Chapter 2 Chapter 2 The Road to Tribute

It was once considered the 57th member of the big family of the Chinese nation. Why is the Ryukyu country so deeply branded by China? It has a close relationship with China. It follows the Chinese calendar and adopts the Chinese year name, so it is a vassal state of China. With loyalty and persistence, it has embarked on a prosperous road of tribute. In the 267th year of the Ming Dynasty, there were 171 tributes to Ryukyu, more than two times in three years, which is a height that is difficult to achieve. Thanks!Our story today starts with a cross talk, but anyone who loves cross talk will know that there used to be a very famous performing artist in China, Liu Baorui, Mr. Liu.He is particularly good at stand-up comics, one of which has something to do with our Shandong.The cross talk is called "Fighting Skills", and it's about the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty. A veteran from the Ryukyu country came to the capital and set up a ring to fight the Chinese, but he was defeated in a daze by Sun Delong, a drunken butcher from Shandong in the market. Therefore, he willingly bowed his head and proclaimed himself a minister. It is still the story of paying tribute every year and coming to court every year.

It is said that the Ryukyu Kingdom pays tribute every year and becomes a vassal every year. This year, an old Taoist is sent here. He can play 36 charades and read more than 70 copies of the "Diamond Sutra".Ask us Chinese to fight, saying that if we win him, they will pay tribute every year and come to court every year, if they can’t win or no one will fight with them, then they have to respect Ryukyu as the upper country, and our Ming Dynasty as a vassal country, and we will respect them. He pays tribute every year and comes to court every year.Now the emperor posted the imperial list to select talented people. If someone can play charades, chant scriptures and fight with old Taoists, if they win, they will pay as much as they want, and how much officials they want.I don't have time to describe the process of fighting in the middle, but you should know that this drunk butcher is an authentic Shandong native, and I can't even understand the authentic Jiaodong dialect he speaks.What are we talking about?I don't know about the old way from the Ryukyu country, but the envoys from the Ryukyu country pay tribute every year and come to the court every year. This thing really happened in history, and it is absolutely not a fiction.I dare not say that I pay tribute every year, and I come to the court every year. Anyway, I come here every now and then. We can all understand the word "tribute", which is nothing more than paying tribute.It's the same as if we hit enough levels, right?

But, it's not the same either.What is our enough level?Those who lose have to pay tribute to those who win, and turn in their good cards. Tribute is not the same.What is the same?Present your own good things, such as gold, silver, and souvenirs.However, this level is enough to pay tribute to me, and I will pay you back.right?This tribute is different, you pay my tribute, and I will give you something better.You give me a B and I have to give you an A.do you know?It is like this to show the majesty of our heavenly kingdom.Otherwise, think about what we told you in the last episode, the earliest "Sea Carriage Driver" in "Wan Guo Jin Liang", what did he sell?right.Therefore, there must be problems, and here we will answer the questions we left at the end of the last lecture.Why does the main hall of the Ryukyu palace face China?Why does this Ryukyu country have such a deep Chinese brand?Why do these "thirty-six surnames of Fujian people" go to Ryukyu?This starts with the tributary system in ancient China.

China's tributary system has a long history. It can be traced back to the Jifu system of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the later canonization system. It has always been an important means for successive dynasties to manage princely states and vassal states. During the Ming Dynasty, China established a maritime tribute trade system covering Southeast Asia with the help of its strong maritime power, and Ryukyu also took this opportunity to become a vassal state of China.So, what is the story behind this process?As suzerain and vassal states, what rights and obligations do China and Ryukyu have?

The tributary system in ancient China first appeared in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.Let's take the Western Zhou Dynasty as an example. It was the Jifu system, a set of strict internal and external services.What are clothes?obey.Taking it internally is taking it internally, and taking it externally is taking it outside.As the saying goes, "Under the whole world, is it the land of the king?" In the Zhou Dynasty, the officials of the dynasty were called internal service, and the princes and local officials were called foreign service. , the relationship with the central government is the tributary relationship.You have to obey the leader, you have to pay tribute, and you have to fight together.When fighting, let the vassal states send out different troops according to their size. This is the earliest tributary system we talked about.The Qin and Han Dynasties were the unified central dynasty. At that time, in the whole of East Asia and South Asia, no one challenged us, so what became of this tributary relationship?canonization relationship.

The canonization relationship, that is, the kings of the princes outside have to be canonized by the emperor of our central government, and you can be canonized as a certain king.For example, Khan Wei (wo) slave king, of course, some people read it as Khan Wei (wei) slave king.For example, King Wu of Nanyue, King Shule and so on.The basis is different. According to the distance, there are tributes, horses and gold and silver treasures, and some simply go to war with them. However, after the "Eight Kings Rebellion", the Central Plains dynasty declined.This canonization was changed to the detention policy.This confinement is not the same as the canonization. The canonization is what I said above, conferring you a king, and then you pay me tribute and it's over.What is this detainment policy?Not only can you be made king, but also what kind of official you can be. For example, Emperor Song Shun of the Southern Dynasty once made the king of Baekje the general of Zhendong. The king is the king, and the general is the general. .In the Tang Dynasty, it went a step further, and set up Jimi prefectures and counties under the system of others to reflect the integration of Huayi.After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that Annan, Champa, Goryeo, Siam, Ryukyu, India, Sumatra, Java, Panheng, Baihua, Sanfuqi, Boni, and other Southeast Asian and Western countries are collectively referred to as "unknown countries". Kingdom of Levy".These fourteen or five countries are today's Southeast Asian and South Asian countries, including Ryukyu.It can be seen from this that it was at this time that Ryukyu established an official vassal relationship with mainland China.The emperor of the Ming Dynasty sent an envoy named Yang Zai to Ryukyu with an edict. This edict is very long. The front must be to promote himself, the beggar commoner, and how he became the emperor of a country from the beginning of begging. Let’s recount the whole thing, saying After telling about his heroic deeds, he went on to say that I am supported by all people. After I became emperor, I have already announced it to various distant vassal countries, and they have already agreed. You are too far away from Ryukyu, and I forgot to tell you. Now the special envoy Yang Zai tells you to know.Remember?

The original text of the edict is as follows: In the old days when emperors ruled the world, wherever the sun and the moon came, no one was far or far away, and they were treated equally.Therefore, China's peace and security, and the four barbarians' success, are not intended to be surrendered.Since the Yuan government was not governed, the world has been fighting for soldiers for seventeen years.I set up commoner clothes, opened the base on the left side of the river, and marched soldiers in all directions. In the west, Chen Youliang, the ruler of Han Dynasty, bound Zhang Shicheng, the king of Wu in the east.I am supported by my subjects, and when I ascend the throne, I will have the title of Ming Dynasty in the world, and the establishment of Yuan Hongwu.It is used to send envoys to foreign barbarians to announce my intentions. Wherever the envoys arrive, the barbarian chiefs will pay tribute.Weier Ryukyu is located in the southeast of China, far away from overseas, but it has not been reported in time.Here is a special envoy to send an envoy, and you will know it.

