Chapter 2 1. Different voices

Sentenced to death at birth After talking about capitalism, let’s look at socialism and national liberation.Here, the first content is the birth of Marxism. It turned out that during the anti-feudal period, the people thought capitalism was too good, ideal kingdom, millennium kingdom, the most beautiful system.Unexpectedly, once it is established on the world stage, it turns out that it also has disadvantages.So when the disadvantages are together, everyone feels that this system should be overthrown, and then some people try a new social model.Like the three major European labor movements, it marks that the European working class has entered the stage of history.These three major movements are very interesting, the most important of which is the German Silesian Weaver Uprising. Not many people in Europe, Germany, or Silesia knew about that event. Only Chinese historians keenly captured this information. .Why does no one know?Just two villages were suppressed within four hours.However, now that the workers have stepped onto the stage of history and the Silesian weavers have revolted, this class needs to be guided by its own theory, so there are practical activities of Marx and Engels.

We don't care what this doctrine or theory is, at least these two people are very noble and great. He didn't mean that I couldn't live on eight yuan a month in the library, so I wanted to revolutionize.Marx is a lawyer, and becoming a lawyer in Western countries means entering the upper class. His wife Jenny is a countess, and he is the son-in-law of a nobleman. Nobles should not marry commoners. Marx’s family may have some background.Although Engels did not graduate from middle school, his family let him inherit the family property. The entire city of Trier and the factories on both sides of the Rhine belonged to their family.He is still the eldest son, so a barrister and a big capitalist create this theory, at least to prove that they are not for themselves.These two are true revolutionaries just like Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu. I didn't steal the turnips of the two landlords because of my poor life, and the landlord beat me up.Then he said that when I was young, I embraced revolutionary ideals.Did you know how to read when you were young?Do you know what ideal is?Eating wine and meat in a big bowl, and dividing gold and silver in a big scale, is this ideal!You’re still bragging, my dream since childhood was to liberate all human beings, and you liberated yourself. You live in a small building here, and your daughter-in-law is married. What about others?So people like Marx and Engels really wanted revolution.

The Communist Manifesto was published in February 1848.In the twenty-eighth year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, Marx sentenced capitalism to death. The Chinese did not know what capitalism was at that time. More than 160 years have passed since 1848. Is capitalism dead?Live with gusto, at the time of vigorous vitality.So you said that he sentenced capitalism to death, why capitalism has not died in 160 years, it sentenced death with a reprieve.Marx said that capitalism must be replaced by socialism, right?Yes, it has been replaced in Northern Europe. The Nordic countries are all socialist countries and have been replaced.In countries like Sweden and Norway, the welfare from the cradle to the grave, once your child is born, even the money for milk powder will be reimbursed by the state, which is already socialism, and it has been replaced.Marx said that it must be replaced, how did he say it should be replaced?By violent revolution.Do you think the Nordic revolution was through violence?It is replaced by the development of productive forces.Capitalist countries have also evolved with the times.People have been rectifying the shortcomings of the past, and capitalist countries are more concerned about the theory of capital.The truth is here, so it is not easy to draw conclusions.

Then the next two things are the "First International" and the "Paris Commune". The "First International" is called the International Working Men's Association. The "Paris Commune" was an attempt at the dictatorship of the proletariat.When capitalism is not yet fully developed, if you sentence it to death, it will not die.Just like in the center of Paris, two trash cans and two powder guns, you want to overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie, don't be kidding.After Marx died, Engels completely rejected the Paris Commune. It was not a dictatorship of the proletariat at all, it was all lumpen proletarians, and there was no real worker representative in it. Who would rebel if the honest workers would rebel?How many of the leaders of the peasant uprising are real peasants?

Chen Sheng and Wu Guangzhen.Which one of Huang Chao, Li Zicheng, and Zhu Yuanzhang is an honest farmer? Finally, there is another more interesting thing, which is the "Asian Revolutionary Storm".Asia resisted Western colonial expansion at this time, and Japan succeeded.Because it learns from Europe, and those who don't learn will fail.The "Asian Revolutionary Storm" against the British in Java and Afghanistan, and China's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom all failed. second test The economic situation in the era of monopoly capitalism, here is mainly the second industrial revolution, which is as important as the first industrial revolution, or equally important.The premise of the Industrial Revolution was that the bourgeoisie ruled in Britain and now in the world.Originally in the UK, now in addition to Europe, North America, and Asia.

The first condition is capital.The capital of the first industrial revolution came from overseas trade and colonial plunder, and the capital of the second industrial revolution came from trade.Because the world market has initially formed.In fact, it was the first industrial revolution that accumulated funds for the second industrial revolution.The profits generated by the large-scale machinery industry, after the products are produced, regardless of whether they are sold in the domestic market or the international market, are all profits generated by large-scale machinery production. The second is market raw materials.Colonial expansion, the initial formation of the capitalist world market.

