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Chapter 57 5. Capitalism that dies at sight

what is history 1 袁腾飞 3013Words 2018-03-20
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the handicraft industry made rapid progress. First, production tools.Silk machine, which is a handicraft production tool. Second, production technology.Two-color process printing, color printing.In the past, printed matter was black and white. At this time, color prints appeared, and color printed matter began to appear. Third, division of labor.For example, weaving is still in Songjiang, and dyeing is still in Wuhu.The best weaving cloth in Songjiang is Shanghai.Then your cloth is going to be dyed, Wuhu is the best.It has a division of labor. In Songjiang, I am in charge of weaving.After weaving, the cloth must be sold, and then dyed in Wuhu. This is a commodity economy.

Fourth, the problem of scale output.It talks about an iron smelting industry in Foshan, Guangdong.Foshan is the hometown of Huang Feihong, the hometown of two martial arts in the north and the south of China, Cangzhou, Hebei, and Foshan, Guangdong. It is said that every family in these two places practice martial arts and are the centers of martial arts.This place was originally an iron smelting center.The tons of big iron lions in the Northern Song Dynasty were all made in Cangzhou.After iron smelting is finished, people practice martial arts and swords.If you make a knife, show it to customers, and cut off your own finger, who will buy your knife?

Fifth, capitalist production relations.The issue of capitalist production relations is now being debated in academic circles.Whether China's capitalist production relations were born at this time is debatable.It is generally believed that after the mid-Ming Dynasty, the textile industry for the purpose of producing goods rose.It is produced to be sold.Take Suzhou, for example, the first place where capitalism sprouted. In Suzhou, there were machine households engaged in silk weaving, setting up machine rooms and hiring mechanics.The computer room is the factory, and the mechanics are the workers.So machine households are early capitalists.Machine households contribute capital and mechanics contribute, this is the capitalist production relationship and employment relationship.In the Ming Dynasty, the situation of Suzhou machine workers was "the east of the county, all learning machine industry, craftsmen have their own special skills, craftsmen have permanent masters, and they are valued by the day." The most characteristic of its capitalist production is "the day is counted Receive value", get a daily salary. "The ownerless one will set up a bridge at dawn", put a small sign on the ground and decorate it.The bridge is waiting at dawn. "If the work in the computer room is reduced, this generation will have nothing to eat and clothing."If the work in the computer room stops, these people will lose their jobs.This is how workers feel today.So this is where capitalism sprouts, and machine owners contribute.Of course, many scholars scoffed at this matter. "Historical Records.In Chen She's Family, Chen She "farmed with others", and he was paid to let Chen She help him cultivate the land. Can it be said that capitalism sprouted in the Qin Dynasty?Employment is capitalism, and the Song Dynasty generally had an employment relationship.

The second point is the development of capitalism in the Qing Dynasty. The development of capitalism in the Ming Dynasty was in the silk weaving industry, that is, in the south of the Yangtze River, and in a narrower area, it was in Suzhou.In the Qing Dynasty, the scale of the factory was large, the division of labor was fine-tuned, and there were many departments and regions.Coal mining in Mentougou, Beijing had the germination of capitalism, which was further developed in the Qing Dynasty. The scale of China's commodity economy development during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was very large.But even with the budding of capitalism, the speed of development is very slow, always hovering in the budding state, failing to enter the stage of manufacturing and handicrafts.We who have studied the history of the world should have heard of simple cooperation, to the factory handicraft industry, and then to the large-scale production of machines. This is such a developmental context.The entire production of the Qing Dynasty failed to enter the stage of manufacturing and handicrafts, and the self-sufficient feudal economy still dominated because of the obstruction of the feudal system.The peasants were extremely poor and could not afford to buy handicraft products from the market.In fact, China is the same today.You boycott Japanese goods, boycott American goods, people are not afraid, they mainly rely on their own people to buy these goods.Eighty-five percent of Wal-Mart's turnover is in the United States, not in China.Japanese products are mainly bought by Japanese, while Chinese products are mainly bought by foreigners.So people can also boycott Chinese products.If you don’t buy our shoes, shirts, socks, and trousers, the economy of the southeast coast will definitely be affected.It's cheaper to buy something from Bangladesh, and it's cheaper to buy something from Tunisia, and the labor there is even less valuable.Vietnam and many other countries have formed competition with us.Why can't vests, pants, socks, etc. be sold to the Chinese?Let everything go up now, the price of everything goes up, the only thing that doesn't go up is wages.Today's Chinese farmers are even more impoverished and unable to buy. The price of 29-inch color TVs has fallen below 1,000, and they still cannot be sold.