Although this imperial edict also has a taste of self-containedness, it must be "Follow the sky, the emperor's edict" at the beginning, which is indispensable, but overall, it can be seen that it is very equal, without any sense of threat or intimidation.It seems that the Ming Dynasty did not do anything to these countries.As a country that is too far away, you still know that there are other things in Huayi, right?At that time there were three kings in Ryukyu, right?three countries.Ryukyu Zhongshan King Chadu took the lead in leading the edict, and sent his younger brother Taiqi and Yang Zai back to China to proclaim his ministers.In the second year, Shannan Wang Chengchadu and Shanbei Wang Panizhi also came to China to pay tribute to them.Here we are going to talk about playing enough level.People have paid us tribute, and we have to pay back the tribute.What did you pay?Let's take a look.Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, gave several gifts to King Chengchadu:

"Da Tong Li" and gold weaving wenqi gauze each have five bolts, and there is a difference in the clothes and coins given to Thailand. One is Datongli, and the second is five pieces of gold weaving wenqi gauze.The silk gauze inlaid with gold thread is a kind of silk, and there are five pieces of each of the three types. They were also given to the king's younger brother, Thai period clothes and coins, as well as some clothes and cloth, which were all valuable things at that time.What is the most valuable of these valuables?The most valuable is of course the Datong Calendar.This Datong calendar is an official calendar repaired by Liu Bowen in the early Ming Dynasty on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty's Shoushi calendar, that is, Guo Shoujing's Shoushi calendar.Whenever the emperor of the Ming Dynasty gave you the calendar, once you accept it, it proves that you follow the Chinese calendar and adopt the Chinese year name, then you are a vassal state of China.Datongli, you can’t call it Datongli when you get it in your hand, what is it called?The calendar given to you by the emperor is called the imperial calendar.You have taken the imperial calendar, so in the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang felt that there were too few rewards for others, so that’s all, let’s reward some more, and gave Zhongshan King Chadu a gold-plated silver seal, seventy-two coins, and Shannan Wang Chengcha paid seventy-two pieces of silk, and after a few years, he replenished the camel buttons of the two kings in the south and the north of the mountain with gold-plated silver seals.

One gold-plated silver seal and seventy-two pieces of silk were given to Chadu, king of Zhongshan.He also gave Shannan Wang Chengchadu coins and silk seventy-two pieces. Supplies one gold-plated and silver seal on camel buttons of the two kings in the south and north of the mountain. This gold-plated silver seal is very precious, why?The seal is a symbol of status. Those who have watched the TV series "Iron Teeth Bronze Teeth Ji Xiaolan" know that Ji Xiaolan stole He Shen's seal, what happened?Only recognize seals but not people.Therefore, with this seal, the king of the Ryukyu Kingdom stamped it again to make this.What does this seal represent?Represents the imperial decree of the Ming emperor.

At that time, Ryukyu was divided into three, so the three kings of the three countries had their own seals, but the three countries also fought, and they always wanted to destroy this one, and that one would destroy this one.After Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang found out, he sent a letter to someone, telling them what you were doing.Did I not give you three people a seal?stop fighting. The envoy returned from the sea, saying that the three kings of Ryukyu fought against each other, abandoned agriculture, and disabled people.I can't bear to feel sorry for you. As a result, guess what, the three kings were really scared when they saw the letter from the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Complete unity.Since then, this Zhongshan country not only used the seal given to him by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, but also wrote Chinese characters, and even the writing format was exactly the same as that of the Central Plains.Let's take the Qing Dynasty as an example. During the Qing Dynasty, the Ryukyu Kingdom gave China a memorial. There was a big word "Zou" on the top of the cover, and the official document was below. The opening words of the official document were: The official of Zhongshan King of the Ryukyu Kingdom sincerely rejoiced, and Jishou nodded his head. How do you write the word "Chen"?The same as the writing method of Chinese officials, the font should be one size smaller than other characters. Don’t scare the emperor. If it is one size smaller and written to the right, then there are many rules below, and there are two more things to pay attention to in writing.The first is the head-up system.What should I do if there are words related to the emperor such as "emperor, Shangyu, decree, imperial"?Be sure to lift two frames to write and top two frames to write.When encountering "heaven and earth, ancestral temples, mountain mausoleums, temple names, and those who list sacred decrees, write them in one frame."What is the second?I have to avoid it.For example, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty was called Aixinjueluo Xuanye. When you want to write "Xuan" in the future, you have to write "Yuan" and "Ye" as "Yu". If your original name is Xuanye, now you It has to be called "Yuan Yu".The same goes for the ending, so what should I write?Ministers and others have no duty to look up to the sky and look up to the dragon, and ministers have no duty to look