Chapter 62 10. Ming and Qing Culture Taobao

The official philosophies of the Ming and Qing dynasties were Confucianism and Xinxue.The philosophy of the Song Dynasty was Confucianism.It is based on Confucianism and absorbed the ideas of Buddhism and Taoism.The founders of Confucianism were Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao Cheng brothers in the Northern Song Dynasty.In addition, there is a particularly famous "Ai Lian Shuo" "out of the mud but not stained" Zhou Dunyi, the author of this famous article through the ages, is also the founder of Confucianism.The master was Zhu Xi and Zhu Wengong in the Southern Song Dynasty. He absorbed Buddhist and Taoist ideas and formed Neo-Confucianism. What ideas did he absorb from Buddhism and Taoism?

During the Tang Dynasty, Confucianism once declined, and an important reason for the decline of Confucianism at that time was the prevalence of Buddhism.The prevalence of Buddhism caused the rulers to worship the Buddha and worship the Buddha. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty wanted to welcome the Buddha bone to Famen Temple. As a result, Han Yu went up to express his admonition to welcome the Buddha bone. You should believe it.Our Central Plains has our own orthodox system, which is our Confucius. We should believe in Confucius and Mencius, not this.Han Yu dared to attack Buddha, the emperor was angry, you go to Chaozhou.Today that place is a development zone, Han Yu is certainly happy to go there, but that place was a wild and smoky place back then.Han Yu has a very famous poem: "A letter from the court to the nine heavens, and eight thousand roads to the sun in the evening. This is a holy dynasty to eliminate evils, and I am willing to use the decay to cherish the dying years." go there.

Why did he admonish Buddha bones at this time, because Confucianism was under attack.In the Song Dynasty, they had a way to adapt to this impact, that is, Confucianism simply absorbed things from Buddhism and Taoism.This absorption method is like this. Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty was the master of the development of Neo-Confucianism. He believed that Li is the origin of all things in the universe and is the first.Qi is the material that constitutes everything in the universe and belongs to the secondary nature.Reason is the primary nature, and qi is the secondary nature. Regarding the origin of all things in the universe, it is obvious that Taoism has been absorbed.Taoism believes that the origin of all things is Tao, and Tao is very Tao. There are four great things in a country, the sky is big, the earth is big, the king is big, and Dao is big, and everything is generated by Tao.Tao begets one, one begets two, two begets three, three begets all things.As a result, Zhu Xi now argues that reason is the origin of all things in the universe, mixing the originally separated "Tao" and "reason" into reason.

Then, he opposed the laws of heaven and human desires, believed that human desires are the root of all evil, and proposed to preserve the laws of heaven and eliminate human desires. This obviously absorbed the Buddha. Isn’t the Buddha teaching you to see through and let go. "All sentient beings have the wisdom and virtue of the Tathagata, but they can't prove it because of delusions and attachments." Therefore, Buddhism teaches you to get rid of delusions and attachments. If you don't have all the seven emotions and six desires, let go of the four elements are empty, and the six senses are quiet, you can become a Buddha.As a result, Zhu Xi said that human desires and selfishness should not be allowed to exist, and one must let go of them in order to conform to the laws of nature.You can't marry a beautiful woman, you have to see through everything and marry someone who is not a man or a woman in order to follow the law?What's more, you want to tell others your point of view of eliminating human desires, so that others can accept this. This behavior itself constitutes a kind of human desires.It means that Zhu Xi himself can't do it, so it's more difficult for others.

In any case, he succeeded in creating a new Confucianism by borrowing the theories of Taoism and Buddhism.Confucianism is originally for self-government, if you use it to govern the world, this thing is a bit too idealistic.So Confucianism says that you must be honest and sincere before you can cultivate yourself, govern your family, govern your country and the world.Only by cultivating Qi Zhiping can you do this.He believes that all desires are sinful and shameful. You are greedy for material enjoyment, fame and fortune, all of which are shameful and sinful. What kind of results will this cause?We have all studied world history, which is very similar to the asceticism before the European Renaissance. The purpose of his asceticism is to abstain from sexual desires, to let those who live by the laws of nature destroy human desires, to let the bottom, and the top do what they want.The emperor can't kill people's desires. He should watch TV and eat McDonald's when he should, and let his subordinates do so.This is called serving the ruling class.

