Chapter 11 1. Run forward at different speeds

Since the 1870s, capitalism has gradually entered the era of monopoly, which is due to the start of the second industrial revolution in Western countries.The premise of the industrial revolution was the establishment of bourgeois rule in Britain. The second industrial revolution was the establishment of the capitalist system worldwide, not only in Europe, but also in North America and Asia. The conditions of the second industrial revolution were also similar to those of the industrial revolution.The first is capital.The capital of the first industrial revolution came from overseas trade and colonial plunder, and the capital of the second industrial revolution came from trade and the profits generated by large-scale machine production.The world market was initially formed, and the first industrial revolution accumulated funds for the second industrial revolution.The second is market raw materials.Western countries expanded through colonization, and the capitalist world market was initially formed.The third is free labor.Revolutions and reforms produced free labor.The abolition of black slaves in the United States, the abolition of serfs in Russia, and the equality of the four peoples in Japan have produced the free labor force needed for the development of these countries.Fourth, the promotion of the development of natural science, which is different from the first industrial revolution, which was the accumulation of technology by handicraft industry.The fifth is market demand.After the first industrial revolution, the market demand is getting bigger and bigger.

The second industrial revolution is manifested in the following aspects: First, the widespread application of electricity has brought mankind into the electrical age. Second, the internal combustion engine was used and new vehicles were created.The internal combustion engine burns oil, which is why there are cars and airplanes.The internal combustion engine led to the widespread extraction of oil.The carriages of foreigners in the early days were more humane than our Chinese carriages. The Chinese didn’t think about it well. The carriage was a flat plate, and people had to sit cross-legged in it. If you want to travel from Beijing to Guangzhou, can you still walk after getting off the carriage?So when you watch a TV show, the Chinese travel in a carriage. For those who travel long distances, the lady has no choice but to hide in the carriage and cannot come out. The men all sit outside, sitting with the driver, at least their legs can hang down.Foreigners especially think that their car is called a sedan, you can sit in it, your legs can hang down, there is a sofa, the wheels are elastically connected to the carriage, and there are springs in the middle, while our car is rigidly connected.People now remove the horse from a car, install an engine and a steering wheel, and it becomes a car. We still call it a car.If you want to see the world’s first-generation sedan, the Deheyuan Theater Building in the Summer Palace has two bright yellow ones on display on the first floor—the world’s first-generation Ford sedan, brand new and almost never driven.Because the Empress Dowager Cixi felt that it was treasonous for the driver to sit like her, and the driver should kneel and drive behind me.

Third, telegrams and telephones were produced.The invention of these new means of communication has improved the means of long-distance communication for human beings and changed the face of human beings.When the installed capacity of telephones in New York reached 50,000, Beijing had its first telephone. In the Summer Palace, the old lady played with it.She never thought that this thing could be used in national defense and guiding the national economy and the people's livelihood.Telephones were installed in the Forbidden City after 1911, when Puyi was a small imperial court. Puyi was fond of foreign gadgets, riding a bicycle in the palace, eating Western food, wearing suits, cutting braids, and installing telephones.

Fourth, the chemical industry was created.Nobel invented dynamite, which is typical of the chemical industry.Explosives and gunpowder are two different things. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the landmines planted by the base militia usually could not kill the Japanese devils, because they were filled with gunpowder, which is the same as fireworks.As soon as the devil stepped on it, hissed and sprayed, the devil's face turned black, he was terrified enough, and it was over.In order for a landmine to explode, it must be loaded with explosives.Nobel is really wicked, why did he invent this stuff?He wanted to use it to mine and build roads, but he didn't expect that as soon as human beings got this thing, they would first use it to kill each other.So Nobel was in great pain. Before he died, he used the inheritance of 2 million US dollars as a fund to reward the development of natural science.The prizes in Nobel's will are only physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace. The economics prize was established in 1968, and the peace prize is in his will.At that time, 2 million U.S. dollars was equivalent to several hundred million dollars now, right?The Chinese rarely win the Nobel Prize. We learn the most difficult mathematics, physics and chemistry in the whole world, the Milky Way, and even the entire universe.Now the mathematics level of high school students can teach in the United States.We have mastered such difficult mathematics, physics and chemistry, why didn't we win the Nobel Prize?This is related to the Chinese people's abandonment of cultural traditions. The sages have said: learning is valuable for great success, not for small use. Those who have achieved great success participate in the world, and those who use small things are seeking profit and merit.We are not interested in things that cannot be turned into money immediately. We invent a thing, and once the patent is sold, the money will come immediately, so we love to do this job.You can see that very few young people win the Nobel Prize. Hideki Yukawa, who won the Nobel Prize in Japan, was 42 years old at the time. He was already very young. It is almost impossible. You have to publish three papers a year, otherwise you will lose your professorship. Do you have time to devote yourself to research?Chen Jingrun will be laid off 860 times today.

