton. The two have very similar experiences, posthumous.At any rate, Clinton was able to finish college and postgraduate studies. Lincoln’s official education was only in the third grade of elementary school, and he dropped out of school.But people are self-taught, and then they are admitted to lawyers. In the West, once they are admitted to lawyers, it marks their entry into the upper class, and then they run for the federal senator, and become the president of the United States at the age of 51.Clinton was 46 years old, and Obama was 47 years old when he became president. Why do you say that the leaders of the country should be young people?People in their forties and fifties are in the prime of life, but they are not strong in their 70s, and they forget everything when they are in their 90s. Who else should lead?You can see that under the democratic system, the greatest thing is that everyone is given equal opportunities. It doesn’t matter who your father is or who you love. The greatest thing about democratic politics is that everyone follows the game Come to the rules, as long as everyone abides by the rules, there is no need to fight or fight, it is yours, it is yours.

The equality that capitalism talks about does not mean the equality of wealth, but the equality of opportunities to create wealth.Lincoln was a poor boy. He came from the bottom. He naturally understood the sufferings of the people and knew that slavery was inhumane and contrary to human nature. Therefore, after he became the President of the United States, he began to advocate the restriction of slavery. In this way, the South was angered.In the South, 7 southern states, and later developed into 11 states, openly split. This is legal because the Constitution of the United States of America stipulates that each state has the right to join or withdraw from the federation.After the civil war broke out, the U.S. Congress passed the "Anti-Secession Act" and did not allow states to withdraw. Like our "Anti-Secession Act", it has an "Anti-Secession Act" as a constitutional law. amendment. At that time, it was legal for the southern states of the United States to secede from the Union, but now the North emphasizes that you are not legal.You don't know how to fight a war, so after the first year of the Civil War, when the war started, the North lost.During the American Civil War, the North had an absolute advantage, 22 million people to 9 million people, then industry accounted for 91%, railways accounted for 96%, and the South had little everything except cotton.Why did the South dare to provoke this war?Because the world was undergoing the first industrial revolution at that time, cotton was the most important raw material, so after the rebellion, the South publicly declared, look at this small cotton thread, a 3-year-old child can break it, but it He can strangle the whole world, because he has a lot of cotton in his hands, and he feels that the European countries will support him.The fact is, just as they expected, Britain and France not only supported the south, but also sent support.After the north knew the news, it immediately sent troops to intercept it. If this happened, the war broke out. This war seems particularly interesting today.The North of the United States called this war the Civil War, but the South still insisted on calling it the South-North War, which was regarded as a war between two different countries.At the beginning, the North lost. Before the outbreak of the American Civil War, 70% of the graduates of the West Point Military Academy were southerners. Because of their background as slave owners, the southerners were skilled in bowing horses and riding and shooting.General Robert Lee, commander-in-chief of the Confederate Army, was the principal of West Point Military Academy. After the war broke out, President Lincoln planned to entrust him to be the commander-in-chief of the Northern Army.Virginia is a rebel state, and the capital of the South is Virginia. He joined the South and became the commander-in-chief of the Southern Army.The Virginia Army under his command never had more than 75,000 people, but they defeated 300,000 Northern Army, because the generals of the Northern Army were all his students. When you lined up your troops, as soon as your soldiers were pulled out, the cannons were placed there. , I know what you are going to do next, I taught you what you do, so I beat you like playing, beat you to death. The North lost successively, the people were very angry, and the Lincoln government was also very dissatisfied. We have such a great advantage, and we have always lost battles, and there is no way to explain it, so what should we do?In order to stop the rebel states from thinking about it, the Lincoln government did a very thorough thing, which was to promulgate the "Homestead Act" and "Proclamation for the Emancipation of Negro Slaves." These two things are very meaningful, giving land to white people and freedom to black people!What people at that time needed most was land and freedom!You only need to pay a handling fee of 10 US dollars, and you can pay it back in three years. The 10 US dollars at that time was different from today. During the economic crisis, the annual salary of American workers was