Moreover, like Confucianism, it is about cultivating Qi Zhiping, cultivating one’s self, regulating the family, governing the country and the world. If you can do this, then you are a very great person. The problem is that I can’t do this, and there is nothing to punish. Nothing can restrain me. I am a person who relies entirely on my own restraint. Unlike Europeans who have laws, the president will be punished for breaking the law.We don’t have it. No one cares about you when you are an official. You have to rely on your own self-control. As an official, you should be a role model, but that’s just what you should. In fact, no one knows about doing bad things behind the scenes. Help hypocrites.In this way, Neo Confucianism was obviously not good for China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially for economic development.

But if you say Neo Confucianism is not beneficial at all, you can’t say that.After all, it is an excellent part of traditional Chinese culture. If you can really restrain yourself to do it, it will be very difficult for people to be honest and sincere, and it will be good for the people around you and all mankind .You see, during the Republic of China, the school songs of middle schools were generally sung like this, "In the future, it will depend on our generation to govern the country and the world."Basically no one cares about our school song now, who cares about the family and the country, only cares about their own high monthly salary.The purpose of your college is to serve the motherland?Don't be kidding, Premier Zhou has said for so many years that he wants to study for the rise of China, which is still laughed at by some people.I said that you must study hard now so that you can serve the country in the future, you will be happy, and feel that my mind is slippery.What are you doing? Studying is not for yourself. Parents teach you this way. If you study hard, you will make a lot of money in the future.I am more realistic. I study for the purpose of recruiting. When the HR department gets my resume, my jaw drops. You come to work tomorrow, just for this.People can't do this, if they are all so selfish, all the talents will go abroad and never come back, so Neo Confucianism is not without any positive meaning today, it still teaches people to have the integrity and ambition of intellectuals, and ultimately it is for the world.

But at that time, it particularly hindered the development of China's commodity economy.The study of the mind is even more powerful. The founders of the study of the mind were Lu Jiuyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty and Wang Yangming and Wang Shouren in the Ming Dynasty, who developed it to the extreme.My heart is the universe, there is nothing other than my heart, and everything is nothing but seeking.It means that I have everything I want in my heart, and everything in the world is not just an impression in my heart, so why do I make such a thing, think about it, have fun, let a small universe explode, how happy .Chiang Kai-shek admired Wang Yangming the most, so if you travel to Taipei, a must-see scenic spot is called "Yangmingshan Forest Park". Worship Wang Shouren.So Neo-Confucianism and Psychology were the official thinking during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This thing was not good for the status quo at that time. One was too idealistic and the other was too negative, but in fact it has always been the official thinking.

In addition to Neo-Confucianism and Psychology, there were also early democratic enlightenment thoughts, the first ones being Li Zhi and Li Zhuowu.His tomb is under Tongzhou Guta Park.He accused criticizing Confucian classics and denying Confucius.In fact, Confucius is the same as we talk about the New Culture Movement in the future. Confucius was the most unlucky one. He died for thousands of years and would never be at peace.Are these thoughts of your later generations related to Confucius?The person you read these books, the induction between heaven and man, did Confucius talk about this thing?Confucius was annoyed by this the most, he didn't speak in a strange way.Your Neo-Confucianism, is it because Confucius advocated binding women’s feet? No way, Confucius has never seen this, so he denies that Confucius is a born saint.

No way, who let Confucianism play his banner, so he had to be rejected. This caused trouble. At that time, you were able to deny Confucius, let alone that time. In Taiwan, at least it was when Lao Jiang was there. , If you deny Confucius, you will be sentenced. Confucius is the Christ of China.The ancients often said this: the sky does not give birth to Zhongni, and eternity is always like night.If it hadn't been for Confucius, who descended from the sky, we would have been groping in the dark for thousands of years.Li Zhi said that people in ancient times had to walk with lanterns, because there was no Confucius?Don't you people walk with lanterns now? With Confucius, wouldn't it be like night forever.Words like this later became the reason why Li Zhi was imprisoned and tortured to death.