The second industrial revolution is different from the first industrial revolution. The first industrial revolution is technological innovation, and the second industrial revolution is scientific creation.Science and technology are not the same words in English and Chinese, but we like to talk about science and technology together, but they are actually two different things.I invent a machine that can be placed on the windows to automatically close the windows when it rains. Will I win a Nobel Prize?This may win the "We Love Science Award", which belongs to small inventions and small manufactures.But this can be turned into money immediately, and many decoration companies use this thing.

Today it is wrong to say that China attaches great importance to science. We value engineering, not science.What is the use of learning mathematics?You have to learn architecture and build buildings, which can bring you money.What we pay special attention to now is technology.Looking at the level of a country's theoretical science, the Nobel Prize is an important indicator.Another one, the number of papers published in the two journals of the United States "Science" and the British "Nature" every year is also an indicator.It is said that as long as the Chinese publish a paper on it, they can almost be evaluated as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The number of publications we publish in a year is far less than that of Japan. Maybe the Japanese are better at English than us, so they publish more.

After the second industrial revolution, the fastest growing countries were the United States and Germany. The United States has become the world's economic leader since the second industrial revolution.The third technological revolution is, and now the fourth wave is still.Britain took the lead in the steam age, and the United States took the lead in the electrical age, nuclear energy age, and information age. In addition, Japan is a country where two industrial revolutions intersected, and its development speed is fast because it directly adopts the latest technology. According to our current fashionable words, it avoids repeated construction. If you do a good job, I will copy it.When I was in elementary school, the schools were all soil playgrounds, which were compacted with machines, and when we stepped on them, the floating soil would rise up.There are two winds in Beijing every year, one blows for half a year, and the hutongs are full of loess all day long, which is all caused by our school playground.At that time, I wore clothes all year round, but what kind of clothes should I change in the new year? Go home and dust the dust with a duster, and you have to wear it tomorrow, so don’t go out after you wash it.After a long time, the neighbors in the alley couldn't take it anymore, and said that your playground should be repaired.Well, the asphalt was laid, but the soil was not enough. The child broke his arms and legs, and came here on crutches all day long.What a lot of kids!It's all plastic today.But when laying plastic, the asphalt has to be shoveled off. If you don’t shovel it, the sun will melt the ground and the plastic will not be flat. Can you avoid spraining your feet?This is called redundant construction. If you can save the money of laying asphalt and shoveling asphalt by laying plastic directly, that would be great!Japan is the dry method of laying plastic directly on the loess.

The impact of the Second Industrial Revolution was the same as that of the First Industrial Revolution, but it manifested differently. First of all, both promote and promote the development of productivity.The first industrial revolution entered the age of steam, and the second industrial revolution entered the age of electricity. Second, capitalist production relations have been adjusted.The first industrial revolution entered the stage of free capitalism, and the second industrial revolution entered the stage of monopoly. Third, it not only promoted the development and adjustment of capitalism, but also promoted the development of the socialist movement.The development of the socialist movement is manifested in the birth of Marxism after the first industrial revolution, and the birth of Leninism after the second industrial revolution.Leninism is called Marxism in the age of imperialism.

Fourth, promote the process of urbanization.In today's developed countries like Britain, agriculture has basically not developed, and its proportion in the gross national product may not even reach a few tenths of a percent.British agriculture is aristocratic agriculture. I run a farm by myself. The milk I drink is squeezed from the cows on the farm; the eggs I eat are also from the chickens in the chicken farm at home.I don't eat the outside, the outside is harmful.I am self-sufficient and serve myself. In the early 1990s, the output value of British agriculture was not as high as that of English. English earned 700 million pounds a year for the UK, and agriculture might not be able to earn so much money.A few years later, I heard that the output value of the British steel industry was not as much as that of rock music, and this country has completely transitioned to a tertiary industry—the service industry.

