Chapter 34 3. The Party’s command of guns should be in literary combat rather than in military combat

Song Taizu’s first step in consolidating his regime was to manage all the buddies who grew up together in the military compound. The second step was to divide the command of the imperial army into three, directly responsible to the emperor, and then set up the Privy Council. The establishment of the Privy Council was to restrain each other with the commander of the imperial army. Those who dispatched troops did not command the army, and those who commanded the army did not transfer troops.What is the forbidden army?Everyone thinks that the Imperial Guard is the Imperial Guard, but it is not.The imperial army in the Northern Song Dynasty was a regular army, equivalent to the Chinese People's Liberation Army.The forbidden army is all in the center, and the local soldiers are called the Xiang Army, which is equivalent to the armed police forces in various places, and the township soldiers, which are equivalent to the militia reserve.Then there are fan soldiers, who are generally ethnic minorities recruited on the border.

Therefore, the army of the Northern Song Dynasty was composed of four types: forbidden army, Xiang army, rural soldiers, and fan soldiers.The commander-in-chief of the regular army called Dianqiandu to check, which is equivalent to the commander-in-chief.The reason why Zhao Kuangyin was able to usurp power was because what he had done before was to check the front of the palace, and the commander-in-chief of the regular army rebelled, which was not easy.And at that time, his brother-in-law Gao Huaide was the deputy inspector, and the two of them could easily usurp the country. Zhao Kuangyin knew very well how powerful the commander of the imperial army was, so after he became emperor, he first abolished this position and turned it into three offices: Dianqian Division, Guards' Army Horse Army Division, and Guards' Army Infantry Division.This is the process of dividing the command of the imperial army into three, which means that the commander-in-chief has changed from one to three.All three of them are responsible to the emperor, but you can command the army, and the transfer of troops does not belong to you, but to the Privy Council.

The Privy Council is a bit like our general staff today, and he is responsible for mobilizing the army.It means that although the commander of the 38th Army commands the 38th Army, can he mobilize the 38th Army?You said that I would transfer a company to help me go home and build a house. That is impossible. You need the approval of the Central Military Commission to transfer a platoon.The commander of your 38th Army can command the 38th Army but cannot mobilize the 38th Army. The Central Military Commission can mobilize the 38th Army but not directly command the 38th Army. Therefore, those who command the troops do not transfer troops, and those who transfer troops do not command the troops. Only in this way can military power be dispersed. Otherwise, it is easy to rebel.In this way, the commander of the imperial army is like hiring a driver. It is not up to you whether to send the car or not. The car is not yours, but you can drive it.

Moreover, the head of the Privy Council must be a civil servant.Most of the Northern Song Dynasty was run by civilian officials, which is a bit similar to today's Western countries.Today, the ministers of defense of Western countries all wear suits, and they are called Mr. so-and-so, not generals. Moreover, when war criminals are tried in the West, war criminals generally wear suits, and very few of them wear military uniforms.Using civil officials to govern the army is afraid that your military will interfere in the future, and it is very easy for military generals to interfere in politics.So in the Northern Song Dynasty, this was done, using privy envoys to deploy troops.

The third step is to implement more garrison laws. The more garrison law is that the forbidden army changes its station regularly, but the generals of the commanding army do not move with the army to prevent armed rebellion.What does it mean?For example, the 38th Army is stationed in Baoding, the 27th Army is stationed in Shijiazhuang, and the 54th Army is stationed in Jinan.Now, the headquarters of the three armies are not moving, the 54th army is transferred to Baoding, the 27th army is to Jinan, and the 38th army is to Shijiazhuang. In this way, the troops you command are different from your original troops.His goal is still to achieve that the soldiers do not know the generals, and the generals do not know the soldiers. This kind of action is changed every few years, so as to prevent the generals from colluding with the rebellion.

In the fourth step, local elites are incorporated into the imperial army, with strong stems and weak branches. The strong and strong men in the Xiang army and the town soldiers were all selected into the imperial army.The result of this is that all those who are tall, strong and skilled in martial arts in this place are incorporated into the forbidden army. Once the elite troops in that place are transferred, the local strength becomes very weak. They can only catch robbers and cannot fight at all. Pirates are often exhausted by thieves, basically a bunch of old, weak, sick and disabled. So later, the minority regimes, whether it was Jin, Liao, or Yuan, fought against the Song Dynasty as soon as they broke through the border defenses and could immediately reach the capital.Then the states and counties among you are useless. The states and counties in the middle are all old, weak, sick and disabled, and thieves cannot be caught, and they cannot resist the army of nomads.