up to the sky and worship the holy.This is how the article is written. The Qing court regarded whether the writing format of official documents conformed to the norms as a major matter related to the dignity of the court.The Ming and Qing dynasties were very satisfied with the fact that Ryukyu wrote official documents in accordance with Chinese regulations. "A confidant in the sea is like a neighbor at the end of the world", the vastness of the sky and the sea keeps Ryukyu's admiration for the Chinese state of etiquette.Therefore, there was an endless stream of tribute envoys sent by Ryukyu to China in the Ming and Qing dynasties.What kind of diplomatic etiquette should they follow when they come to China?What are the important meanings behind these seemingly cumbersome etiquette details? Of course, China is a country of civilization and etiquette, and the kingdom of heaven.Everyone has rules, so we have to return the gift, right?In the process of returning the gift this time, the demeanor of a great country must also be reflected, right?Then let's inquire now, the Ryukyu tribute etiquette, if we want to go to China, we have to go through several steps of care, the first step is to arrange the accommodation, then the banquet, and then the tribute form, but it must be carried out according to certain etiquette, and we have to participate Holiday greetings, etc.When I go back, I have to go to the Meridian Gate to receive the reward. Wherever we go on a business trip now, the first thing we need to do is to find a hotel to stay in, and there must be a venue for meetings and presentations.When the Ming and Qing dynasties saw the Ryukyu envoy coming, they quickly arranged to live there. Where should they live?We will be in the same hall.The Huitong Pavilion is where many translators live. When Ryukyu tribute envoys come, they must have an interpreter, understand various languages, and live in a five-star hotel. This five-star hotel is the Huitong Pavilion.At present, the best-preserved building is the Huitong Pavilion on Nanheng Street outside Xuanwumen, Beijing. Up to now, there are still several buildings including the main hall, the back hall, and the west courtyard, and more than 30 large and small houses.Among them, the main hall is the three main halls, and it can be seen that the specifications are very high. There are rules for this banquet.In the fourth year of Yongzheng, that is, in 1726, it was agreed that Ryukyu tribute envoys would come to China. The Ryukyu tribute envoy stayed in Buyan twice and returned to Fujian Yan once. There are two banquets in this one, one in Fujian, and three official treats in total, among which the Ministry of Rites will treat guests in the Huitong Hall twice: one is the dismounting banquet, which is the cleansing banquet after arriving in China; one is when returning home , called the horse banquet, also called the farewell banquet, the food is very good.Zheng Zhangguan, a Ryukyu native, has a "Ryukee Tanji". When it comes to the banquet that he can't remember, there is only one word-"super delicious".Not only to eat, but also to pack after eating.The packaging at that time was different from the packaging now. What kind of packaging do we pack now?We are now collecting the leftovers from the dishes and bowls into a simple lunch box.China's treatment of Ryukyu is not so packed.What does packing mean?Take away everything on the table, pots, pans and spoons, as long as they are placed on the table for you to eat, this thing is yours, understand?Have you seen it?Grandma Liu entered the Grand View Garden and went to Miaoyu's place by mistake. Miaoyu gave Jia Baoyu the cup, the wine cup for drinking, and the tea cup for drinking tea.This is our Chinese rule for Ryukyu. If you use it, don’t return it to me, just take it away.do you understand? This banquet is a normal banquet, besides the banquet, there are other things.What do you do when you go to China to catch up with the emperor and want to celebrate the festival for you?Such as New Year's Day, Winter Solstice, Emperor's Birthday and Longevity Festival.Catch up with these big festivals, what should we do?You catch up, pay tribute every year, and come to court every year.When will it come?We have to catch up for a few days, you know?The emperor also had to treat guests to dinner.The emperor treats guests to dinner in the Hall of Supreme Harmony.The drums and music are playing together, eating and drinking, enjoying music and dancing while eating.After eating and drinking enough, it's time to submit a tribute to the Ministry of Rites. Submit the tribute form. When you go to China as an envoy, you can't just eat and drink, but also have to do business.Then attend the performance of Honglu Temple. What is Honglu Temple for?When foreigners come to China, how can they meet the emperor?Kneeling three times and knocking nine times, I have to teach you, right?This Honglu Temple is the etiquette training class.Are you a minister?What level of subject are you?You have to have an official position, you know?Putting on the Chinese court clothes, and flicking the dust, this can't startle Sheng Jia, we have to learn everything.What should I do after I finish studying?If you study well, I will reward you. Today I will reward you to go to the Summer Palace, and tomorrow I will reward him to go to the Old Summer Palace to see and have fun.Sightseeing with you, you know?Where is the emperor going to play? The four ministers of Honglu looked at it and told the emperor that this Ryukyu king is learning fast and well. Once the emperor says it, he will play with me for a while. Go, think about how good it is. The fifth step, New Year's Day, the Hall of Supreme Harmony congratulations. When the tribute envoys arrive in Beijing,...the