The third is free labor.Revolutions and reforms produced free labor.Coupled with the equality of the four peoples in Japan, the abolition of slavery in the United States and Russia, the abolition of black slaves in the United States, and the abolition of serfs in Russia, this has produced the free labor force needed for the development of these countries.Free labor comes first from the natives. If you sell foreigners, that is the slave trade. Can slaves be free?And we know that, like black slaves, they were all on plantations.So when you think about free labor, you must think about people from their own country.

Fourth, the first industrial revolution was about the accumulation of technology. The factory handicraft industry has carried out the accumulation of technology for it, but now it is the development of science, the development of natural science. Fifth, this is exactly the same as the first industrial revolution - market demand.After the first industrial revolution, the market demand is getting bigger and bigger. The second industrial revolution has several manifestations: First, electricity.The widespread application of electricity has brought mankind into the electrical age. Second, the use of the internal combustion engine, which led to the widespread exploitation of oil.Internal combustion engines burn oil, so there are cars and airplanes.The carriages used by foreigners are more advanced than our Chinese carriages. The Chinese didn’t figure it out well. The carriage is flat. You have to sit cross-legged in it. If you want to travel from Beijing to Guangzhou, can you still walk after getting off the carriage? So when you watch a TV show, the Chinese travel in a carriage. For those who travel long distances, the lady has no choice but to hide in the carriage and cannot get out. The men all sit outside, sitting with the driver, at least their legs can hang down.Foreigners especially think that a foreigner’s car is called a sedan, you can sit in it, your legs can hang down, there is a sofa, the wheels are elastically connected to the carriage, and there are springs in the middle, we are "rigidly connected", so they now put the sedan Remove the horse, install the engine, and the steering wheel becomes a car. We still call it a sedan.If you want to see the world's first-generation car, the Deheyuan Theater Building in the Summer Palace, there are two on the first floor, bright yellow, the world's first-generation Ford car, brand new, never driven.Because the Empress Dowager Cixi felt that it was treasonous for the driver to sit like her. If the driver sat in front of me, he should kneel and drive behind me.

Third, telegram and telephone.The invention of these new means of communication has changed human long-distance communication and changed the face of mankind.For example, when the installed capacity of telephones in New York reached 50,000, Beijing had its first telephone, which was played by an old lady.She was playing in the Summer Palace, she called out, and Xiao Li picked it up, thinking it was fun, but she never thought that this thing would be used in national defense and guiding the national economy and the people's livelihood.It was after 1911 that telephones were installed in the imperial palace and the Forbidden City.When Puyi was in the small court, he was fond of foreign things, riding a bicycle in the palace, eating Western food, wearing a suit, braiding his hair, and installing a telephone.

Fourth, the chemical industry was created at this time.Nobel invented dynamite, which is typical of the chemical industry.Explosives and gunpowder are two different things, so when we talked about the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Japanese devils could not be killed by the landmines planted, because they contained gunpowder, and the principle of fireworks is the same.Basically, as soon as the devil stepped on it and sprayed it with a hiss, the devil was so frightened that his face turned black, and it was over.For your mine to explode, it has to be dynamite.Nobel is really wicked, why did he invent this stuff?He wanted to open mines and build roads, but he didn't expect that as soon as human beings got this thing, they would first use it to kill each other.So Nobel was very painful. Before he died, he used his inheritance of 2 million US dollars as a fund for rewards.At that time, 2 million U.S. dollars was equivalent to several hundred million dollars now, right?The Nobel Prize, like the Economics Prize, was established in 1968.The prizes in Nobel's will are physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace. The Peace Prize was in his will at that time.Chinese people rarely win prizes. We have learned the most difficult mathematics, physics and chemistry in the whole world, the Milky Way, and even the entire universe.Now the mathematics level of college students can teach in the United States.We have mastered such difficult mathematics, physics and chemistry, why do we not have a Nobel Prize?It has something to do with our Chinese cultural traditions. We are not interested in things that cannot be turned into money immediately, so when we invent something, once the patent is sold, the money will come immediately. I love doing this job. Look at the Nobel Prize. Young people get very little, are there any in their 30s?The youngest winner in Japan is 49 years old, and usually has gray hair. It takes a lifetime to research something to win an award. This is almost impossible in China. You have to publish three papers a year, and you have time to concentrate on it. Come to study Nobel?A lifetime for one result.