Moreover, since the Northern Song Dynasty, the martial spirit of the Chinese nation that has lasted for thousands of years has become more and more depressed. China's foreign wars have been fought and defeated repeatedly since modern times. Apart from system corruption and backward equipment, the most critical reason is the lack of martial spirit.Without the spirit of martial arts, a good man does not serve as a soldier, a good iron does not hammer nails, and you are only a scholar of the country to carry the bow and draw the arrow, what is that.Why are hundreds of thousands of Japanese able to run across China? The scholars have two knives in their waists, and we scholars have fans.

The Real Madrid Arms Museum in Spain has an exhibition in the Forbidden City. After watching it, I was really shocked. Look at what the emperor is playing.Helm, sword, shield, play this all day long.Look at what our emperor plays with all day long, grasshoppers, crickets, and more elegant ones are pens, inks, papers and inkstones.The collective lack of a nation's martial arts spirit began in the Song Dynasty. The reason was that the Song Dynasty was afraid of being rebelled and suppressed the status of generals too low. Lin Chong, the head of the leopard head of the 800,000 Imperial Army, let Gao Qiu bully him like that.You said that the coach of the 800,000 Imperial Army is not very good, how can a gun practicer be bullied by a football practicer?No, the 800,000 instructors of the Imperial Army are not the chief martial arts coach of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. At that time, there were more than 5,700 instructors of the Imperial Army, and Lin Chong was only 1/5700.Above the instructor are Dujiatou, Yuhou, Duyuhou, Commander, and Du Commander. Du Commander is the fifth rank, and the instructor is lower than the eighth rank.In ancient times, each rank of official rank was divided into two levels, and officials below the fourth rank were divided into upper and lower ranks. He was from the eighth rank.The county magistrate is at the top of the seventh rank. This comparison, in today's terms, is a cadre at the company and platoon level. If he is really the head coach of the Chinese People's Liberation Army martial arts, he is as good as Liangshan.

Soldiers in the Song Dynasty often fled. The way to prevent soldiers from fleeing was to tattoo their faces, but if the tattoos on their faces were criminals, it would be tantamount to disfigurement.Tattoo on the face: the second row of the 1st company of the 8th Battalion, like epaulets.In the Song Dynasty, there was only Di Qing in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Yue Fei in the Southern Song Dynasty was a military general who became the deputy envoy of the Privy Council. This is not easy.When Di Qing was the Deputy Privy Envoy, there were words on his face.The emperor gave him the potion and asked him to wash it off. He said that I would keep it, and I would keep it to motivate the soldiers, telling them that someone like me with writing on my face could also be a deputy privy envoy.But you alone, no one else, can't inspire soldiers.

Just because the Song Dynasty suppressed the status of generals to such a low level, he was always defeated in foreign wars.Civil servants don't know how to fight, so the emperor gives you a battle plan, and fight accordingly.You took the map to the front line, and you were dumbfounded when you opened the map. According to the emperor's arrangement, you can't fight at all. You should ask the emperor again. Before you can ask for instructions, the enemy army is in front of you. Ask for instructions in the next life. The fifth step is to centralize administrative power. Participate in political affairs as deputy prime minister.In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the prime ministers changed from one to a group of prime ministers. In the Song Dynasty, they were appointed as deputy prime ministers.Then the number of prime ministers will increase.The deputy minister of political affairs can be temporarily established, and then a privy envoy will be appointed to manage the military.The original prime minister was to "get on the horse to manage the army, and get off the horse to manage the people".Because the Ministry of War is under the management of the prime minister and the ministers of the three provinces. Now that he has set up a privy envoy, you, the ministers of the three provinces, will not be in charge.In this way, the prime minister's military power was taken away, so the privy secretary and the prime minister were called "the two prime ministers of the east and the west".There are also three divisions to manage finances.The original household department was subordinate to Shangshu Province, and now a third division is set up to manage finances, which weakens the power of the prime minister even more.