celebrations of the Longevity Festival, New Year's Day, the Winter Solstice, and the day when the emperor ascends to the palace, the host and guest ministers and the ambassadors of the palace will lead the tribute envoys to wait in the court room in front of the Meridian Gate, and introduce Zhen Dumen, the Emperor's Imperial Palace of Supreme Harmony, after the salutes of all the officials, the preface class leads the tribute envoys, and at the end of the west class of Danchi from the officials, they kneel down three times and kowtow nine times to listen to praise. Here we have to note that in the past "New Year's Day" was not today's New Year's Day, but today's Spring Festival.According to the "Manuscripts of Qing History", in the eighth year of Shunzhi (1646), New Year's Day, Winter Solstice, and Longevity Festival were designated as the three major festivals. At that time, the ceremony of congratulations by the emperor and ministers was held, and foreign envoys who came to Beijing also participated.The three major festivals of the Spring Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Longevity Festival, what must foreigners do?If the monarchs of these vassal states want to come to China, they must come in time for these three major festivals, and they must come before the 20th of the twelfth lunar month.You'll miss New Year's Day if you're late, right?No matter how late you come, you will not be able to catch up with the winter solstice, so you must be in China during these major festivals.Tell me how many months you have to eat and live in this round trip, and how many plates you have to eat, I don’t know. The sixth step is to receive the reward at the Meridian Gate.What you can't take back is the plate and bowl you ate.Good guy, a guest came to China and brought back a bunch of bowls.The imperial court also lost face, so they had to send something else, some gold and silver treasures.You have to have everything.That ceremony, it was written in the history books that their ceremony was very lively. On the day of the Shuo reward, Yu set up a case on the left side of the road outside the Meridian Gate, and Chen gave things to the case.The ministers’ court clothes, the tribute envoys and the servants each wear their own country’s court clothes...Sing praises to the whole class, the preface class leads the tribute envoys to Xidanchi, and stands in order, facing north and east, praising, praising and kowtowing, kneeling three times Nine knocks.The host, the guest, and the officials presented gifts to the king. Mou Tong gave the tribute to the envoy on his knees and accepted it, and passed it on to the servant.Everyone kneels down to accept, praises and kowtows, repeats three kneelings and nine kowtows, Xing, retreats, officials and ministers lead tribute envoys, officials, and servants all come out. Of course, some people in the Ryukyu Kingdom are still not satisfied with the rewards like this, and they even go to private stalls such as Panjiayuan to buy some more porcelain to take away.You have to bring as much tribute as I reward you.You can't buy things privately and don't let you spend money to buy things.As a result, it was checked by us once.No, our emperor didn't reward you so much, why are you so much? !Finally reported to the emperor, the emperor said forget it, their country is also small, why not just buy something, let him take it away, tell him not to set an example.Look at how big China is, you can see, the Ryukyu king came to Beijing and received a very high standard of reception, delicious food and drink, even took away.How many things are there?Too much. As the saying goes: "If you can't do it, you can do it, and you are a man in the world." In the process of state-to-state exchanges, the envoys of both sides are undoubtedly the most important group.The distance from Beijing to Ryukyu is more than 5,000 miles, and there are also land and sea trips. In the case of underdeveloped transportation in ancient times, the difficulty can be imagined.However, the friendly relationship between the Ming and Qing dynasties and Ryukyu lasted for nearly five hundred years. Then, how did the envoys of the two sides overcome many difficulties to keep this tribute road smooth? 1. Wang Ji's mission to Ryukyu Do you think they left after eating and drinking well?No, there is still something to do.In the 19th year of Kangxi, that is, in September 1680, Mao Jianlong, the eyes and ears official of the Ryukyu School, and Liang Banghan, a doctor of Zhengyi, led a mission to pay tribute to the Qing court. On behalf of all the Ryukyu people, request the canonization by Emperor Kangxi.What's going on here?It turns out that the vassal relationship between China and Ryukyu has regulations: When the king of the Ryukyu Kingdom succeeds to the throne, he first asks for the order of the court, and the chief and deputy envoys are ordered to be sealed by imperial edicts, and they are given gold-plated silver seals on camel buttons, and they are called kings.Before it was sealed, he was called the son of the world, and he had the right to state affairs. According to Chinese rules, after the death of the king of all vassal states, the prince of the king and the person who intends to succeed him are called the prince.This son has to be filial, also called Ding You.It is false to say three years of filial piety, but at least two years and one quarter of filial piety must be observed. After these two years and one quarter of filial piety, I will write a letter to the emperor of China and tell China that the emperor and our family are unfortunate. Dead, there is no king in our country, you can name a person, the best bracket is me, be the king of our country.In this way, after the emperor of China approves it, it will be