only 100 US dollars. Think about it, 70 or 80 years ago, you can How much money do you have?Therefore, $10 can be repaid in 3 years, and you can get 640,000 square meters of land, which is equivalent to 8/9 of the size of the Forbidden City. If you plant it continuously for 5 years, the land will belong to you.Therefore, the laid-off and unemployed people in the eastern United States drove their carts and their families to the west to become rich. But you think, this 640,000 square meters of land, let alone planting it for 5 years, without mechanization, relying entirely on manpower and material resources, try walking five times?Are you still afraid of getting up the next day?So you see, why does the United States become the most powerful country in the world? You only see thieves eating meat, but you don’t see thieves being beaten.In the 230-year history of the United States, the world's number one accounted for 120 years. Why did it become the world's number one power?It's really amazing, you think, the big guys are driving to the west together, the plants grow so tall, with thorns, and the ground is all yellow, and they walk on the ground and jump out to give you a sword, that's it.Several families went to a place in pairs and camped. The big car was surrounded by men standing on the car with guns to prevent the attack of the patterned warriors. The women gathered firewood in the middle and lit the fire to make Meals, anti-beasts, just live like this day by day. When you go to the west, there is no ready-made things waiting for you in the west, and it depends entirely on your hands. When I was in college, there was a movie called "The Pioneer", which lasted more than seven hours. The original English version did not have Chinese subtitles. Maybe China would not show this kind of movie. It is equivalent to the main theme movie in the United States.Most of the historical events can be understood, and there is no need to listen to the dialogue. I can understand about 5%.It is about the process of the development of the western United States from 1730 to World War I. It is a feature film.Two families went to the west of the United States to open up wasteland. The two families are neighbors. The distance between the neighbors was five minutes after watching a horse ride on TV. I couldn’t tell that the horse was running, because the terrain was the same, and the color was different. It changed, more than five minutes, and then there was a little girl in one family, and a young man in one family, and this story happened.The young man proposed to the little girl. What the little girl probably meant was to ask the young man, I can’t marry anyone else except you. There is no one around, so I have no other choice. What feeds me, how do we live?The young man pointed to the yellowish land behind him, Freedom Homeland, with my free land, and then the camera changed, and 30 years had passed.As far as the eye can see, there are all white two-story buildings. I don’t know if they are wooden boards or what kind of small buildings. The American flag is flying high. The young man of the year is already gray at the temples, wearing a suit and a top hat. All the people passed by him took off their hats and bowed. He was the mayor.Then after a while a young man rode over and called him Dad, with a police badge on his face. His eldest son was a police chief, which meant that the two of them turned this barren land into a small town by their own strength, and in the future There are also new pioneers coming, and some people have settled here, let’s find them, so gradually this place is getting bigger and bigger, maybe in another 20 or 30 years, this place will become Los Angeles and San Francisco. Think about it, the United States has a total history of 230 years, how many world-class cities does it have?How old is the city's history?Our 3,000-year-old ancient capital in Beijing is incomparable. It has not been as long as Tongrentang.But you think, how can it create so many miracles?It is really remarkable, so giving the white people land not only solved the public opinion problem urgently needed in the Civil War, but also promoted the development of the western United States and the development of the capitalist economy.Give the blacks freedom, not to mention, the black slaves are incited at once. Not only are you free, but you can also join the federal army. How willing are the black slaves to do this!You whipped me three times yesterday, and today I stabbed you five times with a bayonet. How wonderful this is.So on the battlefield, more than 200,000 black slaves joined the federal army. They did all the work of digging through landmines, blocking gun holes, and blowing up bunkers, and they couldn't do technical work. Therefore, the situation on the battlefield quickly reversed. The third is the famous Battle of Gettysburg. 