Then at the local level, the governor of the state is appointed by a civil servant sent by the central government. Although the original local officials were also appointed by the central government, they were local people. For example, the governor of Sichuan Province was from Sichuan, and the governor of Anhui Province was from Anhui. They were promoted from the local county magistrates and mayors.But it changed from the Song Dynasty. It was the court who appointed Beijing officials to go out as local officials.For example, my job is Dali Temple Shaoqing. I should be the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the vice president of the Supreme People's Court. As a result, the Dali Temple Shaoqing knew Duanzhou affairs, and the chief prosecutor of the High Procuratorate went to Duanzhou to be the governor. What are you doing to me, the Shaoqing of Dali Temple?quit. All the magistrates are sent by the central government, so I know that the magistrates of the Duanzhou envoy must be from Duanzhou.The officials I sent here are not in the same place as yours, so it will be very difficult to cause chaos in the locality.This has basically been the case since the Song Dynasty until now.In fact, you can see that the cadres at the provincial level are all sent down from the central government. After the central government sent people to be magistrates, it also set up general supervision.The general judge supervises the prefecture, so the general judge is also called the supervisory state.Someone told Song Taizu, if you let this civil servant go down to become a magistrate, if you give them such great power, they will be corrupt.Guess what Song Taizu said?He said that the corruption of a hundred civilian officials is not as harmful as one general's opposition to the country.So if you want to be greedy, you can be greedy, as long as you don't rebel.It can be seen that the country he rebelled against was frightened by himself. So the happiest era of intellectuals has come. As long as they don't rebel, they can do whatever they want.The Han and Tang Dynasties are very respectable, but "one general succeeds and ten thousand bones die", living in such a dynasty is very miserable.The Ming and Qing Dynasties collapsed even more, especially the Ming Dynasty. Living in that dynasty was really worse than death. It belonged to the darkest two hundred years in ancient Chinese history.The horror and abhorrence of the Ming and Qing contrasted with the loveliness of the Song Dynasty.The total financial revenue of the Song Dynasty was scary.The Northern Song Dynasty was ten times that of the Ming Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty was six times that of the Ming Dynasty.It was not until the "Xin Chou Treaty" that the fiscal revenue of the Qing Dynasty caught up with the Southern Song Dynasty.If you think about how rich the Song Dynasty was, it was all developed by mercantilism and rich in money.If the Song Dynasty had not been wiped out by the Mongols, China would have developed into a modern society in a step-by-step manner. Unfortunately, history cannot be assumed. The Song Dynasty is a very lovely dynasty. Emperor Taizu had his legacy, which was engraved on the stele.This monument is in a secret hall in the palace, and every newly enthroned emperor must go to see the monument.There are three rules engraved on the stele: first, you must not kill the descendants of the Chai family. Our country was robbed from the Chai family.This is going to leave others alone, I have stolen the country from the Chai family, I have to dig the Chai family up.As a result, the Song Dynasty was not allowed to harm the descendants of the Chai family, and no additional punishment was allowed if he was guilty, not to mention that he could not be guilty.In Water Margin, there is a descendant of the Chai family who is forced to go to Liangshan, the little overlord Chai Jin, that is fictional and cannot be counted. Article 2: Scholar-bureaucrats are not allowed to be killed, and those who write a letter to speak out are not guilty.In the Song Dynasty, as long as you were a scholar, you would not be punished with capital punishment.So civil servants were not sentenced to death.This is not a capital offense, what do you say about corruption?To kill or not to kill?The family law of the ancestors is that it is not allowed to kill scholar-bureaucrats, so they should be exiled. He also said that scholars can be killed but not humiliated.Exile is an insult, it is better to be killed.The emperor said that he was acquitted.The emperor just said that I can't do any pleasant thing.The prime minister said that you don't need to do such a pleasant thing. You can't kill a scholar-bureaucrat. A scholar-bureaucrat wrote a letter to the emperor to say that he was innocent.It won't work if you turn around and label yourself a rightist.So the happiest dynasty for intellectuals was the Song Dynasty.The salary is really high. The salary of the prime minister is 3 million yuan a year, which is almost the total income of 24,000 mu of land. In addition, you can also embezzle. The 3 million is the small head, and the big head is behind.Therefore, no matter how famous the officials of the Song Dynasty were, their lives were extravagant, including Kou Zhun and Ouyang Xiu, as we know. The same can't be spent.The Song Dynasty treated scholars favorably, and the life of intellectuals was good and powerful, so they had time to study Neo-Confucianism and write Song Ci, which is completely different from Tang poetry in style. Intellectuals are rich, but the emperor is miserable.The emperor of the Song Dynasty was so miserable that he had no money to repair his own grave.The imperial mausoleums are very simple. In Gongxian County, Henan Province, they are incomparable with the imperial mausoleums of the Han and Tang Dynasties that straddled mountains and valleys because of the mountains and valleys, and they are incomparable with the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In other dynasties, the emperor started to build the tomb as soon as he ascended the throne. The tomb cannot be finished if the emperor is not dead.So you can't stop while the emperor is alive.In the Song Dynasty, the emperor could not repair the tomb while he was alive. After the emperor died, the work had to be completed within seven months. As long as there was no bean curd, it should be done as soon as possible, otherwise the emperor's body would rot.So the imperial mausoleum