The second industrial revolution has three characteristics. Compared with the first industrial revolution, there are three differences. The first industrial revolution is technological innovation, and the second industrial revolution is scientific creation.Science and technology are not the same words in English and Chinese, but we like to talk about science and technology together, but they are actually two different things.I invent a machine that can be placed on the windows to automatically close the windows when it rains. Will I win a Nobel Prize?This might win our love of science award for gizmos, gizmos.But this can be turned into money immediately, and many decoration companies quote this thing. Today it is wrong to say that China attaches great importance to science. We value engineering, not science.What is the use of learning mathematics?You have to learn architecture and build buildings, which can bring you money.What is the use of learning mathematics?You can design a bird's nest, but you can't make it out.Science and technology are not the same word. What we pay special attention to now is technology.Depending on the level of theoretical science in your country, the Nobel Prize is an important indicator.Another one, the number of papers you publish in the two journals of "Science" in the United States and "Nature" in the United Kingdom every year is also an indicator. As long as the Chinese publish a decent paper on this, you can almost get an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, because we have about 2 to 4 papers a year, and the Japanese have 150 papers. Maybe the Japanese are better at English than us, so they publish well. Many, he uses English as the national language, we can't catch up with him, we can't speak well, and we are struggling. After the second industrial revolution, the fastest-growing countries were the United States and Germany. The United States has become the world's economic leader since the second industrial revolution.The third technological revolution is, and now the fourth wave is still.The age of steam is in the United Kingdom, and the age of electricity, nuclear energy, and information are all in the United States.Now the fourth technological revolution is going on, we don’t use this word now, it’s called the fourth wave, it’s this period. Two industrial revolutions, Japan is a country where the two industrial revolutions intersect.The development speed is fast, because it directly adopts the latest technology. According to our current fashionable words, it avoids repeated construction. If you do a good job, I will copy it.When I was in elementary school, there was a dirt playground in the alley, which was full of dirt. Later, it was compacted with a machine, and when we stepped on it, the floating dirt would rise up.There are two winds in Beijing every year, and one wind blows for half a year. This alley is full of loess all day long, which is all caused by our school playground.At that time, I wore clothes all year round, but what kind of clothes should I change in the new year? I take a duster to dust off the duster when I go home, and I have to wear it tomorrow. You don’t take it out after you wash it, it’s the same.Over time, the neighbors in the alley couldn't stand it anymore.Talk about repairing your playground.Well, the asphalt was laid, but the soil was not enough. The child broke his arms and legs, and came here on crutches all day long.What a lot of kids!Plastic was laid today, but when the plastic was laid, the asphalt had to be shoveled off. If you don’t shovel it, the sun will melt the ground, and the plastic won’t be sprained. This is called repeated construction. Money for laying asphalt and money for shoveling asphalt.that would be nice! The impact of the Second Industrial Revolution was the same as that of the First Industrial Revolution, but it manifested differently. First, both promote and promote the development of productivity.The first industrial revolution entered the age of steam, with "steam" with three points of water, and the second industrial revolution entered the age of electricity. Second, capitalist production relations have been adjusted.The first industrial revolution entered the stage of free capitalism, and the second industrial revolution entered the stage of monopoly. Third, it not only promoted the development and adjustment of capitalism, but also promoted the development of the socialist movement.The development of the socialist movement is manifested in the birth of Marxism after the first industrial revolution, and the birth of Leninism after the second industrial revolution.Leninism is called Marxism in the era of imperialism. If you want to have a beard and a bald head, Leninism was born. Fourth, urbanization.Today, the rural areas of developed countries, such as the UK, have large farms, and agriculture has basically not developed, and the proportion of the gross national product may not even reach a few tenths of a percent.British agriculture is aristocratic agriculture. I run a farm by myself. The milk I drink is squeezed from the cows on the farm; the eggs I eat are raised on the farm at home.I don't eat the outside, the outside is harmful.I am self-sufficient and serve myself. In the early 1990s, the output value of British agriculture was not as high as that of English. English earned 700 million pounds a year for the UK, and agriculture might not be able to earn so much money.A few years later, I heard that the output value of the British steel industry was not as much as that of rock music, and this country has completely transitioned to a tertiary industry—the service industry.This is the