1863 became a turning point in the American Civil War. General Grant, the commander-in-chief of the Northern Army, defeated his teacher, General Robert Lee, turning the tide of the war. Since then, the Southern Army has gone from bad to worse.In fact, we all look at the American Revolutionary War. The American Revolutionary War lasted for 8 years. In fact, the war lasted for 6 years, from 1775 to 1781. The turning point came in 1777 when the Saratoga victory occurred, the third year of the war.The American Civil War lasted for 4 years, and the turning point also appeared in the third year.So it was defeated for two years, and then it started to turn around. After the turning point, the Southern Army began to go downhill. After the war, President Lincoln delivered a famous speech at the inauguration ceremony of the General Cemetery in Gettysburg. I remember that we learned this text when we were in junior high school. There were only about 600 words in total, and the speech took less than 3 minutes. .At that time, it took about half an hour for the camera to be ready to complete the shooting, so the photographer set up the camera and got his head into the black cloth. Before he could adjust it, the president finished speaking, come out. President Lincoln did not leave a photo of his speech, but this speech is reproduced all over the streets of the United States, made of parchment, shocking ancient and modern times.President Lincoln proposed what kind of government can be supported by the people, that is to say, what kind of government we want to establish for the purpose of waging this war.Why are we fighting this war?Brotherhood?Because our goal is to build a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.The Three People's Principles are really more powerful than Sun Yat-sen's, and they are very deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. What you do needs to be approved by the people. In 1865, the Confederate Army announced its surrender. The most touching scene happened after the Confederate Army surrendered. The telegram reached Washington, and the traitors surrendered. Surrender... Lincoln immediately interrupted his wife, no, it is not the enemy who surrendered, but our compatriots.After the war, it's over, everyone is American.Immediately after the end of the American Civil War, it was stated that night that the enemy was our fellow man.If Lincoln dared to interrupt his wife, it would be very brave, because Lincoln, like Clinton, is a poor boy. , Interrupting Madam's speech in public, do you think, how much pain will it take to go home?But he didn't consider the seriousness of the consequences. He felt that the consequences of his wife's words might be more serious. General Robert Lee, the commander-in-chief of the Confederate Army, led 28,000 defeated soldiers to surrender to General Grant. The two sides discussed the place of surrender——in a log cabin on a farm. It's like a military parade.General Grant was wearing an old military uniform that had been smudged by gunfire, and as soon as the two arrived, they began to drink tea and chat. How is the weather?How is the harvest in your hometown?After talking about it for half an hour, I didn't get to the point.In the end, General Robert offered to ask, didn't I come to you today to discuss my surrender? Why didn't you mention it?Grant couldn't bear to let the teacher surrender, and then General Robert untied the saber and handed it to Grant. I was defeated, and you can take the saber.Grant pushed back. In the United States, no one deserves to accept this heavy cultural relic.Robert took a look, you don't want to, do you?Anyway, it's not that I didn't give it to you, so I hung up again.After hanging up, let's say that the general of the defeated army should not be brave. General Robert proposed that the defeated army will not be humiliated.We defeated, we surrendered, but you can't insult us, all my soldiers, you can't be treated as war criminals, you write your release right now, they are all free citizens, let them go home.Then Grant immediately signed the release letter. After signing, he called it a day and pushed the printing. It was printed until night, and more than 28,000 copies were printed, one for each soldier. The police station will not trouble you, and will not treat you as a historical counter-revolutionary. Don't worry, go home quickly.Then General Robert proposed to let the soldiers keep their war horses, because the soldiers are all farmers. After returning, the horses can farm the land, and they are so far away, so they cannot be allowed to walk back.General Grant said that not only the horses can be kept, but also the sabers and self-defense weapons can be kept. You can keep your pistols, rifles, and sabers, and you can just hand over the cannons.Because on your way home, a patterned samurai came out to harass you, with the honor that belongs to his history, military uniform, medal, nothing was taken away, no one said to wear a livery, beat a prisoner of war, no one did this, go back What should I do when I go to my hometown. As soon as the war ended, President Lincoln persuaded Congress to rebuild the South first, but soon after, President Lincoln was assassinated and died, and the Vice President took over. After taking office, one of the slogans he raised was not to retaliate. President Lincoln was killed by the Southerners. Let’s kill the South. no.Don’t retaliate, rebuild the South first. Confederate President Davis was the number one war criminal. He was sentenced to 4 years in prison. In fact, he was released after a little over a year. He became a famous bridge engineer, because he was originally a West Point