Huang Zongxi lived during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.His dress and hair are all wrapped up, why?If he didn't shave his hair, it would be a big sin at that time, to keep his hair or not, or to keep his hair or not, the barber bears the burden, the water basin and shaving utensils are in the back, and the head is hung in the front.The barber walks through the streets and alleys, followed by Qing soldiers, carrying a big sword with a ghost head, whether you want to shave it or not, according to this knife, your head will be hung.The shaving is according to the decree, but the clothes they wear are already the clothes of the Qing Dynasty. In fact, after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, he asked the Chinese (that is to say, the Han people) to learn from him. He didn’t mean that everyone should learn from him.Life never follows death. After you die, you can be buried in Han Dynasty. Otherwise, you will be sorry for your ancestors. Of course, you will comb the dead's hair later if you have nothing to do.The yang follows the yin and not the yin, and the customs of going to the grave to worship the ancestors or enshrining the dead can all follow the customs of the Ming Dynasty.Officials obey officials and officials don't. You see, when officials wear flower feathers to make up their gowns, the dress of officials is still the same as in the Ming Dynasty.Old and young don't follow, children do what they like, and once they grow up, they have to follow the rules of the bannermen.In addition, Confucianism does not follow Taoism, prostitutes do not follow actors, official officials do not follow marriage, national titles do not follow official titles, and taxes do not follow words and languages. But Huang Zongxi refused.He pondered this question, why the Ming Dynasty would perish.Then I found one at a time and criticized the autocratic monarchy.He came to the conclusion that the change of monarchy is a great harm to the world. This is the first point. He came to such a conclusion.It turns out that it has nothing to do with the Ming Dynasty or the Qing Dynasty. It is because of the autocracy of the monarchy, and the autocracy of the monarchy will not work in any dynasty.The second is to advocate the rule of law and oppose the rule of man. This old man is even more powerful. You act according to the rules and don't follow the will of the man. This is also the meaning of anti-dictatorship.The third objected to emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business, and proposed that business and industry are the foundation.This man is very remarkable, and he had a certain influence on the democratic trend of thought in the late Qing Dynasty.His book is called "Ming Yi Waiting for Visits". Liang Qichao said that he did not expect such an advanced thought to come out in our country 200 years earlier than Rousseau. Another famous thinker is Gu Yanwu, who emphasizes the practicality of the world, while Neo Confucianism emphasizes more on the cultivation of people's thoughts.He said that as long as I am honest and sincere, I will be able to govern the country and the world. You are a good person, but you may not be a good official.You can see that in the history of China, all the officials who made achievements were not upright officials, such as Bao Zheng and Hai Rui, they would definitely not be able to make achievements.Generally, they are the kind of powerful ministers who are between honest and corrupt officials.Zhang Juzheng is a typical example, a powerful minister can make some achievements.It is not enough to be a purely corrupt official, nor is it enough to just want to be corrupt.That is to say, none of the so-called moral role models can really do anything, including all the loyal ministers advocated in Chinese history, all of which are of little use.Yue Fei can still win the battle, people like Wen Tianyang and Shi Kefa are useless at all, they usually talk about their hearts with nothing to do, and report to the king with their death.If you die, you die. If the country can be changed because of your death, how many times can you die?We admire his integrity, but it's a pity that what he did has no practical effect. So Gu Yanwu thought about this question, why is it useless to train these people during the 300 years of the Ming dynasty?As soon as the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the 300-year-old country and society were all blown away. Let's do knowledge that is practical and useful.That's why his book is called "The Book of the World's Commandments, States, Benefits and Diseases", and he proposed that the power of the world should be sent to the people of the world, so that the world can be ruled, which is also against the autocracy of the monarchy.This is the earliest idea that sovereignty rests with the people.Gu Yanwu’s thoughts are quite remarkable. In addition, he has a saying that “every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world”, which comes from, “The change of Yi’s surname is called the subjugation of the country.” Li Tang became Zhao Song, which is nothing but the subjugation of the country to Li Tang. "Benevolence and righteousness are so full that they lead beasts to eat people, and people will eat each other, which is called the death of the world."If the orthodoxy of our Chinese culture is cut off, it belongs to the destruction of the world, and the country is still different from the world, so "those who protect the country are sought by their rulers and ministers, and those who eat meat; It’s too late.” To protect the world, everyone has to do it, so he thinks that the entry of the Manchu Qing Dynasty into China means the destruction of the world.Because foreign races entered the Central Plains, Chinese