problem of urbanization. Fifth, the capitalist world market.After the first industrial revolution, the capitalist world market was initially formed, and after the second industrial revolution, it was finally fully established. Snake's way of life Major capitalist countries have entered the monopoly stage. We say that production and capital are highly concentrated, and monopoly has arisen.Why didn't there be a high concentration of production and capital after the first industrial revolution, but a high concentration of production and capital after the second industrial revolution?For example, let’s say that the first industrial revolution occurred in the cotton textile industry. The cotton textile industry has a small amount of investment and low technical content. It is dominated by individuals. With 10,000 yuan, you can become a capitalist.Rent a small bungalow, buy 3 sewing machines, hire 3 cheap tailors, and start from sewing socks and insoles. You can become a textile capitalist.When it comes to the second industrial revolution, if you still want to do this, you can’t do it. You say you want to build an oil refinery, and you can’t even buy a drill with 100,000 yuan.Therefore, joint ventures and joint ventures are necessary.We all invest, and we are all shareholders. I was elected as the chairman and CEO, and then you don’t care about it. I will distribute dividends to everyone at the end of the year.A joint venture, the scale will be large.With money, you can swallow up the next door, swallow the next door, and the scale will become larger and larger. Therefore, the reason for the high concentration of production and capital lies in the development of production, which is the requirement of the large-scale machine industry itself for the integration of production. During the first industrial revolution, you had a weaving factory, you didn’t need to spin the yarn, you could get cotton yarn from the spinning mill.You don’t need to dye the cloth after weaving. You can hand it over to the printing and dyeing factory, and the printing and dyeing factory will sell the cloth to the garment factory, and the garment factory will make clothes.What link I am, I just take care of my own link, buy cotton yarn and weave it into white cloth, I don’t care about other things, there is a home, there is a home.Therefore, in this kind of industrial work, it is basically enough to grasp one link.In the era of the big machine industry, I made a car with Toyota wheels, Honda shells, BMW steering wheels, and Mercedes-Benz engines. They were completely unsuitable. Therefore, it is required that production must be integrated, and this integration will inevitably lead to the emergence of monopoly.Like the economic crisis in 1873, all those that survived were large and monopolistic enterprises.The capitalists realized the necessity of monopoly, and the scale can produce benefits. Monopoly is not yesterday The role of the monopoly organization after its formation: First, it adjusted the production relationship.I once talked about the inherent contradictions of capitalist society, the contradiction between the socialization of production and the private possession of the means of production, which is what we call the anarchy of production.In fact monopoly organizations can overcome the anarchy of production to a certain extent.For example, when we were all textile capitalists, everyone competed disorderly. Now we have become a company, and at least we have a unified plan within our company.For example, how many brands of clothing are there, can you count them?If you count this, you are really looking for something to do. Maybe there is no statistics in the country, so the competition in the clothing industry must be disordered.There are too many brands of cars to count, and there are so many brands of world-renowned cars, it is impossible to count with two slaps.But can there be as many brands of airplanes as there are clothes?Did you do it?So this involves a problem of internal adjustment of the enterprise, which actually marks the problem of the modernization of capitalist enterprises. China's township enterprises are typical feudal family enterprises, so they can't be rich for three generations. Now China's township enterprises are generally not as rich as the contemporary ones, and some of them collapsed in their own generation.I am the general manager, my daughter-in-law is the vice president, my brother-in-law is the cashier, my sister-in-law is the accountant, my mother is the chairman, and my father is the honorary chairman. In this feudal family business, all I use are people from my own family. I don't want to part with it, so no one will do a good job here, and the company will definitely end in the end.A modern enterprise is a joint-stock enterprise that issues shares, and all shareholders are the owners of the enterprise.You do it for Microsoft, not for Bill Gates, but for yourself.Every Microsoft employee owns stock. Everyone is the owner of the company, that is, every shareholder is the boss.In this way, the enterprise is not completely privately owned.Therefore, the contradiction between the socialization of capitalist production and the possession of the means of production can be resolved through monopoly, which is no longer private possession. Today, our state-owned enterprise reform is basically a shareholding system, a modern enterprise shareholding system, allowing ordinary people to buy stocks.Therefore, adjusting production relations and overcoming the anarchy of production is a considerable role of monopoly organizations. Second, increase labor productivity and promote the development of productivity.For