considered legal.This time Ryukyu's request for canonization originated from this. The Ryukyu king Shangzhi passed away in the seventh year of Kangxi, that is, in 1668, and his son Shangzhen managed state affairs.He was in Kangxi for eight years, and one year passed. According to this regulation, he sent Lin Maosheng, a righteous doctor, and others to China to report the funeral.What is the situation in China at this time?Kangxi was only 16 years old. In this year, he eradicated Obai and took over the government.In the 19th year of Kangxi, the Ryukyu mission we mentioned above happened to ask for a seal.At this time, it happened that Kangxi was preparing to attack the Zheng family in Taiwan. Recovering Taiwan was a major event for Kangxi, and he was very busy.In response to the Ryukyu request for seal, the Ministry of Rites discussed and said: Shangzhen of the Ryukyu Kingdom followed the decree of the king, and the old king Shangzhi gave a sympathetic sacrificial letter, ordering the envoys to come back. Kangxi also agreed, saying: Shangzhen, the eldest son of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and his son have done their best, and their loyalty is commendable.According to the proposal, the reward is still the same as before. Kangxi said that Liuqiu Shangzhen's father and son are loyal and righteous. In addition to canonization, we also reward according to the original regulations.When the Ryukyu mission heard this, they asked us to bring back the canonization book and sacrificial oration. We disagreed, and we had to ask you to send a special canonization envoy to our Ryukyu for the canonization, so that it would be official.No matter what you say or say, you can’t say anything. If you insist on asking Kangxi to send someone to Ryukyu, Kangxi has no choice but to say: Yi waited for the sincerity and earnestly asked to send an envoy to be canonized, and the special officer should go there, and then discuss the instrument with the ministry. Ouch, you see they are so sincere to let us send someone, they are so loyal, so touching, why don't you guys discuss and discuss with the Ministry of Rites and come up with a plan.In this way, the Ministry of Rites decided to send people to Ryukyu to confer the title of emperor in accordance with Emperor Kangxi's instructions.In addition, they have to give them consolation money.Isn't the king of the family dead?You have to say, send them money.It was decided like this, Kangxi said yes.The next step is to select people, who to send?In the Ming Dynasty, most of the court candidates were selected from pedestrians and gifts.Pedestrians were an official position in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a Pedestrian Department, with 37 pedestrians, and they were eight-rank official positions.Pedestrians' responsibilities are divided into two parts, internal and external. Internally, it is to promulgate edicts, that is, to issue orders from the emperor; to recruit talents, it is to manage recruitment, reward officials, escort ministers, etc.; , hanging offerings, rewards and so on.The tasks in giving things are to attend, remonstrate, mend, collect, and review.There is also the duty of supervision, supervising the various departments of the six ministries, impeaching hundreds of officials, complementing each other with the censor, and also serving as the task of recruitment. At first, it was the fifth rank, and later it was changed to the seventh rank, the eighth rank, etc.Although this pedestrian and Shizhong are not of high rank, they are all powerful people.The Ming Dynasty canonized Ryukyu and generally selected from these people, but it was not very strict, and there were many people who used connections and asked the back door.As we said earlier, didn't someone entrust Zheng He with his relationship?But when it came to Kangxi, the selection was strict. Kangxi attached great importance to this candidate. First, the Ministry of Rites recommended 82 candidates from the cabinet, Imperial Academy, Ministry of Rites, Six Divisions, and the Department of Pedestrians. After the meeting, Wang Ji, a reviewer of the Imperial Academy, was selected as the envoy, and Lin Linyu, a scholar in the cabinet, was selected as the deputy envoy.The Ministry of Rites selected these two people, but they still had to be approved by the leaders, and the list was presented to Kangxi. Kangxi asked the cabinet scholars, how are these two people?They all said that "the literature is quite good" and "the people are also very good", that is, they are very talented and have good personalities. Kangxi was quite satisfied, so he decided to send the two of them.According to the usual practice, after the canonization of the mission was confirmed, before leaving, they had to meet with the emperor to ask the leader if he had any special instructions, and he could raise any requests he had.This Wang Ji made seven requests to Kangxi and neglected seven things: 1. Please award the imperial pen; 1. Please give sacrifices to the sea god as usual; 1. During the time of crossing the sea, you don’t have to wait for the tribute envoy; 1. Please take the ship repair officer to cross the sea together; 1. Please pay the salary in advance. It is to ask Kangxi to write a letter, and then write a sacrificial article to worship the god of the sea, and then ask to bring some ship repair craftsmen, so that the ship at sea is broken enough to be repaired, and Kangxi is also asked to send some soldiers to protect it, and send more. money and so on.Of these seven things, Kangxi satisfied him with four, and more than half of them, he could bring the craftsmen who repaired the ship with him, and gave them two years' salary in advance, and wrote a sacrificial oration to worship the sea god, and