culture and Chinese orthodoxy would be cut off.But in fact, it didn't stop after looking at it, because the Manchu Qing learned the lesson of Yuan Dynasty and quickly Sinicized it. When the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the imperial decree said that the world of our country was obtained from the rogues. I destroyed the rogue Li Zicheng, and I took advantage of his troubles. Revenge, you should thank me.I am fighting against the bandits, not against Daming.When he said this, he quickly understood the mysteries of Chinese politics. If you are fast and powerful, you still cannot do the Four Books and Five Classics, and you have to crawl at the feet of the Four Books and Five Classics in the end.The Mongols did not do this, so they went back to herd sheep in 1990, which was really unacceptable. Mr. Chuanshan Wang Fuzhi, he is a materialist thinker.It is proposed that "Qi is the basis of reason", "the world is only Qi." Neo Confucianism believes that reason is the first, and Qi is the second.He believes that qi is the first, because qi is a substance, so it is called materialism.Second, stillness means movement, and movement does not give up stillness.Neo-Confucianism’s propositions, such as Dong Zhongshu’s earliest proposal that respecting the king is a Chinese orthodoxy, cannot be changed.The great origin of Tao comes from the sky, and if the sky does not change, so does the Tao.Now Wang Fuzhi puts it forward that stillness includes movement, and there is nothing that remains unchanged.It means that there is no absolute change, and the sea can change. If everything remains the same, how can there be so many dynasties changing.Third, look at history from the perspective of development.In politics it is called a trend update.This is consistent with Marxist philosophy. When it comes to literature, the Ming and Qing Dynasties had the greatest influence on later generations were novels.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, secular culture took the mainstream, and the reason why secular culture dominated was economic development in the final analysis.As we said in the Song Dynasty, economic development and the expansion of the civic ranks were to meet the needs of civic culture. In other words, Ming and Qing novels were actually developed on the basis of Song and Yuan scripts.Let's take a closer look. The first book, authored by Luo Guanzhong, was written in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, and is the earliest full-length historical novel.And it is said that seven points are true and three points are false, so before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the generals of the Eight Banners still regarded this as "Sun Tzu's Art of War". , it's full of stuff here, he can fight wars with this.At least we can see that it is a typical example of respecting Liu and suppressing Cao. Today, after thinking about it, Cao Cao has been artificially dwarfed, Liu Bei's shit is artificially elevated, and Zhuge Liang is also artificially elevated and deified.If you think about it carefully, has Zhuge Liang won any battles, very few, except for the seven captures of Meng Huo.In the last six trips to Qishan, which one did not end in failure? Zhuge Liang passed away 9 years after the founding of Shu Han, and Shu Han existed for 43 years in total, which means that the earth would continue to revolve without him. The author, Shi Naiyan, was also a person from the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. It is the first novel in my country with the theme of peasant uprisings.The old don't read the Three Kingdoms, and the young don't read the Water Margin.When you get old, just live a few years in a down-to-earth way, and don't be tempted by others.Why don't you read Water Margin? You can't control your eyes. If you look at this from a young age, you are cultivating juvenile delinquents.People like Li Kui will be shot 400 times today.You kill people at every turn, you don't care whether that person deserves to die or not, since the court rules are in place, why do you always chop off people's heads with an ax?But the Water Margin has its positive significance, not only reflecting the darkness and decay of the feudal society, but also laying the foundation for the subsequent chivalrous novels. So cute, author Wu Chengen, Ming Dynasty.It reflects the people's defiance of the rule and their daring to fight. What he praised was Monkey King.Creatures are divided into four classes, gods, men, ghosts and demons.Human beings can become gods through cultivation, but the Eight Immortals, Lu Dongbin, were not all cultivated by human beings.Immortals are made by mortals, but mortals' hearts are not firm.Therefore, a person can cultivate to become a god, a person can become a ghost after death, a ghost can become a human again after being reincarnated, and a person can cultivate to become a god. The first three levels are interlinked.Monsters are not good, monsters will always be monsters, Monkey King belongs to monsters, monster monkeys, and make troubles in the heavenly palace to rebel against the gods.Jade Emperor, how powerful you are, the author has strongly conveyed such a message, a monster monkey can rebel against the emperor in the sky, so you are the emperor of the world, that's what it means.Of course, he also designed the ending of Sun Wukong to be the result of his cultivation, becoming a fight against Buddha.It can be clearly seen that Wu Chengsi worships Buddhism and restrains Taoism, and there are no good Taoist priests in his works. The Jade Emperor is the highest god of Taoism. This is too great, the author Cao Xueqin, and later Gao E continued it 40 times; of course, Gao E can be regarded as a dog's tail after all, while others' sequels are