Chapter 12 2. On the Monkey Mountain

It just ended helplessly The recovery of the capitalist world economy after the war includes the United States, Germany, and Japan, and then there are the new industrial countries in Asia, such as Singapore and South Korea. The situation in these countries includes India and West Asia. The following is the situation in the socialist countries. When it comes to the Soviet Union, we first need to understand one thing, the three stages of the post-war socialist movement. The post-war socialist movement has gone through three stages. The first stage is from 1946 to 1955. This stage is the expansion period of the Stalinist model. The formation and accumulation of problems is the first stage.The expansion period of the Stalin model, that is, the original Stalin model, that is, the Soviet system, used to only control its own country. With the establishment of the Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe after the war, it is not only a matter of controlling its own country, it is equal to the Stalin model It began to expand to Eastern Europe and these satellite countries.

The second stage of the post-war socialist movement is from 1956 to the mid-1980s.This stage is characterized by reforms, the reform of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, breaking through the Stalinist model, and the period of reforming the Stalinist model, but these reforms all failed, and they could not completely get rid of the Stalinist model. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the third stage of the post-war socialist movement was the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and the East, and the failure of Soviet-style socialism.The collapse of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe.During this period, along with the failure of Soviet-style socialism, the bipolar structure of the world came to an end.

wrong way To study history at this stage, we must first figure out why we learn, and to know how the Soviet Union failed, we must learn the lessons of the failure of the Soviet model, such as its reforms and their failures. There are mainly a few points. The first one is during the Stalin period, that is, the first stage, from 1946 to 1955, the Soviet Union was still under the rule of Stalin, so the first one was the "Fourth Five-Year Plan". In the "Fourth Five-Year Plan", he quickly achieved the achievement of restoring the national economy.To paraphrase our 2008 Olympic Games, our favorite saying is that socialist countries can concentrate their efforts on big things and carry forward that kind of nationwide system.

But when the national economy recovers, on the surface it seems to be very successful, but in fact it implies a very big crisis.This crisis is still the malpractice of the Stalinist system, and it actually represents the further exposure of the malpractice of this system, or its unabated increase.For example, the predecessor of the Soviet Union was the Russian Empire. As we said earlier, the reason why Germany and Japan eventually took the road of fascism is because they lack the tradition of democracy, and it is the kind of top-down reform.The same is true for Russia, and Russia's autocratic tradition is longer than that of Germany and Japan.Therefore, during the Soviet period after the end of World War II, the Russian people lacked a kind of reflection, or even if a few conscientious intellectuals did reflect, they were easily suppressed, and no one considered what caused the Soviet Union. Such a big loss.During the Second World War in the Soviet Union, the death toll accounted for 1/7 of the country's population. We, China, had the second most deaths in the world, 18 million.The nation of the Soviet Union has suffered such a heavy blow, and today the ratio of men to women in Russia is out of balance.Today in Russia there are more women than men, because more than 20 million people died, mainly young and middle-aged men.You can’t all be 60 or 16 years old when you serve in the army. They are mainly young and middle-aged men, men of marriageable age, or men of childbearing age. As a result, many of them died on the battlefield.To this day, if you look on Russia Street, no matter what the man looks like, you can see that the woman next to her is extremely beautiful, and things are rare and expensive.Today, the ratio of men to women in Russia has not recovered. What caused the Soviet Union to suffer such a heavy loss?It's worth thinking deeply about.However, under the control of Stalin, the propaganda agencies of the CPSU publicized that it was because of the great commander Stalin that we defeated Hitler.Therefore, Stalin's mythical status not only did not decline, but rose instead.When Khrushchev later denied Stalin, he gave an example. He said that in the war movies made in the Stalin era, you can’t see how the Red Army soldiers fought bravely in the ice and snow. You can see Stalin. Walk around the map with a pipe in your mouth, and the war is won.Do you like this kind of war movie?Why are American war movies so good?He will focus on portraying ordinary soldiers. Do you see him playing the president?Are you playing a general?Unless it's a biopic.His war films are the reality of the trenches, saving soldiers, and warriors, are all the reality of the trenches.