inscribed it.The four characters "Zhongshan Shitu" that have been hanging directly above the throne of the Ryukyu king were inscribed by Kangxi.Kangxi also specifically asked Wang Ji and others to "be general and be lenient", that is, to treat them well.Wang Ji and his party took orders and began to prepare for departure.First write a letter to tell the Ryukyu country, tell them the itinerary, and let the other party do the reception work, and then choose the means of transportation. At that time, there were no planes, so it was okay on land. The key is at sea. You must have a good ship, especially to go to Ryukyu. This section of the voyage is particularly difficult and dangerous, and a strong and beautiful ship is the key.According to the usual practice, envoys have to personally supervise such an important matter, "in the old system, envoys must personally supervise shipbuilding." This would take time, manpower, material resources, and financial resources. Let the envoys of Ryukyu bring the imperial edict back to Ryukyu by themselves.Why?Because Taiwan is about to be attacked, it is very busy, which is a disadvantageous factor for canonization.Wang Ji thought that we might as well go directly to Ryukyu on a warship, which is strong and magnificent, and saves time and effort. .In this way, they set off directly on the warship, and this time also set a precedent for the canonized mission to use warships or merchant ships to go to Ryukyu.In the past, a special canonized ship had to be built. This time, Wang Ji was good at observing the situation and turned unfavorable factors into favorable factors.In this way, in the 22nd year of Kangxi, that is, on June 16, 1683, they embarked on a boat from Nantai, Fujian, and arrived at Yishanyuan on the 19th. On the 23rd day, I went out of Wuhumen and passed Dongsha Mountain....Taking the sea route as an example, on the 24th day, I passed Xiaoliuqiu, Huapingyu, Jilong, and Danshui Mountains, but at the time of day, I passed Pengjia Mountain.In the unitary moment, Diaoyu Island has been passed, and I don't know when the mountains will fly over.On the 25th, Huangwei Islet should be seen, but for some reason they crossed Chiyu Islet.On the twenty-sixth day, I was supposed to see Gumi Mountain, but I didn't know why I arrived at Matou Mountain. As we mentioned earlier, Shen Fu’s "Haiguoji" also has such a similar record. On the 24th, I passed the Diaoyu Islands, on the 26th I saw Gumi Mountain, and then went to Matou Mountain. At this time, I arrived in the territory of Ryukyu.The Ryukyu envoys who were on the boat together were worried whether their home was ready to receive them. The canonized envoy was almost at the door of the house, and worried that it would be too late to welcome them, so they told Wang Ji to stop first, let them report to the king first, and let the king get ready Then he landed again, so Wang Ji ordered the sail to be lowered and stopped first, but the sail failed for some reason, it couldn't be lowered, and the sailors lowered the anchor again, but the anchor didn't work, and the ship It just couldn't stop, and the kung fu boat arrived at Naha Port in Ryukyu in the blink of an eye, and arrived in front of the "Yingen Pavilion".This time it went smoothly and quickly, and it was the canonization that took the least amount of time.At this time, the welcome team was mighty, and the king and queen were all present. This ceremony and that ceremony were very grand.After eating well and living well, you have to do business. There are two things to do: first, you have to pay homage to the old king. Isn’t the king of Ryukyu passed away? On August 6th, Wang Ji read out the sacrificial oration written by Emperor Kangxi in honor of King Shangzhi. Ten, also reiterated the position of the Qing court: Anyone who honors the duties of the vassal state and has been loyal for many generations will be born with the honor of Jiaxi's life and the ceremony of death and sympathy. After the sacrifice ceremony is over, an auspicious day is selected, and then the canonization ceremony is held.In the canonized imperial edict, the Qing court affirmed that "Shangzhen, the son of King Zhongshan, came to the court many times and made unremitting contributions....Be faithful to the courtiers, be respectful and obedient, and be loyal."The general idea is that Shang Zhen has done a good job in paying tribute, and she is also very loyal. She has fulfilled her responsibilities as a courtier, so she sent a canonized envoy to reward you, and also issued a special reward order to give this King Shang Zhen python satin, brocade, etc. Thirty coins for the coin, twenty for the concubine.At this point, the two major things have been done, and then you can go around and play at will.Wang Ji and Lin Linxuan just wandered around Ryukyu and wrote inscriptions. They didn’t write something like "who came here for a visit". Wang Ji inscribed the three characters "Fumingtang" for the Ryukyu Angel Pavilion. He also wrote "The Story of the New Most Holy Temple in the Ryukyu Kingdom" for the Confucian Temple in Ryukyu, which promoted the spread of Confucianism in Ryukyu.In addition, because the two of them are literati, it is indispensable to recite poems and compose Fu. Seeing the beautiful scenery of Ryukyu, they sang with local literati in Ryukyu and left behind many poems, which also led to Ryukyu's poems with great Chinese characteristics. I'll talk about it later.Wang Ji and the others have been shopping for a long time, and have a good understanding of Ryukyu's products, landforms, and culture.They are not wandering around, this is also a task.According to the usual practice, the canonization envoy had to write a report on the experience of the mission to Ryukyu after returning to China, which was to be handed over to the emperor for reading, and then sent to the archives for archiving. 