Fifth, the capitalist world market has developed.After the first industrial revolution, the capitalist world market was initially formed, and after the second industrial revolution, it was finally fully established. After the second industrial revolution, major capitalist countries entered the monopoly stage, and production and capital were highly concentrated, resulting in monopoly.Why didn't there be a high concentration of production and capital after the first industrial revolution?Because the first industrial revolution first occurred in the cotton textile sector, the investment was small and the technology content was low.Each of us rents a small bungalow for 10,000 yuan, buys 3 sewing machines, hires 3 tailors, and starts sewing socks and insoles. We can all become textile capitalists.When it comes to the second industrial revolution, if you still want to do this, it will not work.You say you want to set up an oil refinery, but spending 100,000 yuan is not even enough to buy a drill bit.Therefore, joint ventures and joint ventures are necessary.We are all shareholders. I was elected as the chairman and CEO, and then you don’t care about it. I will distribute dividends to everyone at the end of the year.A joint venture, the scale will be large.With money, you can swallow the next door, and the next door to the next door, and the scale is getting bigger and bigger. Therefore, the reason for the high concentration of production and capital lies in the development of production, which is the requirement of the large-scale machine industry itself for the integration of production.

During the first industrial revolution, you had a weaving factory, and you didn’t need to spin the yarn, you could get cotton yarn from the spinning factory.You don't need to dye the cloth after weaving, you can hand it over to the printing and dyeing factory, and the printing and dyeing factory will sell the cloth to the garment factory, and the garment factory will make clothes.What link I am, I just take care of my own link, buy cotton yarn and weave it into white cloth, I don’t care about other things, there is a home, there is a home.So this kind of industry basically needs to grasp one link.In the era of the big machine industry, I made a car with Toyota wheels, Honda shells, BMW steering wheels, and Mercedes-Benz engines. They were completely unsuitable. Production must be integrated, and this integration will inevitably lead to the emergence of monopoly.Like the economic crisis in 1873, all those that survived were large and monopolistic enterprises.The capitalists realized the necessity of monopoly, and the scale can produce benefits. After the monopoly organization was formed, it played the following roles: First, it adjusted the production relations.The inherent contradiction in capitalist society is the contradiction between the socialization of production and the private ownership of the means of production, which is what we call the anarchy of production.Monopoly organizations can overcome the anarchy of production to a certain extent. For example, when we were all textile capitalists, we competed disorderly. Now we have become a company. At least we have a unified organization within our company. planning.How many brands of clothing can you count?If you count this, you are really looking for something to do. Maybe the Bureau of Statistics doesn’t have any statistics, so the competition in the clothing industry must be disordered.You can count the number of brands of cars, and you can count the number of brands of world-renowned cars with two slaps.There are not as many brands of airplanes as clothing.This involves a problem of internal adjustment of the enterprise, which actually marks the modernization of capitalist enterprises. China's township enterprises are typical family-owned enterprises, so they can't be rich for three generations. Now China's township enterprises are generally not as rich as the contemporary ones, and they collapsed in their own generation.I am the general manager, my daughter-in-law is the vice president, my brother-in-law is the cashier, my sister-in-law is the accountant, my mother is the chairman, and my father is the honorary chairman. This kind of family business uses all people from my own family, and I will not fire anyone. I'm willing, so no one works hard with me, and the company will definitely end in the end.A modern enterprise is a joint-stock enterprise that issues shares, and all shareholders are the owners of the enterprise.Are you working for Bill at Microsoft?Gates does it for you.Every Microsoft employee owns stock. Everyone is the owner of the company, that is, every shareholder is the boss.In this way, the enterprise is not completely privately owned, so the contradiction between the socialization of capitalist production and the possession of means of production can be resolved through monopoly.Today, our state-owned enterprise reform is basically a joint-stock system.Therefore, monopoly organizations play a considerable role in adjusting production relations and overcoming the anarchy of production. Second, increasing labor productivity has promoted the development of productivity.For example, today's Fortune 500 companies are basically monopoly enterprises and large consortiums. Do they have wonton shops?There are also very few light industrial enterprises, all of which are large monopolistic consortia. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, major capitalist countries entered the monopoly stage one after another, showing different characteristics. The United States is known as trust imperialism. From the end of the Civil War in 1865 to the outbreak of World War I in 1913, an average of 3,000 foreign immigrants entered the United States from under the Statue of Liberty every day, because the Immigration and Naturalization Agency was located in Long Island at that time, and the immigrants mainly came from Europe. Those who came over from the Atlantic Ocean, like Ireland, almost half of the people immigrated to the United States.The number of immigrants is 3,000 a day, 90,000 a month, 1 million a year, and more than 40 million in more than 40 years.The United States had a population of 3 million when it became independent, 30 million when the Civil War broke out, and nearly 100 million before World War I. Many of these 100 million were foreign immigrants who provided the United States with labor, technology and experience. During this period, thanks to the westward movement and the "Homestead Act", the western part of the United States was greatly developed.A large amount of European capital has been invested in the United States. I remember that in 2003, China absorbed more than 60 billion U.S. dollars in foreign capital, ranking second in the world. The United States, the world's largest, absorbed more than 1 trillion U.S. dollars.Everyone wants to invest in the United States, where it is the safest.Of China’s current 3 trillion foreign exchange reserves, the U.S. treasury debt alone is more than 1.1 trillion. Aren’t we still buying U.S. treasury bonds? Isn’t it bad luck for you to buy Saddam’s treasury bonds? Who do you ask for money if Saddam hangs up?Americans are the best people in the world, and their money is borrowed.In modern society, it is the uncle who owes money. If I ask you to borrow the money, if you don’t pay it back, what can you do to me?Due to the resources and environment of the United States, western development, immigration and the influx of European surplus capital, the United States became the leader of economic development during this period, and the degree of monopoly was high, and it transitioned to a stage dominated by heavy industry. During this period, relying on a unified domestic market, France's land cession and indemnity, new technologies, and new equipment, Germany's economic development was also very rapid.As a rising star, German technology and equipment are very new, also because of the avoidance of redundant construction.Germany is actually dominated by monopoly capital in the country, but the Junker nobles are mainly in power.These people are not capitalists, they are equivalent to the new British nobles and landed nobles.If you look at the chancellors in Germany, they generally have titles, and even princes, like a royal cabinet.Germany is politically conservative, but its capitalism is developing rapidly, ranking first in Europe and second in the world, surpassing established countries such as Britain and France. The United Kingdom is known as a colonial imperialist country. As an old imperialist country, its economic development slowed down after the first industrial revolution, and only the financial industry is still important.The main countries in the world today, in terms of output value, are the United States, China, Japan, and Germany in descending order.China is the second largest economy in the world. One very important reason is that the appreciation of the renminbi means that there are more dollars when converted into dollars, so it is the second largest economy in the world.If we divide it by economic structure, we are not ranked first. The United States ranks first, providing science and technology needed by the world; the second is the UK, which provides financial services needed by the world; the third ranks It is Germany, which provides the machinery and equipment needed all over the world.Eight of your 10 machines are German, not German, and use German technology. When it comes to Germany, what is the best?Mechanics.Cameras and cars are as exquisite as handicrafts, and the manufacturing level is too high.As for the UK, the financial industry plays an important role, but the overall development level is backward. What is the reason for the backwardness? As an established country, the UK has outdated equipment, but the outdated equipment has not been improved, and all the money has been spent on capital exports.For the United Kingdom, it is "a colony that succeeds, and a colony that fails."The colonies made Britain, and the colonies ruined Britain. In 1990, the gross national product of the United States was 6 trillion U.S. dollars, that of Japan was 4 trillion U.S. dollars, and that of China was 500 billion U.S. dollars.At that time, Americans exclaimed that this was the "Pearl Harbor Incident" in terms of economy. A country with a land area equivalent to 1/25 of the United States and a gross national product close to that of the United States would surpass the United States if it continued to develop at this rate.China is as big as the United States, but its GNP is only 1/12 of that of the United States.At that time, China and