Chapter 2 1. Every family has its own courtesy

Nowadays, regardless of whether they are professional or non-professional, everyone loves to talk about history. History has entered a new era, and people’s lives are better. What's more, "talks from the same family" emerge in endlessly. If history is an egg, just look at it. Ancient, modern, modern, contemporary, Chinese, and foreign, there are dings everywhere.The most stinging thing is ancient history. At that time, some well-known princes and grandchildren would steal their ancestral tombs. There is no restricted area for the study of ancient history. There are not many TV dramas that do not sing praises to the emperor. The praises are disgusting, and the history of the world has changed the most.Many people engaged in historical research have the background of studying in the UK and the US, and most of them are visiting scholars in the UK and the US. You said that if you have never studied in the UK or the US, and you have been a visiting scholar, you come back to comment on professors. Where did you go to comment, so many people’s historiography Views are all Western.Our current historical views are basically still influenced by the Soviet Union.

The so-called modern history of the world is basically the history of the emergence, development, reform, and growth of capitalism, which affects the whole world.Here we first talk about the development of world capitalism.If a Martian came today and asked what stage we are in, what stage should we be in?It is the stage of capitalism, not the stage of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is in our land, and it is not recognized anywhere except our one-third of an acre of land.World history is all about the development of capitalism. In addition to capitalism, there are two clues—socialism and national revolution.This national revolution is nationalism, and world history is these three basic clues.So let's first look at the history of capitalism.

The first was the rise of capitalism in Europe. The rise of capitalism in Europe must have been preceded by the emergence of capitalist industry and commerce in Europe. There is a problem that must be clarified. After studying Chinese history and world history, one should know why China’s development is like this, and the West’s development is Like that, from what?What determines it?Why are the systems different?Why do you think differently?Why is it produced differently?The reason is that the living environments of the East and the West are different. In fact, many scholars thought so, but at that time they all thought it belonged to the theory of geopolitics (geopolitics is an earlier and more influential theory in Western political geography). The core theory. It was first proposed by the Swedish political geographer Gerald Philharmonic (1864-1922) in his book "On the Nation" (1917). He defined geopolitics as "the country as a geographical organism or a spatial phenomenon Come to know the science".), it will not be adopted, in their view, only the bourgeoisie can advocate this.

From the perspective of economic structure, Chinese civilization has developed from ancient times to modern times, mainly based on farming civilization. Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River Basin, also known as Dahe Civilization, or Continental Civilization.If you look at the maps and topographic maps of China, China is characterized by its closed surroundings, vast interior, rivers, Huaihan, developed water conservancy resources, and vast interior plains. The population at that time was not very large, so we lived and multiplied on this land, intensively cultivated, There is no need to go out.

You say it’s not necessary, but in fact you can’t get out even if you want to.To the east of us is a vast sea. Look at the weather forecast. The wave height of the Bohai Sea is 1.5 meters, and the height of the Bohai Sea is only 1.5 meters. It is still an inland sea, and it is only 2.5 meters. How high is the Yellow Sea?To the east is the sea, and we cannot get out; to the north is Russia, to the north of China is Mongolia, and to the north of China is Siberia.During the Qing Dynasty, it was Siberia and the Mongolian Gobi, and it was impossible to get out.The Central Plains Dynasty also fought wars with the Xiongnu and Mongolia, as far as today’s Mongolia. At that time, it was said that Yanran Leming erected a monument in Yanran Mountain.Yanran Mountain is the Neihangai Mountain in Mongolia. I have never been to the north. If you can’t get out of the Gobi, why do you go?The military food transportation and supplies can't keep up, so I don't even go to the north.

To the south are Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Island.That place is pretty awesome today, especially Hainan.Hainan has been the place where the army was filled until the Ming Dynasty; the Qing Dynasty generally went north, Heilongjiang Ningguta (02 According to "Ningguta Jilue": It is said that six brothers occupied this place, Manchu called "six" as "Ninggu ", "Ge" is "tower", so it is named "Ningguta". Today it is Jiujie Town, Hailin County, Heilongjiang Province.); Like the Song Dynasty, because they did not kill ministers, the biggest punishment for them was to cross the sea in the south of the Five Ridges Exiled in Hainan Island, let's go play.The smog and miasma in the wild, the virgin forest, the snakes and insects are infested, and ordinary people in the Central Plains dare not go there.