2. Iron proof of the ownership of the Diaoyu Islands——, Miscellaneous Records of Shiliuqiu The earliest surviving report on Ryukyu was written in the thirteenth year of Ming Jiajing, that is, in 1534.At that time, there was a canonized envoy named Chen Kan who wrote the first "Envoy to Ryukyu Records" after returning to China. Thanks to this report written by him, otherwise we would not have so many materials now.After Wang Ji returned to China, he also wrote a book called "Miscellaneous Records of Envoys to Ryukyu", recording everything he saw and heard in Ryukyu.This book has five parts, "Envoys", "Territory", "Vulgarity", "Products" and "Miraculous".Volume 1 "Envoys" mainly records the obituary application for the Ryukyu Kingdom, the selection of the envoy, the preparation of the boat, the ritual note, and the canonization note, etc., which are some preparatory work before he went to Ryukyu, such as how I was The choice, how the emperor explained, what kind of etiquette should be exercised, etc.; Volume 2 "Territory" involves the mountains, rivers, geography, etc. of Ryukyu, and also records the detailed route to Ryukyu. There is a story below. It will be introduced in detail; "Shangshang" records the clothing customs, culture and art of Ryukyu; "Products" records the products of Ryukyu;One of the passages records the sacrificial ceremony: On the twenty-fifth day, when I saw the mountain, I should first see Huangwei and then Chiyu.At dusk, when you cross the suburbs, or make a ditch, the wind and waves are strong.Reincarnate one pig and one sheep each, throw five buckets of rice porridge, burn paper boats, beat drums and beat gongs.Ask: "What is the meaning of the suburbs?" Said: "The boundary between China and foreign countries." "How to distinguish the boundary?" What does that mean?That is, when Wang Ji's canonized fleet passed the "suburb" or "ditch", the wind and waves blew up, and the fleet dropped a live pig and a live sheep into the sea, and then poured five buckets of rice porridge and burned them. After the paper boat is finished, the drums and gongs are beaten, and all the personnel take out their weapons and prepare for battle as if they are facing an enemy, so that it will take a long time to stop.The "suburb" or "ditch" inside, also known as "black ditch" or "black water ditch", is what we call the Ryukyu Trench today. The sacrificial ceremony described by Wang Ji was held here in the Ryukyu Trench. Geographically, In other words, the Ryukyu Trench completely separates the Ryukyu Islands from China's continental shelf. Diaoyu Island, Huangwei Islet, Chiwei Islet and Taiwan Island are located on China's continental shelf with a water depth of less than 200 meters.The Ryukyu Trench is a place where shipwrecks frequently occur, and it is also the "border between China and foreign countries". From this record, it can be seen that at least in the early Qing Dynasty, China had used the Ryukyu Trench as the dividing line between China and foreign countries (Ryukyu). Wang Ji's record is Diaoyu Island One of the strong evidences of belonging to our territory. In addition, we have recently discovered a book that proves even more convincingly that the Diaoyu Islands have belonged to China since ancient times. In Chinese history, there is a famous piece of beautiful jade called Heshibi, which is regarded as a priceless "treasure shared by the world". For more than two thousand years, the legend about it has been constantly chanted by literati in poetry and prose.Today, there is an object called "contemporary Heshibi", and it is very closely related to the relationship between China and Ryukyu and the history of the Diaoyu Islands. So what is it?Where is its value? If you have never heard of it, I have to recommend it. Mr. Feng Qiyong, a famous red scholar, said: "It is another great work after that..." Just as Mr. Yu Guoji, a Taiwanese scholar in my country, said: "Purely based on my personal reading experience, I think that Chinese traditional In literature, there are only two works with love as the main theme, one is by Cao Xueqin, and the other is by Shen Sanbai." Who is Shen Sanbai?Can he be on an equal footing with Cao Xueqin? ! Shen Sanbai is Shen Fu, Sanbai is his character, a famous writer in Qing Dynasty, he is the author and the protagonist of the novel.It is his autobiographical prose novel, just as it describes the poignant and touching love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu, it also records the deep love between Shen Fu and his wife Chen Yun.令无数人心驰神往，连林语堂老先生都这样感叹：“芸，我想，是中国文学中最可爱的女人！”同中宝黛一样，沈复夫妇也是不容于家族，历经坎坷，最终阴阳两隔。历史还有更惊人的相似，后四十回文稿丢失，也是六卷仅存四卷，真是令人扼腕痛惜。但天无绝人之路，就在2005年，一个重大的发现震惊了海内外，山西收藏家彭令宣称：他在清代书法家钱泳的手稿《记事珠》中发现了第五卷初稿《海国记》的部分佚文！并于2008年6月在香港《文汇报》发表了《沈复〈浮生六记〉卷五佚文的发现及初步研究》。 2010年4月22日，国家版权局认定彭令提交的文字作品名副其实，对该作品的著作权予以登记。 2010年4月，人民文学出版社出版的新增补本，就收录了这一研究成果。 2010年10月25日，《光明日报》刊登中央文史研究馆馆员、清华大学中国古典文献研究中心主任、博士生导师傅璇宗教授的文章称，卷五《海国记》的发现，是文学史、史料学上的重大成果，类似我们的敦煌学，更进一步称为当代和氏璧，亦应该不为过。 话说到这里，有人就会觉得，这卷五有什么内容？我要说，那太重要了，重要到我们研究琉球王国的历史都得看卷五。信不信？我来念一段，这一段说：“每日乘潮行一二十里。至十一日，始出五虎门，向东一望，苍茫无际，海水作葱绿色，渐远渐蓝。十一日（按：应为十二日），过淡水。十三日辰刻，见钓鱼台，形如笔架。遥祭黑水沟，遂叩祷于天后。忽见白燕大如鸥，绕樯而飞，是日即转风。十四日早，隐隐见姑米山，入琉球界矣。十五日午刻，遥见远山一带，如虬形，古名流虬，以形似也。”你看人家这段写的，翻译成现代汉语就很明白了。他说的是，11日到了五虎门，12日过了淡水，13日就到了钓鱼台，我们现在称为“钓鱼岛”的地方，祭祀了天后、妈祖，过了黑水沟也就是中琉海沟；14日到了姑米山，看到姑米山这才看到琉球国界。要知道黑水沟就是中琉海沟，是中琉两国的海上分界线。琉球国的最西南部领土是哪里呢？姑米山，也就是冲绳久米岛。沈复的记载，比日本人古贺辰四郎对钓鱼岛的记载早76年。 3.周煌《琉球国志略》 除了汪楫的那本《使琉球杂录》，再给大家介绍一本，一个叫周煌的还写了一本《琉球国志略》。他也是出使琉球的一个册封使，回来写了这本书，其中有很多资料与汪楫的那本可以互相印证、互相补充来看。当然，这本书成书比汪楫的晚，在乾隆二十一年，也就是1756年，琉球的国王去世了，乾隆皇帝就派一个叫全魁的为正使、周煌为副使去琉球册封，那时候琉球即将登位的叫尚穆。周煌等人也和以前一样，觐见皇帝领取指示，提提要求，再选好船只，于1756年的六月初二这天从福建起航，一路去了琉球，一直到次年的二月二十六日才回到北京。他的这次任务也和汪楫差不多，在《清史稿·列传·周煌》中就记载了他这次出使： 二十年，命偕侍讲全魁册封琉球国王尚穆。