We are afraid too The shortcomings of Stalin's system could not be rectified, and it continued to expand from one country to so many countries.By 1953, after Stalin finally died, Khrushchev began to implement reforms, which is the second stage. Khrushchev’s reforms began at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, that is, in 1956. The Communist Party of 75 countries sent delegations to study, and they had to go to the boss’s dock to learn. The leader is Zhu De, who also went to Moscow.Originally, the 20th National Congress had already been held and the meeting was closed. Members of the delegations from various countries went back to pack their luggage, bought things and gave them away to others. However, on the night of the closing of the meeting, they suddenly received a notice from the General Office of the CPSU saying that at night After 11 o'clock and 12 o'clock, a meeting was held in the Kremlin, and the general secretary gave a secret report, which was a very important report.The heads of the delegations rubbed their eyes and went all the way, and finally fell asleep. When they got there, they became refreshed when they heard it, because Khrushchev made a report on the cult of personality and its consequences.

In this report, Stalin, who was originally regarded as a revolutionary mentor, originally said that the revolutionary mentor was "Marx, En, Len, and Stalin." Stalin was a revolutionary mentor, and was described by Khrushchev as a tyrant, murderer, and executioner. , the enemy of the people, completely rejected Stalin, and the delegations of all countries were shocked.How can you say that?At this time, a note was passed up from below, and it was passed to Khrushchev's rostrum, asking Khrushchev, saying that you are scolding Stalin so much now, when you said he was a wise leader and a loving father, Stalin signed it You also agreed to all the documents on the shooting of prisoners, why didn't you dare to resist at that time?Why are you rebelling now?Khrushchev was very angry after reading this note, and his face sank at that moment, holding the note and asking, who wrote this?There was a complete silence, no one dared to answer.Then he raised his voice and shouted again, who wrote this?No one dared to answer yet, and finally shouted with the highest voice, whose is it!

Still no one dared to answer. Finally, Khrushchev said, you are the same as I was then, do you understand why I dare not resist?Now I ask who wrote this article, and no one dares to stand up. We were the same at that time, we were also afraid! In any case, let’s not judge whether Khrushchev was Stalin or not. At least his behavior was a breakthrough for Stalin’s system.Khrushchev's report was a secret report, and it was not allowed to be recorded, let alone circulated.As a result, within a few days, the "New York Times" in the United States published the full text of the report.It is said that after the members of the East German delegation wrote it down, they gave it to West Germany, and the West Germans gave it to the Americans, and then it was published.In fact, many of Khrushchev's evaluations of Stalin are true.However, these things that Stalin did were not done in his own name, but in the name of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union. Once Khrushchev denied Stalin, it was tantamount to denying the Soviet Union and giving the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the Soviet Union. no.But no matter what, you have to give history an explanation. Only when you can understand history correctly can such a nation have hope. You can’t deny Germany from 1933 to 1945 just because you are German. This kind of understanding is wrong.

Habitual failure Then, Khrushchev started to reform. The question is what should be the correct path for reform?As we said earlier, the Stalinist system was a planned economy economically and a dictatorship of individuals politically. If it was reformed, it should be a market economy economically.There should be democracy in politics.That is to say, the correct direction of reform in a socialist country is democracy and a market economy. If this is not the case, the reform will inevitably fail.You can't break through the old Stalinist model, why not fail?Regrettably, Khrushchev's reforms did not take advantage of these two favorable weapons - market economy and democracy.So he is bound to fail.People like Khrushchev have a nickname in the world for this kind of people, called "IBM".This is an English abbreviation, which means "International Big Mouth". Without investigation, you just open your mouth.

It is impossible for such people to appear in a democratic country, because you are responsible for every word you say. If you talk nonsense, someone will impeach you, and you may step down because of a slip of the tongue.People like Stalin and Khrushchev have no one to control them, and their power is not limited, so they can say whatever they want.This unrealistic approach led to the final complete failure of the reform.But it's not bad after the failure. He was the first leader of the Soviet Union who was not executed after he stepped down.You see, there is no coup d'état in a democratic country. The president of the United States will naturally step down in four or eight years.Then, a coup d'etat occurred in a more civilized country, such as Thailand, which directly occurred a coup d'etat. As for the former leader, at most he was exiled.Stay abroad, don't come back.He is staying abroad, and he can still control the domestic political situation remotely.In the next country, if a coup occurs in a country such as Africa, the former leader must be killed.This is the same as changing the monkey king at the monkey mountain in the zoo. The new monkey king must have killed the old monkey king, and then the monkey king was changed.But Khrushchev stepped down and was not killed. This is already a great progress in Soviet politics.