example, today's Fortune 500 companies are basically monopoly enterprises and large consortiums. Do they have wonton shops?There are also very few light industrial enterprises, all of which are large monopolistic consortia. The True Colors of the Big Six Major capitalist countries have entered the monopoly stage one after another, let’s look at its characteristics: The first country is the United States.The United States is nicknamed Trust Imperialism because of the resource environment, western development, immigration and European investment, and the influx of surplus capital.The resource environment among these four points is an important reason for the rapid development of the first industrial revolution, as well as immigration. Of course, the degree of immigration in the United States at this time is much faster than that of the first industrial revolution. From the end of the Civil War in 1865 to the outbreak of World War I in 1913, an average of 3,000 foreign immigrants entered the United States from under the Statue of Liberty every day, because the immigration planning agency was located in Long Island at that time, and the immigrants mainly came from Europe, all from the Atlantic Ocean. For those who came over there, almost half of the people in Ireland immigrated to the United States, so the number of immigrants is 3,000 a day, 90,000 a month, 1 million a year, and more than 40 million people in more than 40 years.The United States had a population of 3 million when it became independent, 30 million when the Civil War broke out, and nearly 100 million before World War I. Many of these 100 million were foreign immigrants, who provided labor, technology and experience for the country. This western development benefited from the New Movement and the Homestead Act, which was related to the American Civil War. A large amount of European capital has been invested in the United States. I remember that in 2003, China absorbed more than 60 billion US dollars of foreign investment, ranking second in the world, and the United States, the world's number one, absorbed more than 1 trillion US dollars.At that time, everyone wanted to invest in the United States, which was the safest place.China now holds more than 500 billion U.S. foreign exchange reserves, including more than 500 billion U.S. treasury bonds alone. Aren’t we still buying U.S. treasury bonds? It’s because of insurance. You didn’t buy Saddam’s treasury bonds for money. Bad luck, Saddam hung up, who do you ask for money from? 7 So Americans are the most able to live in the world, and his money is borrowed.In modern society, it is the uncle who owes money. If I ask you for the money I borrowed, I will not pay you back. What can you do to me? The second country is Germany.The rapid development of the German economy relies on a unified domestic market, French indemnities, French land cession, new technologies, and new equipment.As a rising star, Germany is actually dominated by monopoly capital in the country, but the people in power in Germany mainly help the Junker nobles.These people are not capitalists, they are equivalent to the new aristocrats and land aristocracy in Britain.You can see that the prime ministers in Germany are generally from one prince to another, and there are even princes, like the royal cabinet, so Germany is very conservative politically.However, the development of capitalism is highly developed instead, ranking first in Europe and second in the world, surpassing established countries such as Britain and France.The economic development of the United States and Germany is very fast. The United States is due to the Civil War, and Germany is due to the completion of the reunification. As a latecomer, the United States and Germany have very new technology and equipment, and they are developing fast, while the United Kingdom and France are developing fast. slow. The United Kingdom is a colonial imperialist country. As an old imperialist country, the speed of economic development slowed down after the first industrial revolution, and only the financial industry is still very important.Today's major countries in the world are divided by output value. China is the third in the world, followed by the United States, Japan, China, and then Germany.We are the third largest economy in the world. One very important reason is that the appreciation of the renminbi makes it more expensive when converted into dollars, so it is the third largest economy in the world.If we divide it by economic structure, we are not ranked first. The United States ranks first, providing science and technology needed by the world; the second is the UK, which provides financial services needed by the world; the third ranks It is Germany, which provides the machinery and equipment needed all over the world.Among the 10 machines in your equipment, 8 are from Germany. If they are not from Germany, they also use German technology. When you mention Germany, what is the best?Mechanics.Like German cameras, they are as exquisite as handicrafts, and the manufacturing level is too high.At this time, the UK's financial industry is still very important, but the overall level of development is lagging behind. What is the reason for the lagging level of overall development? First, as an established country, the UK has outdated equipment. Second, the British equipment is outdated but has not been changed, and the money has been spent on capital exports.For the United Kingdom, "success is also a colony, and defeat is also a knife of a colony. Colonies have made Britain, and because of colonies, they have ruined Britain. In 1990, the gross national product of the United