military academy. He was born in the engineering department. General Robert E. Lee was locked up for months or days, stripped of his citizenship, and quickly paroled, and all the generals pleaded for him.After being released on parole, he came out to be the president of the University of Washington, which is now called Washington-Lee University and is one of the famous Ivy League schools in the United States.You can see that in front of the gate of Washington-Lee University, there is a bronze statue of General Lee riding a horse and wielding a knife. He swung a knife to chop Lincoln, but the Americans didn't mind.In the West Point Military Academy in the United States today, there are only four famous generals in American history who have statues. The first is General Robert Lee, the commander-in-chief of the rebel army; the second is General Grant, the commander-in-chief of the Northern Army; and then World War II Patton and Macken Arthur, the four national heroes of the United States.The commander-in-chief of the rebel army ranks first. Look at the tolerance of the Americans for this war. After the war, everyone is an American. You see, after the U.S. general election is over, regardless of whether you are in the Republican camp or the Democratic camp, everyone is an American, and they are unanimous.Although the political views are different, they are all consistent with the outside world. This is really special.The flag of the Confederate States of the United States has a red background with two blue crosses slanted, and 11 white five-pointed stars on the middle cross. The flag of the Confederate States was hung in the capital of South Carolina until 2003, and this flag was still hung. Therefore, the greatest enlightenment of the American Civil War to the Chinese should be here: Brothers who survived the calamity, met each other and smiled and wiped out all grievances and enmities.That's it, don't hold on to it. The significance of the American Civil War is the second bourgeois revolution, which cleared the obstacles for the development of capitalism and promoted the prosperity of the United States in all aspects.But it did not eliminate racial discrimination. The racial discrimination in the United States, if we talk about discrimination in the legal system, really shouldn't be.You see, in the era of Martin Luther King Jr., racial discrimination was very severe in the United States. How severe was it?That is to say, there is this regulation in the southern states. You black pregnant woman must give up your seat to a white guy when you get on the bus. Just because of your skin color, this is racial discrimination.Martin Luther King began to pursue racial equality in that era. Up to now, in the United States, there is no racial discrimination in legal provisions, and the government’s policies are still inclined to favor black and colored people, just like here we add 10 points to the college entrance examination for ethnic minorities. feel the same.But you can’t heal what’s in people’s hearts. Basically, when a black family moves into an apartment building, white people start to move out, and finally the first floor is completely black. You say you can’t discriminate against black neighbors, you have to live Here, why do I have to live here?Americans don’t buy houses like the Chinese. They rent houses. If the people here move out, I won’t stay here anymore. The SAT test in the United States is equivalent to our college entrance examination, and the pass rate of Chinese Americans is 100%; No Where Argument altar 85% for Asians; 85% for Koreans; 60% for whites; 25% for Latinos, who are the ones who dug tunnels from Mexico; 7% for blacks.That's why black people don't go to college, they can only chase camels all over the street, marathon champions can only do this, or they can play ball, or they can just touch the switch, and the music will turn as soon as the music is played, they can only do this, why don't you What scientists have seen him?Among blacks, like Rice, and now Obama, Obama is not pure black, he is half black; like General Powell, this is really a talent among blacks, which is too rare. His SAT pass rate is only 10%. Some blacks who have been in elementary school for 6 years can't even write their own names. He can't recognize 26 letters. If I didn't inherit this gene, I wouldn't be able to write. The English Revolution was reformed through Parliament.Since 1902, the prime ministers of the United Kingdom have been civilians, but no nobles have served as prime ministers.Today’s British aristocrats can’t see how expensive they are. He has a big castle or something. The state helps them maintain it, sell tickets, and make some money. That’s all there is to it, and nothing else can be seen. .He basically does not interfere in politics. If a nobleman wants to be prime minister, he must first resign his title, and then resign his seat in the House of Lords before he can run for prime minister. Of course, ordinary MPs are not willing to do this.So you can see that after 1902, the British prime ministers were all civilians, and there were no such people. It turns out that the prime ministers in the 19th century were all dukes and lords, and there will be no more after that.This is what we call a revolution.