After Khrushchev stepped down, Brezhnev came to power.Brezhnev continued to reform, and of course his reforms failed.The reason for his failure was still because he prioritized heavy industry and neglected people's livelihood.But the Brezhnev period, after all, was the time when the Soviet Union's national power reached its peak.Brezhnev is a typical bureaucrat.There are many such people. If you don't understand what a bureaucracy is, just look at Brezhnev and you will understand.Brezhnev liked two things best, medals and titles.My family has a set of Soviet military encyclopedias from the 1970s. I bought them for RMB 1 yuan each at a street stall. I watched and played with them. There are five and a half lines of Brezhnev’s title translated into Chinese, including the great proletariat Revolutionary, people's state affairs activist, military strategist, chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, general secretary, Soviet marshal, and a people's artist, I don't know where to start.During World War II, Brezhnev was a division political commissar, but a colonel. When he became general secretary, he promoted himself to marshal.The most famous Soviet commander in World War II was Zhukov, who only won the title of Hero of the Soviet Union three times in his life.The Gold Star Medal has only been awarded 3 times, and Brezhnev is the only winner of 4 times.On his 60th birthday, he awarded himself one. At the age of 70, I gave myself another one, and I lived to be 70 years old.

The average life expectancy of Soviet men is only 59 years old, because of frequent alcoholism.Food was in short supply in the former Soviet Union, but cheap vodka was never in stock.In one winter, hundreds of people froze to death in Moscow alone. If they drank too much and lay down on the ground, it was tens of degrees below zero. How could they still wake up?I didn't think I was drunk to death, so I gave myself another one.You see, as soon as Brezhnev appeared on the stage, the medal was hung all over Mr. Mighty.Ordinary medals can only be worn on the left chest, two rows is a big deal, one row on the left and one row on the right, the general secretary does not need to wear body armor on any occasion.He went to visit Africa, and the entourage asked him, can you award the highest medal of your country to our general secretary?You said the medal in Africa, can it be made of metal?He wanted some paper and wood.The death of Brezhnev was particularly interesting. The general Soviet leader passed away. In front of the coffin, a senior general walked in front of the coffin holding the medal he received during his lifetime. A medal was pinned to the velvet cushion inside the plate. For the general leader, a A medal pinned to the plate is enough for a dozen generals.Brezhnev put five or six medals on a plate, and it took 44 people to hold it for him, and his coffin was heavier than others. In 1982, Brezhnev died.He was seventy-five when he died.After his death, he was succeeded by the leader of the KGB-Andropov, who had the same background as Putin.Andropov was 68 years old when he succeeded to the throne, and died a little over a year later, and was replaced by 72-year-old Chernenko, who also died a year later.Later, these old people sat together and thought, let’s not go to the front line and go into battle, let’s drink Erguotou in the office. The old Soviet Union, over 70 years old, held national funerals once a year in 1982, 1983, and 1984, so They found the youngest leader to come to power, and they wanted to listen to politics behind the scenes, using a thread to let others act as puppets, and they found Gorbachev. Gorbachev was only 54 years old at the time. In a socialist country, a 54-year-old leader is like a high school student being a leader. The feeling is the same.Unlike democracies, the prime minister is in his 30s.Gorbachev is only 54 years old, why let him be the leader?In fact, these old people wanted to manipulate him behind his back.The question is, will he be willing to be manipulated by you when he becomes a leader?He is not reconciled again.Therefore, the fourth stage of Soviet reform, Gorbachev's reform, began. Gorbachev's reform, first of all, was the failure of economic reform. The main reason was the highly centralized planned economic system of the Soviet Union. How many years has it been in place?It has been 50 years since the Stalinist model was established, and Gorbachev came to power in 1985 to reform. From the 1936 Soviet Constitution to this time, it has been half a century or even longer.In addition, Gorbachev is very young, in his fifties, and a group of old guys who had drunk with Stalin are still there. Gorbachev saw that the reform of the economic system cannot be carried out, and the political system must be carried out. reform.In fact, his purpose is to get rid of these old people.These old people are generally defenders of the Stalinist system, so if you want to get rid of this group of people, you have to completely overthrow the system, so he turned to reform the political system.As a result, chaos ensued as soon as the political system was reformed.He wanted to completely negate the Stalinist model, but this negation actually negates the history of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union before you came to power. Now, people all over the world, including the Soviet people, have seen the inside story of the Soviet Union. See, now I understand, so there is no doubt that it caused chaos in the political situation of the country, especially the people of the three Baltic countries that were illegally annexed by the Stalinist clique in 1940, setting off a wave of independence movements.