States was 6 trillion U.S. dollars, and Japan's was 4 trillion U.S. dollars. , China is 500 billion US dollars. At that time, the Americans exclaimed that this was the "Pearl Harbor Incident" in terms of economy. A country with a land area equivalent to 1/25 of the United States had a GDP close to that of the United States. If it continued to develop at this rate, it would surpass the United States.China is as big as the United States, but its GNP is only 1/12 of that of the United States.At that time, China and Japan were in the honeymoon period, because China did not pose a threat to Japan.Japan keeps helping us and giving us money. We don’t need to worry about the Japanese yen loan. Up to now, it has only given us 30 billion US dollars. How much money do we have for eating, drinking and traveling with public funds for a year? , you do the math. By 2000, Japan was catching up with the United States. In the past 10 years, the gross national product of the United States was 12 trillion U.S. dollars, that of Japan was more than 3 trillion U.S. dollars, and that of China was 1.6 trillion U.S. dollars.The United States has left Japan far behind, but the gap between China and Japan has narrowed.Today the United States is about 14 trillion, Japan 5 trillion, and China 3 trillion, so there are always conflicts between China and Japan, because Japan feels that you pose a threat to it.In Asia, one mountain cannot accommodate two tigers.What did the United States rely on to throw Japan away? These 10 years are called the lost 10 years in Japan's economic history. There are problems in the industrial structure, which are the same as the problems in the United Kingdom.Japan desperately developed the so-called sunset industries such as steelmaking, shipbuilding, automobiles, and household appliances, industries with no future for development. DVD discs, who wouldn't do it these days?What did you make it for?The development of this industry will definitely affect the growth rate of the economy in the future.Japan thinks it is good to develop this industry and it can be exported.But this thing is not a high-tech thing. Sooner or later even penguins will know it. What should you do?The same is true for the United Kingdom. Cotton textiles are lagging behind in Europe. Take India, India lags behind and take Australia. If everyone knows it, what should you do?In contrast, the development of high-tech enterprises is not something that ordinary people can learn, so this is the reason why you are thrown away at once. The fourth is France.The development of France is relatively backward, and there are several reasons: First, the cession of land and compensation, France's nickname is usury imperialism.Second, France is a small-scale peasant economy and small and medium-sized enterprises, and the reason behind it is the same as before.Third, the usury capital in France is well developed.You see, the common reason for the slow development of Britain and France is capital export and outdated equipment. British capital export was invested in the colonies, but France was more thorough and directly lent it out. It felt that I lent you 3,000 for a year and you had to pay me back. 7000, it's easier for me than robbing.But France forgot, what if you don't pay back the money?I can't do anything to you either.It’s like if you don’t repay the mortgage of 300,000 to the bank, the bank can force you to hang yourself. If you owe it 3 billion, you will force him to hang himself.I just won't pay it back, just wait until the door closes.So France doesn’t understand this truth. You have lent out the money, and you have lent it all to Russia. You didn’t expect the October Revolution to break out, let alone Comrade Lenin waved his hand and refused to recognize all the foreign debts borrowed by the Tsarist government. More than 1,000 Billion gold francs 02, well, it's nothing. Just a year or two ago, some consortium in the United States told the Chinese government that the New Deal had issued stocks when it was preparing for the constitution, but it was dug out from nowhere, and it asked the Chinese government to return it.Are you kidding me?Dynasties have changed. 02 Gold Franc (French franc, English g. ldfranc): It is a currency unit with a long history.The franc was born in the 14th century and became the currency of the First French Republic in 1795. On March 28, 1803 (the 7th of Bud month in the second year of the French Republic), France enacted the gold coin franc law, so it is also called "bud month franc". The price ratio relationship with gold is: 1 franc is equal to 10/ 31 grams of gold, or equal to f9/31 grams of pure gold, that is, the gold content is 0.29032258 grams. In 1834 the franc truly became the only currency in France. How many times have you said that you asked me to pay back the money you borrowed in the Song Dynasty, and that you had to pay back the money borrowed by the Chinese government at that time, so why?Impossible to pay back. The fifth is Russia, whose nickname is military feudal imperialism. The sixth is Japan, an imperialist country with military feudalism.Russia is military-feudal imperialism, and Japan is military-feudal imperialism.Which of the two countries is a little behind? Obviously Russia is more behind.Military feudalism is rightism, and those with military feudalism are rightists. The first characteristic of Japan is that the warlords are closely connected with the chaebols.Japan's monopoly consortia are closely integrated with the state power.Remember the Meiji Restoration?Private enterprises are supported by the state, and many factories are donated, so Japan's four major