Chapter 9 Part One Development Chapter One The World in the 1780s 7

7 We have just sketched a preliminary overview of the world on the eve of the Dual Revolution, and have glanced at the relationship between Europe (more precisely, Northwest Europe) and the rest of the world, and it is time to end this overview.The political and military absolute domination of Europe (and its overseas forces and white colonial society) over the world should be a product of the era of dual revolutions. In the late eighteenth century, many non-European great powers and civilizations were apparently still standing up to white merchants, sailors, and soldiers as equals.The great Chinese Empire was in its heyday and invincible under the rule of the Manchu Qing Dynasty.If there is any current of cultural influence that has flowed from east to west, it is that European philosophers pondered entirely different but apparently highly civilized Eastern lessons, and artists and craftsmen embody them in their works Often unappreciated Far Eastern themes made new material from the Orient ("porcelain") applicable to the European continent.Islamic states (like Turkey), while under constant military attack from their European neighbors (Austria, and especially Russia), were far from useless behemoths, which they did not become until the 19th century.Africa remained virtually uninfiltrated by European military forces, and except for a few small places around the Cape of Good Hope, white activity was limited to coastal trading posts.

But European trade and capitalist enterprise, which had grown rapidly and increasingly rapidly, gradually undermined the social order in the rest of the world.In Africa, through the unprecedented intensification of the brutal slave trade; around the Indian Ocean, through the infiltration of competing colonial powers; and in the Near and Middle East, through trade and military conflicts that disrupted local social order.Direct military conquest by Europeans has begun to go well beyond the areas already occupied by the Spanish and Portuguese in the sixteenth century and the white North American colonists in the seventeenth century in the early colonization process.The British colonization has made significant progress. They have established direct territorial control in parts of India (especially in Bengal), effectively overthrowing the Mughal Empire (Mughal Empire). The important process by which rulers became rulers and administrators of all India during the period covered by this book.The fate of non-European civilizations that have become weaker can be imagined when they are faced with superior Western technology and military power than themselves.In the history of the world, a small group of European countries and European capitalist forces have established absolute power over the entire world during the four centuries known as the "Age of Vasco da Gama". (although it now appears to be clearly only temporary) reign, the golden age of this era is just around the corner.The dual revolution was about to make European expansion unstoppable, although it also provided the conditions and equipment for the eventual counterattack of the non-European world.