like rats' tails.A total of 110 chapters of Dream of Red Mansions, the last 30 chapters were said to be lost, some said Cao Xueqin was burned, not handed down, only a few chapters remained, so Gao E continued the last 40 chapters.The time is the Qing Dynasty. It describes the aristocratic family from its prosperity to its decline. It lashes out at the ethical system and reveals the society. It actually has a little allusion to the whole society. This kind of all-encompassing work is very great.You can't translate this thing into English with the stories and emotions written in it.A Spanish couple spent 20 years translating it into Spanish. A sinologist translated it into Spanish. Is not this nonsensical.The interviews by Chinese reporters are all of this level. How do you feel about being rescued from the ruins? How fresh. If it’s not good, I’ll go back. Are you happy? I’m not happy.Is it difficult for you? Can it be difficult to translate in 20 years?For example, if you encounter a problem, he said that there is a maid named Xiangling in Dream of the Red Chamber. The name Xiangling cannot be translated into Spanish. Why can’t it be translated?You can’t transliterate, you need Chinese pinyin transliteration. Foreigners don’t understand what it means. If you translate Spain without water chestnut, you don’t know what water chestnut is called. Finally, it is translated as “scented eucalyptus leaves”. real soil. "Scented eucalyptus leaves" is actually called Xiangling in Chinese. The name is so nice, and the name of foreigners can only be transliterated but not free.Conversely, by translating foreign languages ​​into Chinese, Smith becomes a blacksmith, and the president of the United States is a bush, Bush a bush. In short, this Dream of Red Mansions can be said to be like an encyclopedia, not to mention anything else, but the poems in it are all written by Cao Xueqin.Different people write differently, the same catkins, Lin Daiyu wrote, "I don't care about marrying Dongfengchun, let me go, bear to stay." Xue Baochai wrote, "The good wind sends me to Qingyun by force." You said how many people he had to imitate, and how many people he had to imitate to write a poem.very impressive. , the author Wu Jingzi, was written in the Qing Dynasty, exposing the imperial examination.This is a bit like Don Quixote in Spain during the Renaissance, satirizing the foundation of this society.The social foundation of Europe is the knights, and the social foundation of China is the group of scholars and the imperial examination system.He satirized this, Fan Jin passed the 50th grade, it was not easy, and he went crazy in the end. , the author Pu Songling, has participated in the imperial examination all his life and is still taking the exam. When he was over 70 and carried an exam basket into the exam room, he was not as caring as Wu Jingzi.He criticizes the society by writing about foxes and ghosts, but you find out whether the foxes and ghosts written by Pu Songling are better or worse or better.This has a strong ironic meaning, the so-called gentleman is not as good as the fox ghost.His biggest achievement is that he is cheaper than today's cross talk and storytelling. Many jokes in stand-up cross talk come from Liaozhai. During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, the kind book "Yongle Dadian" edited by Xie Jin is the largest existing kind book in our country. There are more than 20,000 volumes and more than 11,000 volumes. Now there are more than 300 in the world, and 200 in China.These things are all copied, not printed, both the original and the original are destroyed, and the copies keep getting lost.It is said that it might have been buried in the Changling Mausoleum of the Ming Tombs, and was buried with Emperor Yongle. This is his personal achievement.Therefore, one important reason why Changling dare not develop it is because it is afraid that there will be "Yongle Dadian", which will be turned into ashes when it is dug up, just like Dingling. Yes, imitation.In the 1950s, it was necessary to dig the imperial tombs, but now the imperial tombs must not be dug.Besides, it's useless for you to dig this thing, and you can't sell it. You have to build a museum and have the armed police watch it. Are you tired?It's better to bury it in the ground. The Qing Dynasty's "Ancient and Modern Book Integration" is also a class book. What is a class book?For example, today’s website is an electronic book. I want to search Emperor Kangxi, and I can type up a lot of three-character Google. What is said in "Drafts of Qing History", what is said in "We Love Science", and what is said in "Up and Down Five Thousand Years" , All the things related to Kangxi are available, the size of the soles of his feet is bigger, and the height measurements may be found. During Emperor Qianlong's time, Ji Xiaolan and Ji Yun edited "Siku Quanshu", which is the largest series of books in my country, including a subset of classics and history.The scriptures are Confucianism, the history is history, the sons are all schools of thought, including monks and Taoists, and the collections are literary works, such as the collections of Li Taibai or Su Dongpo, similar to this.This book was also destroyed in a large number. After the book was completed, seven copies were copied but were not printed. I searched for thousands of people with good calligraphy all over the country, and copied seven copies in ten years.These seven books are placed in Wenyuan Pavilion in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Wenyuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan, Wenjin Pavilion in the Summer Resort, and Wensu Pavilion in the Shenyang Imperial Palace in Northeast China.Then there are three in the south, Hangzhou, Zhenjiang and