chaebols: Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Yasuda were born in this way. "Japan was occupied after World War II. General MacArthur carried out democratic reforms in Japan. An important measure was to disband the Japanese chaebol and transform it into a modern enterprise. Today's Mitsubishi and Mitsui are not the same as Mitsubishi and Mitsui back then. Later generations, Konosuke Matsushita of Panasonic Corporation passed it on to his son, and it became a feudal family business. Now it is basically a joint-stock company, but generally speaking, like Bill Gates, because he is a typical communist fighter , just to mention another, people donate all their money, and give back to the society. Bill Gates holds the most shares in Microsoft. Can be CEO again. But now everyone chooses, because I hold the most shares, but I don’t pass it on. The family business can be passed on directly, to my son, and then to my grandson. This concept is different. So Japan is characterized by warlords Collusion with the chaebol, and due to reasons such as a small domestic market and a lack of resources, the characteristics of Japan's imperialism, that is, the characteristics of imperialism's foreign aggression and expansion, are very obvious. The second characteristic of Japan is its external expansion.This is the so-called mainland policy of conquering Korea and invading China. In 1876, "Ganghwa Treaty", Japan opened the door to Korea.North Korea is a vassal of the Qing Dynasty. Don't watch the historical dramas made in South Korea today, such as "Shen Ji Jian".I remember that hundreds of thousands of Japanese soldiers wiped out North Korea. If Ming Dynasty hadn’t sent troops, all Koreans would speak Japanese today.South Korea was a vassal of the Qing Dynasty.At that time, Koreans were infinitely loyal to the Qing Dynasty. After being controlled by Japan, King Gojong of South Korea hid in the Russian embassy for more than a year, fearing that he would be killed by the Japanese.After he came out, the Japanese forced him to break away from the Qing Dynasty.So in 1897, North Korea established the Daehan Empire and established its own era name, which had been using the Chinese era name before.When I established my reign name, I sent people across the sea to meet Li Hongzhang in Tianjin, and said that I would like to ask the Chinese government to understand our difficulties, but you can’t protect me. Still say this. The first article of the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" in 1895 was that North Korea was completely independent and got rid of its status as a vassal of the Qing Dynasty, but it was actually controlled by Japan, which was even worse.When North Korea was our vassal, we did not interfere in its internal affairs and foreign affairs, and returned money to it. As soon as it was controlled by Japan, it became a colony.By 1905, North Korea had become a de facto colony of Japan. Japan established the Supervisory Office in North Korea, and former Japanese Prime Minister and Meiji veteran Ito Hirobumi served as the first supervisor in North Korea.The supervisor became the overlord of North Korea, taking care of everything.North Korea's internal affairs, diplomacy, and army were all controlled by the Supervisory Office, and even the soldiers standing guard in the palace were replaced by Japanese soldiers.So in 1907, when the first peace conference of all nations was held in The Hague, the Netherlands, Gojong of Korea sent three secret envoys to The Hague to accuse Japan of aggression.But Western powers will not offend Japan for the sake of North Korea. Only the representative of the Chinese government speaks for North Korea, because it turns out that it is our vassal.Later, it failed, and the North Korean envoy Li Jun felt ashamed to return home, so he committed suicide on the steps of the palace where the meeting was held.When the news spread back to North Korea, the Japanese government forced Gojong to abdicate, and poisoned Gojong to death in 1919. His son ascended the throne, the last king of the Lee Dynasty, Sunjong. When Sunjong came to the throne, he had actually changed. Become a puppet of Japan. On October 26, 1909, Duke Hirobumi Ito, the chairman of the Privy Council of Japan, arrived at the Harbin Railway Station in China, preparing to discuss state affairs secretly with the Minister of Finance of Tsarist Russia.As soon as he stepped out of the platform, a young man (Ahn Jung-geun) in a suit and a peaked cap suddenly rushed into the cordon from the welcoming crowd. Before many Tsarist guards had time to react, he fired three shots at Ito Hirobumi, who was nodding and smiling happily. .One shot in the chest, one shot in the ribs, one shot in the abdomen.Then they hit Japanese Consul General Kawakami, Secretary Tate Mori, and Railway President Tanaka.If Ahn Jung-geun wants to run, he has a chance, because in the eyes of the Russians, people of yellow race all look the same, and the Russians can't tell who fired the gun. After you finish shooting, throw away the gun and turn your face away, and he won't recognize you when you turn around. They all look the same, don't we think white people all look the same?He thinks you are all the same, so An Jung-geun can run if he wants to, but he looks at Hirobumi Ito breathing on the ground, this old guy is 68 years old, blood is coming out of every hole in his body, he guesses this old thing If he can't live anymore, he unfurls a South Korean Taegeuk flag and shouts "Long live Korean Independence", which makes people catch him.An Jung-geun was extradited to Japan and died calmly in prison.When the Japanese interrogated him, he asked the Japanese, how is old Ito?Don't