Landlords and merchants bought houses and land with the money they earned, seriously affecting the expanded reproduction of the handicraft industry.Landlords and businessmen, after earning money, buy a house and buy land, which will cause a shortage of funds.The end is commerce, and this is agriculture. What do I do with the money I make from doing business?I buy a house, I buy land, I have to do this.Keep it as it is, this stuff, a lot of money.So among the top 100 richest people in China today, 51 are engaged in real estate, and the remaining dozen are selling counterfeit medicines, such as melatonin, and turtle spirits. They do this, and none of them are like Bill.Gates does high-tech.You bought this house for only 3,000, and sold it for 15,000. How much do you earn? This house price should reach the level that should be reached in 20 years, and the level that the average income should reach is 20,000 US dollars.Now Beijing earns 20,000 yuan a month, which is a high salary. Within the second ring road, you can only buy one toilet.20,000 square meters, isn't this just a toilet?I used to be able to buy a toilet, but now I can't afford a toilet or even a bathtub.Can the tub fit in one square meter?You are in Beijing with 20,000 yuan, earn 20,000 a month, and buy a square meter, isn’t this a joke?This house price is speculated, "to make money with the end, to keep it with the foundation", those rich locals speculated.The local rich men from Shanxi and Zhejiang all came here, and they all took money, and they came up all at once.This affects the expanded reproduction of the handicraft industry. If you have money, you can do this.Why do old mines in Shanxi have accidents and frequent accidents? The local rich man used the money to do this. He would not say that he wanted to improve the safety of workers, the safety of coal mines, and advanced coal mining technology. He would not do this.The heart of this thief mine is better than carbon black.

The feudal country set up checkpoints, imposed heavy taxes on commodities, and strictly limited the scale of handicraft production. The government did not support you in the development of handicrafts, and there was no policy, so this scale was strictly limited. The imperial court practiced retreat, prohibiting or restricting overseas trade.Not saying there is no such thing, but the scale is very small and limited.So this caused no communication with the outside world. Why is Chinese capitalism developing slowly?There is no market, no capital, no policy, and no communication. If you can't do it in your own country, you can go abroad to develop.Is it okay to earn money from foreigners?No, it is not allowed, and the private sector is not allowed to communicate with foreigners privately. There can only be 13 foreign firms in Guangzhou. This is equivalent to a government-run foreign firm that trades with foreigners.Foreigners must pass 13 lines to do business with Chinese people, and they cannot conduct private transactions with Chinese businessmen.Therefore, in the "Nanjing Treaty", the indemnity was 21 million silver dollars. What is the 21 million silver dollars? The business owed 6 million, the opium was 6 million, and the military expenditure was 9 million.The 6 million yuan for opium should not be given, the 9 million yuan for the military expenditure should not be given, and the 6 million yuan owed by the business should be given to others. It is the money owed by the 13th Bank over the years.I don’t pay for the foreign goods I received, you sue, you sue me, who am I, I’m the fifth grade, you sue me, now the boss is here, you give them obediently, you have been doing business with them for many years, you Money owed to others, so this thing is an unequal treaty, and the provisions in the unequal treaty are not necessarily unequal.

When a foreign envoy enters Beijing, he should enter Beijing. The two countries have established diplomatic relations. Why don't you let other envoys enter Beijing?You should go to Beijing.It cannot be said that we have established diplomatic relations with France, and it is not appropriate for you to find the governor of the neighboring province to submit credentials to France.At that time, I always looked for the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. You are the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Why do you local officials manage the country's foreign affairs?So in China at that time, the development of national capitalism was always in its infancy, because of the numerous obstacles of the government.To put it bluntly, it is because China has been pursuing such an economic policy for thousands of years - emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business.When we talk about Shang Yang's reform, emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business has positive and progressive significance.At this time, it is obviously good for China's economy and hinders the development of society. Did Emperor Yongzheng clearly say that? "There is one more person who works in the city, that is, one less person who plows the fields in the field."So you can't work or go into business, but you can farm the land honestly for me, and you won't leave the village for the rest of your life. How easy it is to manage.Therefore, if the imperial court emphasizes agriculture and suppresses business, your business will never develop, and your capitalist economy will never develop.

Commercial prosperity in Ming and Qing Dynasties.The inter-regional long-distance trafficking trade has developed rapidly.First, take traditional Chinese business as an example.There are two major merchant organizations in traditional commerce: Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants.One is Shanxi, the other is Anhui, and they sell goods to the whole country.Merchants from Shanxi went all the way to Kyakta to do business in Russia.Second, Beijing and Nanjing are the largest commercial cities in the country.It shows that China's business is still very close to politics, close to the political center.The political center is a center of commerce, or this is what it means.Third, the commodity economy extended to the countryside, and towns in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, known for their industry and commerce, sprang up. It used to be a small village, but due to the development of industry and commerce, it gradually became a town.This trend began to appear in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions, where there are many such textiles.Further down is the urbanization in ancient China. This rural area has become a city. This is about China's internal economy. The characteristics of the internal economy and the characteristics of commerce are not good for the external economy.

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