There is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the west, and you have to inhale oxygen even up there today, let alone at that time.The only road channel is the Silk Road in Xinjiang, so why do you see why the Central Plains dynasties worked so hard to manage the Western Regions?The Governors of the Western Regions, the Governors of Anxi, and the Governors of Beiping are the only channels for external traffic on the Chinese Road, and they can only go this way.With the deterioration of the climate and desertification in that place, the road was gradually cut off. Between the sea.), the ancient country of Wusun (Wusun was one of the most important ethnic groups connecting the eastern and western grasslands in the Han Dynasty, and the leader of Wusun was called "Kunmo" or "Kunmi".) were all submerged in the rolling yellow sand In addition, after the Anshi Rebellion, that place was occupied by ethnic minorities, which means that the recent situation of the Central Plains Dynasty has become more and more closed.

So our China has such a characteristic: it is closed on all sides, and the center is big enough for us to toss about. If the center is not big enough, we can still get out even if it is closed.Now the land is big enough, so Chinese people are not willing to go out and make troubles, so I just live in a house, and I will live and multiply on this land from generation to generation.The result cannot be said to be completely backward. It should be said that we are more peaceful. Otherwise, Nixon said that being the leader of China is the happiest, because the Chinese are the most law-abiding, hard-working, and willing to bear the burden of hard work.

Western civilization originated from the ocean, and it is a marine civilization, or an island civilization.European civilization originated from islands, Crete, and Mycenaean civilization (Mycenaean civilization, a civilization in the late Bronze Age of Greece, was named after the city of Mycenae in the Peloponnese Peninsula.).The island grows olives and grapes.Whether it's olive oil or wine, can you live for this thing every day?It needs to be exchanged, I want to eat, I want to wear, I have to exchange my olive oil and wine, so it is a commercial civilization, and God gave them a very good place, they are in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea surrounded by Europe, Asia and Africa. Have you heard of earthquakes and tsunamis there?Really do not have. I have seen the Mediterranean Sea in Spain, France, and Italy. When you stare at the end of the sky, it is still calm and the water is calm, so of course, such conditions are very convenient for navigation. Just get a canoe and go out.The waves here in Bohai Sea are as high as 1.5 meters, when will you be able to go out?Use a building boat?If you want to break the waves, you have to rush into the giant ship, and ordinary small boats can't do it at all.If you want to sail out to sea for exchange, if you have not enough to eat after all the exchange, then grab it.So they can be said to be merchants, or they can be said to be pirates.People don't think there is anything shameful about pirates. Look at the portraits of ancestors in British homes. There is an iron hook in the hand and a wooden stick in the leg. This is my grandpa's grandpa, such a jazz, a great captain, Very proud.Can your family provide such a grandpa?This is my grandfather's father. The Xiangxi confiscated bandits were killed by the People's Liberation Army. You dare not say that.I asked if your grandpa was a bandit?You have to be anxious with me, your grandpa is the bandit.Don't worry, don't say he's not, he won't admit it if it's true.