finish playing in vain.Seeing that the Japanese were all wrapped in black gauze, they stood up in silence, knowing that Duke Ito was indeed dead.The number one martyr enshrined in the Chochung Pagoda in the South Korean capital today is Ahn Jung-geun. His suicide note has been found in China, and it is all in Chinese characters. At that time, Koreans used Chinese characters.But can this assassination solve the problem?That is the policy of other countries. It does not mean that killing Ito Hirobumi will change it. Once you kill Ito Hirobumi, you will create an excuse for Japan. Japan completely annexed South Korea in 1910. At that time, the Japanese Inspector-General in South Korea colluded with North Korean traitors. Prime Minister Lee Wan-yong signed the "Japan-South Korea Merger Treaty" to annex South Korea completely, and then Sunjong was abolished.His concubine stayed in Japan and lived until 1970 before she died.In this way, the Lee Dynasty in the 520th year of the founding of Korea perished, and Korea became a colony of Japan.The Japanese are also funny, they have no culture, they are superstitious. In order to suppress the dragon veins of South Korea, they smashed steel nails into the famous mountains and rivers of South Korea.The famous King Kong Mountain is considered to be the dragon's head, and a steel nail more than one meter long is smashed into it to hold down your dragon's head.The Japanese Governor's Mansion was also built at the gate of the Korean palace, suppressing the dragon veins of South Korea, which is equivalent to building between Tiananmen and Meridian Gate in China, tearing down the Duanmen, and building a Governor's Mansion to suppress it. After talking about these few countries, the capitalist world market has been fully established.After the first industrial revolution, this market was initially formed, and after the second industrial revolution, it was fully established.There are only three independent countries in Asia, Japan, China, and Turkey.There are only two countries in Africa, Abyssinia and Liberia. Abyssinia is today's Ethiopia, because although it was invaded by the invincible Italian army, he won it.Liberia is a republic established by the United States freed a group of black slaves who returned to their hometown.The country is also very small, the flag is the Stars and Stripes, only one star, the capital Monrovia. On the world map in 2000, there were 206 countries and regions. On the world map in 1900, there were only 43 countries. Most of today’s countries were colonies at that time. The British Somalia was all occupied by others.In this way, the whole world is included in the system.The political characteristics of capitalist countries in this period are multi-party system and representative system, that is, parliamentary democracy.The representative system is just like what we are talking about today. People's representatives are elected, and these people's representatives exercise power for us.Representative system is indirect democracy, and direct democracy is generally the kind of city-state, like ancient Athens, of course more than 10,000 people in the whole country can be directly democratic.In a meeting of more than 10,000 people, whoever shouts the loudest wins without voting. International relations in this era are three pairs of contradictions, two major groups, and one great war. Let me talk about the three pairs of contradictions first. Everyone knows the three pairs of contradictions. The three main contradictions are France and Germany, Russia and Austria, and Britain and Germany.The core of the contradiction between France and Germany is the four words - Continental hegemony, vying for the hegemony of the European continent.The contradiction between Russia and Austria is to compete for the Balkan Peninsula, which is known as the powder depot of Europe.This peninsula has the most complex ethnic groups. The main ethnic groups are Slavic, Yugoslavia, all of which use the Cyrillic alphabet 03. The male names are Nov, Ski, and Vichi, and the female is Nova, all of these.The contradiction between Britain and Germany was caused by the colonies and the navy, that is, colonial hegemony and maritime hegemony. Because of these two points, the contradiction between Britain and Germany has become the main contradiction.The British Empire has dominated the world for 300 years, and the left and right hands are the colonies and the navy. These two points cannot be touched.Germany offended Britain precisely on these two points. Originally, the British owned the ocean, the French owned the land, and the era when the Germans only owned the blue sky in their dreams is gone forever, and Germany also wants a place under the sun.The British colony is 33.5 million square kilometers, accounting for a quarter of the earth's land surface area and 100 times that of the mainland.我阳光下的地盘最多，你也要，你跟我要，你什么意思7德国人认为自己的工业比英国发达，钢产量600多万吨，而英国不到500万吨，所以德国就大力发展海军。但是德国忽视了一点，你发展海军的同时你要保持一支欧洲最强大的陆军。英国没有这个压力，一到英吉利海峡就把它挡住了，我只要发展海军就足够了，我不需要发展陆军。另外海军是有传统的，绝不是说我工业水平上去了，我03西里尔字母：源于脱胎自希腊字母的格拉哥里字母，普遍认为是由基督教传教士圣西里尔（827-869年）和圣梅笃丢斯在9世纪为了在斯拉夫民族传播基督教（当时东西教会还未正式分裂）方便所创立的，被斯拉夫民族广泛采用，因此有时也称为斯拉夫字母。早期的西里尔字母又称做古斯拉夫语字母（现代的斯拉夫字母经过修改）。 能造船，我就能发展出海军来。咱们一般人当不了海军，除非文艺兵，整天在岸上跳舞的，这另说了。能上舰的水兵的身体素质要求很高，你不能一上船就吐，那能把肠子给吐出来，你说我不吐，废话，从天津到大连我也不吐。从海南岛到西沙你再试试看，浪高3米，你要不吐我跟你姓。没有海军传统的国家要发展海军这非常成问题，你连水手都招不够，船打沉了没关系，破船值什么钱，我钢产量多，加上造船技术高，沉一艘我造一艘。可是一艘船上的舰长可不能说沉下去，我再造一个。We must know that it takes more than 20 years to cultivate a qualified captain. After graduating from the military academy, he is a second lieutenant. After 20 years of work, he can become a colonel and become a captain.所以你发展海军挑战英国是非常不明智的，英德矛盾就成为了主要矛盾，你刺激了英国，这很不明智。