Japan were in the "honeymoon period" because China did not pose a threat to Japan.Japan keeps helping us and giving us money. We don’t need to worry about the Japanese yen loan. Up to now, it has only given us 30 billion US dollars. We have more than this money for eating, drinking and traveling with public funds for a year. . By 2000, the gross national product of the United States was 12 trillion U.S. dollars, that of Japan was more than 3 trillion U.S. dollars, and that of China was 1.6 trillion U.S. dollars.The United States has left Japan far behind, but the gap between China and Japan has narrowed.So there are always conflicts between China and Japan, because Japan feels that you pose a threat to it.In Asia, one mountain cannot accommodate two tigers.What did the United States rely on to throw Japan away?These 10 years are called the lost 10 years in Japan's economic history. There are problems in the industrial structure, which are the same as those in the United Kingdom.Japan desperately developed the so-called sunset industries such as steelmaking, shipbuilding, automobiles, and household appliances, industries with no future for development. DVD discs, who wouldn't do it these days?What did you make it for?The development of this industry will definitely affect the growth rate of the economy in the future.Japan thinks it is good to develop this industry and it can be exported.But this thing is not high-tech, sooner or later even penguins will know it, what should you do?The same is true for the United Kingdom. Cotton textiles are lagging behind in Europe. Take India, India lags behind and take Australia. If everyone knows it, what should you do?In contrast, the development of high-tech enterprises is not something that ordinary people can learn, so this is the reason why you are thrown away at once. During this period, the development of France was relatively backward, and there were several reasons: First, land cession and compensation.Cutting Alsace and Lorraine to Germany will cost 5 billion francs.Second, France is dominated by small farmers and small and medium-sized enterprises.Third, the usury capital in France is developed, nicknamed usury imperialism.The common reasons for the slow development of Britain and France are capital export and obsolete equipment.Britain's capital export was invested in the colonies; France was more thorough and directly lent out.It thinks that I lent you three thousand, and you have to pay me back seven thousand in a year, which is easier than robbing.But France forgot, what if I don't pay back the money?If you don’t repay the mortgage of 300,000 to the bank, the bank can force you to hang yourself. What if you owe it 3 billion?You force it to hang itself.I just won't pay it back, just wait until the door closes.France did not understand this truth, and lent money to Russia. It did not expect the outbreak of the October Revolution, let alone Comrade Lenin waved his giant hand and refused to recognize all the foreign debts borrowed by the Tsarist government, more than 100 billion gold francs, okay? , The chicken and the egg are all in vain. A few years ago, a consortium in the United States told the Chinese government that they had found the stocks issued during the New Deal of the Qing Dynasty. They did not know where they found them and asked the Chinese government to cash them out.Are you kidding me?How many times have the dynasties changed? At that time, the Chinese government borrowed money, and you asked the Chinese government to pay it back. Why?The 1.2 billion U.S. dollars we lent to Saddam will never come back, so we have to be generous and treat it as a meeting gift to the new government. Russia's nickname is military feudal imperialism.During this period, it still lagged behind other countries. The revolution broke out in Russia in 1905. This revolution seriously shook the tsarist autocratic rule. It was a general exercise of the October Revolution in 1917. Although Japan developed rapidly during this period, it was still a military-feudal imperialist country.Japan's monopoly consortia are closely integrated with the state power.During the Meiji Restoration period, private enterprises were supported by the state, and many factories were donated. Japan’s four major chaebols: Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Yasuda were all born in this way. Japan was occupied after World War II. General MacArthur carried out democratic reform in Japan. An important measure was to disband the Japanese chaebol and transform it into a modern enterprise.Today's Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsui Corporation are not run by the descendants of Mitsubishi and Mitsui Corporation. If Konosuke Matsushita of Panasonic Corporation passed on to his son, it would become a feudal family business.Now the monopoly consortium is basically a joint-stock system, Bill?Gates holds the most shares in Microsoft Corporation. After his death, all the shares are given to his son. His son still has the most shares, so he can still serve as CEO.But it is selected by the general meeting of shareholders, not passed on.The family business can be passed on directly to the son and then to the grandson. This concept is different.Of course, Bill?Gates is a typical communist fighter. He donated all his money and returned to the society.