From the comparison of Western commercial civilization to today's industrial civilization, we can see the spirit of Westerners: adventure, pioneering, and desire for wealth.Don't all the deadly things in China come from the West?What bungee jumping and the like, the Chinese themselves absolutely dare not do this.too crazy!Good guy, the bridge is more than 100 meters away, and you can jump down with a rope... This thing, unless someone kicks me from behind, I will not go down if I am forced to use a gun. If you really want to force me with a gun, why not just go Give me a good time to pull the trigger, what if I fall and survive? There is such a difference in concepts between Chinese and Westerners. If there is no benefit, they will never move easily. You said that I moved from Beijing to Shanghai. Why?Shanghai offers big houses and high wages, so I went there.If you get tired of staying in Beijing and go to Shanghai, a three-bedroom apartment in Beijing, with a salary of 8,000 yuan a month, and a one-bedroom apartment in Shanghai, with a salary of 5,000 yuan a month, and you want to go to Shanghai, it means that your brain is short-circuited.Chinese people will never do this, but foreigners can do it.This job is very good, but I am tired of doing it, and I don't want to earn this money, so I can quit it.Foreigners earn two and spend three, earn money today, go play tomorrow, and earn again the day after tomorrow.The Chinese would never dare to do this, the Chinese would just settle down and relocate. Besides, we Chinese are engaged in farming civilization, where does the production experience come from?Who taught farming?Dad taught.Who did your father learn from?With your grandpa, with his father.The production experience of farming civilization comes from inheritance, so Chinese people have a gene of obedience in their bones. With such a genetic gene, what is the most suitable for production?autocratic!If you don't shout long live, you don't know how to live.In addition to obeying or obeying, you can't do it if you don't do it, and you will suffer a loss if you don't listen to the old man.In addition, in order to engage in agricultural production in ancient China, the most important thing in agricultural production is water conservancy irrigation. In the case of ancient China's backward productivity, large-scale water conservancy construction must have a strong central government.Why can Dayu become king?He cured the water and designated the world as Kyushu. Once the water was cured, he changed from a chief to a king.Therefore, the first king of China was born because of water control.If you think about the Central Plains dynasties of the past dynasties to govern the Yellow River, here and there, there are hundreds of thousands or millions of people. If there is no unified central government, there are many imaginations that this thing can be made, including the Sui Dynasty. Two million people work on the Grand Canal, and millions of people build the Great Wall, so this piece of land in China will inevitably produce such autocracy and centralization. Conversely, looking at Europe, it is mainly commercial civilization, which must first emphasize equality between people.We exchanged, you demanded a lot of money, and I paid back the money sitting on the ground, why would you pay it all?We'd better exchange at equal value. If your price is too high, I don't have to exchange it with you. I will exchange it with someone else. We are equal. They pay special attention to the contractual relationship between people. They can't lie to others, just once. I broke my promise, and I won’t change it with you next time, so you can apply olive oil and drink wine every day, and I won’t give you wheat anymore, let’s see how you live. Furthermore, most of Europe is a small city-state with few people. There are more than 10,000 people in the whole country, and there are conditions for implementing democracy.Like the highest state authority in Athens - the Citizens' Assembly, as long as the citizens of Athens are the country's authority.Not for women, not for slaves, not for foreigners, but there are more than 10,000 adult men in this country, and it is enough for everyone to sit on a hillside.Let's build the National Grand Theater, do you agree?disagree!it is good!Blow it, don't fix it.So they can implement direct democracy, and now representative democracy through parliament.Therefore, such a big difference between China and the West is ultimately determined by the living environment and the geographical environment.Differences in geographical environment determine differences in production methods, and differences in production methods determine everything in the future, such as differences in ways of thinking, cultural methods, and political systems. Therefore, the dawn of capitalism first shines on Europe—the capitalist system first emerged in Europe. It is an obvious reason why Europe has risen, not in Asia, which is much more civilized than him. Look at the successful countries in the world today, except for Europe, Switzerland, and Austria. That’s another story—there are no landlocked countries, and they are all ocean countries.There is also an Asian country that has embarked on the capitalist road, and it is the only one that has succeeded, and that is Japan.Because it is also an ocean country.If you look at Australia and New Zealand, they are both maritime countries, not to mention the United States, surrounded by two oceans. Therefore, including us Chinese today, we should establish a solid awareness of sea power.China has 4 million oceanic lands, of which 400,000 are actually controlled, and the remaining 3.6 million are disputes with neighboring countries, especially Japan and South Korea.But the navies of South Korea and Japan are not vegetarians.What China effectively controls is the Bohai Sea.This is absolutely true, others cannot enter, so it is only 400,000 square kilometers.In addition, our land territory is claimed to be 9.6 million, India occupies 90,000, and Myanmar occupies 30,000. The actual control is less than 9.5 million, but at least it is 9.6 million on the books.On the other hand, Ocean Land has 4 million yuan on the books, but actually controls even less. So, this is the difference between Eastern and Western civilizations.Western civilization originated from the sea and has developed to this day. The biggest thing that marks its rise is the opening of new sea routes, which were opened in the 15th to 17th centuries, roughly equivalent to the Ming Dynasty in my country. The Ming Dynasty was established in 1368, and Chongzhen died in 1644, so the opening of the new sea route was probably in the middle and late stages of the Ming Dynasty in China.The difference is that Western historians call the history of the world since 1500 modern history, while the Chinese historiography view is that it did not enter modern history until 1917. Westerners call modern history after 1500, and only after the 20th century is contemporary history. If you are interested and have nothing to do when you are free, I recommend a book-"General History of the World" by the famous American historian Stavrianos.If you are currently working or majoring in something related to the word "foreign", such as foreign languages, foreign trade, or diplomacy, you can learn takeaway food—what if you sell it to foreigners?Buy this book and have a look.The book is divided into two volumes, the first volume is very thin, the world before 1500; the second volume is huge, like a big dictionary. The world after 1500 has a total of more than 1,000 pages. The first volume seems to be only more than 200 pages, and the second volume is about 700 to 800 pages.The second book is worth reading, what are the wedding customs in European countries.You say I don’t want to read it, if I really don’t want to read it, forget it, you can read the chapters you are interested in below.If you want to marry a European, you can look at the wedding customs and you won't be blamed.That's fine, there should be an international outlook.