寻迁右中允，再迁侍讲。二十二年，使还，奏上《琉球国志略》，命以武英殿聚珍板印行。 我们这里主要讲讲他写的这本《琉球国志略》，希望对琉球有个更好的了解。这本书共十六卷： 其卷首于凡例、书目、图绘外，首列御书、诏敕、谕祭文；次则星野、国统、封贡、舆地、山川、府署、祠庙、胜迹、爵秩、赋役、典礼、兵刑、人物、物产、艺文、志余，为目十有六——而各目中有须条析者，列小目附之，分为十六卷。 这本书记载的内容非常丰富，卷一“星野”介绍琉球的地理、方位、面积以及由福建到琉球的航程情况。卷二“国统”介绍琉球与清王朝的关系实为藩属关系，琉球的历史及与明清王朝历代以来的交往历史，并说明尚氏在琉球的继位传国情况。卷三“封贡”另附招抚恩赐入监诸事，非常详细地记载了明清王朝和琉球的封贡情况。卷四（上）“舆地”附建置疆城形胜城池炮台，卷四（下）“风俗”附形质气候习尚仪节节令服饰舍宇等。卷五“山川”介绍国中岛山海潮风信针路附水泉桥梁。卷六“府署”介绍王府世子府附使馆学校。卷七“祠庙”附寺院。卷八“胜迹”介绍其风景名胜。卷九“爵秩”介绍其官职等情况。卷十“赋役”介绍赋税情况并附钱法。卷十一“典礼”介绍礼制礼节情况。卷十二“兵刑”介绍其兵制律法情况并发表自己的见解。卷十三“人物”介绍对国家有重大影响的如贤王、忠节、忠义、孝义、列女、文苑、方外各种人物。卷十四“物产”介绍谷货、蔬果、草木禽兽、鳞、介虫等。卷十五“艺文”介绍其图籍。卷十六“志余”附有前使的各种文字材料，如“使琉球录序”，各次使节的游记、诗词和书序等。《琉球国志略》基本上包罗了琉球国各个方面的内容，是周煌在琉球的所见所闻，并依前使及各家著录情况写成，正如周煌自己所言：“伏念臣自奉使之初，亲承圣训，以前此使臣类有纪录，意存润饰，传闻异辞；兹当就耳目所及，加以订正，务求徵信，无事铺张！……遵即于往返途次及使馆余间，随时采辑，略具草稿；续自回京数月以来，分门比类，以次造竣。” 周煌说我承蒙皇帝的信任和教诲，出使琉球，将自己的所见所闻记录下来，并且是实事求是地记录，没有夸张不实的地方，再参考以前使臣的一些记录，作了些整理，写成的这本书也得到了历史的认可。“是书广征乾隆以前诸录，旁及百家记载，取材详博，考证有据。”所以，这本书的内容是非常可靠的，它有两大特点，也可以说有两大贡献：第一，就是对琉球的官制、赋税、兵制、法律、物产、社会观念等方面作了非常详细的记载。我们就说说琉球的刑法，这本书写了： 其国刑法，有死刑三：一凌迟、一斩首、一枪刺（用木椿作十字架，捆手足，以枪刺其心令死，即枭于其处，椿倒乃止）；轻刑五：一流（流有三等：有配定流置某岛安置，不准放还；有为恶不悛，族人共禀法司请加流罪者，则限以年数，配遣所流之岛。头目等申其改过，许遣还。否则，至期复流远岛，仍前法申遣。再不悛，颠转流于三十六岛外之别岛矣。有犯罪重者，则缚其手足，以独木小舟配遣西马齿山，颠转递至外岛，然多有漂没者）、一曝日、一夹、一枷（有轻重二等：轻者数十斤、重者数百斤）、一笞（窃盗最严，初犯，笞若干、夹一次，曝日一次；再犯、三犯以次递加，亦有时竟立斩者、立配流外岛者）。 他们的刑法很多，轻的、重的都有，轻点就流放，他们不是“三省并三十六岛”嘛，选个远点的荒凉的岛给他发配到那边去，越重的发配的越远，再重的就把他的手脚绑起来，给他一个独木小舟，发到三十六岛之外，海上那么大风浪，一个小舟还指不定飘哪去呢，一般也就回不去了；另外还有拿鞭子抽，拿夹棍夹的；再犯大罪的就判死刑了。这死法也不一样，凌迟、斩首，还有一种枪刺，可不是枪毙啊，比枪毙残酷，枪毙一枪就完事了，枪刺不一样，这枪是长矛，先用两块木头做个十字架，把犯人绑在上面，拿着矛刺犯人的心脏，很残酷，不详细讲了。琉球的律法也非常严格。看来，在任何情况下还是要遵纪守法的。周煌这本书就记载了这些刑法什么的，记得很详细，他也可能亲眼见过。 这本书有一个更重要的贡献，就是这本书上有个附录，附的是什么呢？《使琉针路图》，也就是线路图。他画的这个线路图非常准确，汇总前人航海的经验，对从福建到琉球的路线以及从琉球回福建的路线都标的非常清楚。我们可不要误以为是原路返回，在陆地上是，在海上可不是。我们都学过地理，知道洋流方面的知识，什么太平洋暖流、什么千岛寒流，这都不一样的，要是一不小心走错了，还指不定漂到哪儿去了。前面讲的汪楫去琉球的时候挺快挺顺的，可回来的时候就不一样了。如果遇到了飓风，那就是九死一生。 飓风三昼夜，舟上下倾仄，水满舱中；合舟能起者仅十六人，厨灶漂没，人尽饿冻。 你看，飓风刮了三天三夜，船舱也被水淹了，吃的、住的、用的都被淹了，一船人又饿又冷，死伤了很多人。周煌就吸取教训，把这个航海路线总结和优化了一下，哪条路更好走、更快，他都研究了。 （乾隆二十一年）择六月初二日，恭捧诏敕安官舱正中，由南台江登舟。初五日，至太平港。初六日，祭江，取水。申刻，到怡山院，谕祭海神，天后宫行香。 琉球海道虽与福州东西径直，然船身宜上、不宜太下。 历考前使自陈侃有“录”以来，封舟不至落北者，惟前明册使夏子阳及本朝使臣汪楫，余皆多用卯针，以致飘过北山。臣兹役深鉴前车，独删“指南广义”主用卯针之说，折衷于夏、汪二录，时饬本舟夥长敬谨遵用。以故由五虎开洋，三日之间直至姑米，方谓媲美前封。 周煌详细记载了航海的一些经验教训，好好地写成了这本《琉球国志略》，非常有参考价值。不过，这仅仅是出使琉球的一部分路线，这是海上。此外，还有陆上。坐船去琉球不是从北京直接坐的，得先从北京到福建，当时的陆路交通可不像今天这么发达，有高速公路、火车，还有天上的飞机，很不好走。中间不时遇上狂风暴雨、泥石流什么的，很不容易。否则，怎么会有使臣把陆地上的经过也给详细地记下来。这个使臣是谁呢？嘉庆年间一个叫李鼎元的人。 4.李鼎元出使琉球记 清朝有个叫李鼎元的官员曾经就写过一本《使琉球记》，这本书叙述了去琉球的整个过程，其中陆上从北京到福建这段记载的非常详细。 李鼎元是1800年出使琉球的，清朝嘉庆五年的状元赵介山是正史，他李鼎元进士是副使。这一年的上一年，清朝发生了一件事，什么事呢？权臣和珅被镇压了，这事得让琉球知道，我朝的第二号人物已经被镇压了，以后不要再惦记着他了，就这么个意思。这次出使琉球，李鼎元有个日记，日记里记载得特别详细。因为上一次中国人去，还是在乾隆初年，这一次去已是嘉庆五年了，想一想，过了五六十年，所有的制度都不甚明了，怎么去呀？该领不领钱啊？于是，李鼎元就去找纪晓岚。纪晓岚这阵子牛了，管的事宽，再说他又编过《四库全书》，见多识广。李鼎元就到纪晓岚那里找纪商量，我们应该不应该领点钱走，纪晓岚说领什么钱？没钱！该走走。这个不对呀，朝中官员出差的净领钱，你到福建举办考试，给人考试还领了好多钱。为什么你领钱我不领钱？nonsense!能跟我比吗？你这是朝廷使者，沿路事先都已经通告下去，沿途各路接待都免费，你吃喝拉撒睡都免费，你要钱干吗？没钱，走。李鼎元这一行人非常不高兴地就在这一年的阴历2月28日午刻走了，从北京出发果然威风，这一路之上带了好几十人，带了很多很多礼物。你想想，正史一个人就可以带家人，跟班二十个人，副史带十个人，家属愿意去都可以跟着，这就三十人，再加上朝廷带的、抬轿子的等一路上达七八十人之多，先从广安门出发，出广安门五里到普济堂，有人给饯行，喝了这个饯行酒之后，当天晚上到了哪儿呢？到了良乡县同节驿住下来，这还是北京地界。第二天经河北过窦店，宿州驿，三月初一过新城，过了宋辽分界之白沟归义驿，然后经赵北口任邱县鄚城驿，初三过了瀛海驿，又经过献县、交河、阜城和景州，三月初六到了我们山东的德州安德驿，在山东境内一共走了12天，到江苏时已经是三月十八日了。 从三月十八日到阴历四月底五月初，天气极坏，大暴雨不断，这中间就走得非常慢，后来走到了浙江，到了京杭大运河的终点杭州，四月初九到了嘉兴，从这时起天气逐渐晴朗起来，五月才到了福建，到了福建得等着，得等着天气好，等到夏至，这沿途从2月28日到闰四月初八这才到了福州，共70天。真正走了58天，每天要走一百来里地，你说使者是怎么走的？使者或坐轿子，或坐船，或坐马，比较轻松，可那手下人得走着，每天走一百里地，想一想多不容易，然后等着，一直等到了这东北信风来到才能去。搁这儿待了二十多天，然后五月初一点卯。经过六昼夜到达琉球，这里记载初七巳刻西南风至，潮亦至开洋，丁未风，乘潮出五虎门。入夜，接封大夫梁焕，及梁焕率其国夥长二人主针，目不转瞬。这主针就是看风向的，看这船行的航向，这一路之上非常的不容易，从初七出五虎门，一直到十二日辰刻过马齿山。经过这一天的路程，从初七出发一直到十二，这才到了天使馆，这次航行110里，五月初一本来就出发，结果由于天公不作美，直到十二日真正的航行时间53个时辰，有5个时辰干吗？躲雨了，没法航行。这海上航行53个时辰行了5 830里，再到那霸，这就过了6 000里，这一路多不容易。到了琉球册封完，就没事了，就得等着，一直得等到冬至之后才能走。 还好，李鼎元这个人会说琉球语，于是他就编了一个汉琉词典。叫《球雅》。为什么叫《球雅》呢？仿《尔雅》的格式，将琉球的语词与汉语对照，释音释意以广声教，直到当年的10月20日，这一行人迫不及待地扬帆出那霸港，因为10月20这一天是冬至，到了冬至赶紧走，结果没走成，下大雨了，住在了马齿山，又等了五天，等到10月25这才开始返国，回到福州倒很容易，十一月初一就到了，只用了五天时间。而从福州到北京，那又是七八十天的路程，非常的困难。 不过，我们可以看到，虽然这条路千难万险，可琉球仅在明朝267年间就来朝贡171回，三年来两回多，往来极其频繁。中国也是从明洪武五年，也就是1372年朱元璋第一次派使者到琉球，到清光绪五年（1879年）507年间，明清两朝24次册封，共派出正、副使43人，其中明朝27人、清朝16人，前去琉球册封。汪楫、周煌、李鼎元这些人也是非常不容易，一方面要历尽千难万险去琉球册封，另一方面还得写这其中的过程供皇帝和后世阅读，汪楫写了《使琉球杂录》、李鼎元写了《使琉球记》、周煌写了《琉球国志略》，按规定，大大小小的事情都得写下来。但他们之中就有人隐瞒了一些事情，谁啊？周煌。他写的《琉球国志略》尽管非常好，非常有价值，但是有些事情他没有写，皇帝不知道。这是写给皇帝的报告，你得写的越详细越好，可他去琉球就有一件事没写进去，不是忘了，是没敢写。可不是一件小事，什么事？关于钱的事，大家想一想，关系到钱的事情有小事吗？我们接下来就说说这个事。 使者是双方沟通的起点，却也可能是友情的终点。在清朝乾隆年间，中国与琉球的关系就曾经出现过致命危机，起因就是中方派出的使团作出了令人失望的表现。what the hell is it?它是否预示着朝贡之路的终结？这一危机又是如何得到挽救的呢？ 5.索银事件 周煌跟汪楫那次出使不一样，汪楫去的时候一帆风顺，回来的时候惊涛骇浪，而周煌去的时候惊涛骇浪，挺倒霉的。他们是六月初二启程的，六月十四日才抵达琉球的姑米山岛附近，恰好遇上台风，一艘船触礁，船舱进水，行进不得，所有东西都被淹，还好船上没有死人，爬上岸以后，就只能等着。琉球国的世子听说这事以后，赶紧驾船到姑米山，将他们救上来，接了另一艘船抵达那霸。到了那霸以后，为了给这一行人压惊，这船上坐多少人？136个使役，不算正使副使两人，给了他们多少钱呢？给了他们五千两银子，还不算衣服被子。五千两银子136人每人一份，每人36两7钱的银子，这场大风大雨一人落36两银子，多好的差事。但这136人不高兴，他们听说几十年前也有这么一件事，也是船撞坏了，当时给他们多少钱，每人128两，这回给我们多少？36两7钱，一比差90两银子。我们出来的时候天天祷告，一定要撞船，一定要撞船，撞船就能得128两。于是，这使役中的管理人员陈国栋就跑到天使公馆请求这正副使跟琉球国的世子，现在已经被加封为国王补给，再每人补上91两，结果这正副使觉得不合适不能要。但这帮人还不干，还继续闹事，最后逼得人家没办法，上上下下都知道这大清的人在闹事。直到8月16日，他们又挟制了很多人，又跑到使臣这儿继续闹，从7月到8月，这大清一百多号人，在琉球闹了一个多月，最后没办法，人家又送来两万两银子，每个兵丁120两，加上原来那个30两7，每人156两7，这一行人才算高高兴兴地走了，不是每个人都是一样多，兵丁每人120两，加那36两，然而亲丁、匠役、水手则是每人一百两，加上那个36两7，136两7。事有凑巧，前面人闹事，两条船。后边又有条船也遇到台风了，也跟着这样过来了，他们来的更晚，是在阴历12月12日才抵达琉球，琉球王一听那就同样办理吧。兵丁156两7，家丁、匠役、水手136两7，大家都发了，很高兴。乾隆二十一年农历8月21日，册封使宣诏，宣读了皇帝圣旨，世子尚穆就成了中山王了。然后，他们在乾隆二十二年2月13日回到福州。 回到福州以后，得快马加鞭先给皇上写一个折子。2月19日写了一个折子，先送给皇上。自己在这里休整之后再走。三月初六离开福州。这周煌写了一本书《琉球国志略》，在这本书里，没写一人得150多两银子。给皇上的折子很长，叫《翰林院侍讲全魁、周煌奏册封事竣，敬陈渡海情形折》，也没提众人都得了好多银子的事，白得的，没提。《琉球国志略》也没提。他们刚走，三月初七，福建巡抚钟音收到福建布政使德福呈送的琉球中山国王尚穆的咨文一件，咨文说的特好，两条船都先后来了，因为路上遭了灾，我一看得给他们压惊，于是就给了哪些人156.7两银子，哪些人136.7两银子，一共支付了五万多两，让他们高高兴兴地回去了，但是你们那船坏了，这回去的船是我们的船，银子那是白送他们的，能把那条船还给我们吗？你看人家尚穆很怪吧，那钱是我送你的，船我不是送你的，请把我们的船送回来，结果钟音和福德一读，啊？我们这些人从你们国家白白讹诈五万多两银子，这怎么行呢？你看这尚穆，人家头天三月初六走的，咨文第二天就到了，掐点掐的那个准，这个叫什么？告状的艺术，你没有艺术怎么能行呢？在这种情况之下，