Yangzhou.Today’s Siku Quanshu, seven of which are now four and a half, the Zhenjiang Opium War was destroyed, the Old Summer Palace was destroyed by the Second Opium War, and then the one in Hangzhou seems to have half of it left, and now there are four and a half, three and a half in the mainland, and one in Taiwan.The Forbidden City is hidden in Taiwan, and that one is the best.If the emperor wanted to see it, of course he would look at the best one. The one we put in the National Library is shipped from the Summer Resort.Siku Quanshu is known as the Great Wall in the history of Chinese culture, with 240 million characters, it is impossible for you to read it all by yourself in a lifetime.After copying seven volumes, it took so much manpower and material resources to produce these things. The use value is very small, not as good as the "Declaration of Independence". In the late 16th century, Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci came to China.This old man is amazing. He is a Jesuit missionary. In the 16th century, he was catching up with the Renaissance in Europe. Protestantism rose, and Catholic power also declined. The Jesuits would think of promoting politics and religion in places other than Europe. Let’s see if we can Find a market outside of Europe.Europeans don't believe in religion anymore. I find people from other places to believe in religion, including spreading it abroad, including opening up new sea routes. I can think of any way, and finally they come to China. I must have arrived in Macau first. At that time, it was the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the 16th century, if I wanted to enter China, China would not allow me to enter.This old man is smart, learns Chinese, wears Hanfu, and reads the Four Books and Five Classics.Give someone a business card, how about Matteo Ricci, I am also a Confucian, and I use Confucian scriptures to explain Catholic teachings. In this way, the Chinese see that Confucianism is famous far and wide, and Europeans believe in us. You can play.Then he had to meet with the emperor and get the emperor's approval before he could preach.How did he see the emperor, Ming Shenzong, Emperor Wanli, counting money on the bed all day, so he gave the emperor something new. When Matteo Ricci came to China, he presented the "Kun Yu Wan Guo Quan Tu" to the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Of course, a map of the world at that time was drawn quite beautifully, including music boxes, chime bells, and pocket watches.The emperor has never seen this thing, the emperor has never seen glasses. When this map was presented, the Chinese knew for the first time that we are not the center of the earth, and we are not surrounded by barbarians. the country below us.Of course, in order to flatter the Chinese emperor, Matteo Ricci used the 160-degree meridian of Tokyo as the center of the map. In this way, China is still in the center, Europe is on the far left, and America is on the far right. Our method of drawing maps, Extended to today, only China draws maps in this way in the whole world.When you go abroad and look at the map of the world, it is not like the one drawn in China. Which line should be the zero-degree meridian as the center, so that the United States is on the far left and China is on the far right. Matteo Ricci began to spread knowledge in China, and enlightened scholar-officials represented by Xu Guangqi introduced Western learning.At that time, the laws in China were very strong. It was stipulated that foreigners were not allowed to come, and once they came, they were not allowed to leave. So this group of people finally died in China and were buried next to the Chegongzhuang Guanyuan Wholesale Market.The Beijing Municipal Party School is now there.If you want to explore it, you can go to the Party School of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee, where the cemeteries of foreign priests are all located. What was the last time China introduced foreign culture on a large scale?Before the spread of Western learning to the east, the culture that was introduced on a large scale was Buddhism!Buddhism has almost become a traditional Chinese culture now.But regarding Catholicism, the Chinese in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were not as crazy about Buddhism as the Chinese in the Han and Tang Dynasties. We have developed for thousands of years.When Buddhism entered China, it was the time when China lacked the ultimate concern.At this time, it will not work, especially after the Pope of Rome issued an edict, not allowing Chinese believers to worship the sky and ancestors to worship Confucius.If you don’t worship the sky, your ancestors, or Confucius in China, are you still human?If you don’t kowtow to your ancestors on Ching Ming Festival, are you human?You have been doing this for thousands of years, but if you say you can't do it, then you can't do it in China. As a result, Emperor Yongzheng ordered the ban on Christianity and did not allow Catholicism to spread in China. In 1723, he ordered the ban on Christianity until the Sino-French "Whampoa Treaty" in 1844. The ban was not lifted. That’s all for the ancient history part. Of course, these are all generalizations. In fact, the most interesting things in history are the details, but I want to talk about the details. I have to live long enough, and it will take a hundred and eighty years. Dry all night.My original intention is to throw bricks to attract jade and stimulate everyone's interest in history. Please correct me if there are any mistakes.The subtitle of this book is "History of China", and it is all about ancient history. "Under the History of China" starts to talk about modern history, and it should be more exciting. (Finish)