is very simple.The third of the ancestral precepts is no land tax.Of course, this point has not been done well. If there is no land tax, what will the emperor and all civil and military officials eat?Besides, they have to eat well! The sixth step in consolidating the political power is to set up transshipment envoys in various places in order to centralize financial and judicial power. This is equivalent to transferring all the local finances to the central government.Then the local judicial personnel are served by civil officials sent by the central government, which is to mention some prison envoys. The death penalty has to be reported to the central government, and it has been done until today.For example, if someone is killed in Anhui, the death penalty must be approved by the Supreme People's Court.Of course, it is generally not rejected, and it can be approved, but the death penalty must be reported to the central government for the emperor to personally approve.In the Qing Dynasty, there was Maoqin Hall hooked up.The emperor ticked off the death row prisoner in the Maoqin Hall, and used a red pen to tick off the name of the death row prisoner to express approval, also known as hooking or ticking.The death penalty can be executed after the agreement is issued.If you seduce a person, the minister will kneel down three times to intercede for him. God has the virtue of good life, so please grant the emperor's permission.The emperor said that this guy was too bad, so he ticked it off, but the ministers still asked each of them three times, don't kill him, he has the virtue of living a good life.In fact, just pretend.Because the people who are generally sentenced to death are treacherous and evil people, and it's over if they are hooked. After these six articles, including the feudal town in Dayuanzi, all internal, external and local power, soldiers, and money are all gone, and the centralization of power has been greatly strengthened. The basic eradication of feudal separatist regimes maintained unity and stability, which was conducive to economic development.Strong stems and weak branches have weakened the locality, so except for the special "San Francisco Rebellion" in the early Qing Dynasty, there has indeed been no incident of local rebellion against the central government after the Song Dynasty. This problem has been solved very well.However, there are too many officials and huge financial expenditures, which are the accompanying disadvantages.How redundant are officials?As mentioned earlier, although the privy envoys are in charge of the military, the three provinces and six departments cannot become three provinces and five departments. There are still military departments.The third division is in charge of finances, and the household department is still there.In this way, the institutions of the Ministry of War and the Privy Envoy, the Ministry of Households and the Third Secretary will overlap, and the overlap will cause disputes.You do it or I do it, so the efficiency is low.Moreover, because the court of the Northern Song Dynasty treated scholars favorably, these uncles had a bad temper, and ordinary people were not easy to deal with them. They were used to this problem, and the excessive number of officials caused overlapping institutions, which was not easy to deal with. Another problem is that the combat effectiveness of the army has declined.The soldiers have tattoos on their faces, and the officials only started reading "Sun Tzu's Art of War" last night. Think about how the battle will be fought at dawn. Let's talk about local financial difficulties, poor and weak.It's not really poor, it's really weak.He is rich, he is the richest dynasty in Chinese history, but the money is not spent properly.Therefore, the measures to strengthen the centralization of power in the early Northern Song Dynasty have advantages and disadvantages. In "Zhu Zi Yu Lei", Zhu Xi concluded that "this dynasty learned from the disadvantages of the five dynasties' feudal towns, and then seized all the power of the feudal towns." The soldiers were also collected, and the wealth was also collected. Rewards, punishments, punishments, and administration were all collected. "The states and counties will be weak every day. The battle of Jingkang. Wherever the cavalry pass, they will all collapse." That is to say, you have collected everything, and the result is that the local military power is weak. People have the ability to resist, and in the end they will be defeated when they are beaten by foreigners.The demise of the Northern Song Dynasty was due to the above policies that seemed to strengthen the country. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the method of selecting officials in the Song Dynasty was changed, and the imperial examination system was developed. The examination is divided into three levels: township examination, provincial examination, and palace examination. The provincial test is the later test.Some layman's writing is subject to the examination, which is only taken after high school graduation.It said that Kang Youwei was taking the national exam in Beijing. Which middle school did Kang Youwei attend, and what class did Kang Youwei attend?Later, it was divided into hospital examination, township examination, and general examination. The general examination is the provincial examination and palace examination.The college entrance examination is the lowest, and those who pass are called scholars, and those who fail are called children. In ancient times, there was no such thing as graduation.Children enter school at the age of five or six, and after entering school, you can go for the examination of scholar.If you pass the exam at the age of seven, you are a child prodigy, but you can pass the exam at seventy. Isn’t Fan Jin only admitted to the scholar in his fifties?Those who fail the old exams and have no status are old children.The reason why Hong Xiuquan rebelled was that he failed to pass the exam for a scholar all his life.Do you think he can be admitted to Tianli with his knowledge?His failure to pass the exam means that the Qing Dynasty was not corrupt. He just failed to pass the exam, and he would not pass the exam in any dynasty. Those who passed the college examination as a scholar can go to the township examination.The township examination is held in the provincial capital, and the pilot examination is collectively called Juren.The first person in Juren was named Jieyuan, so Tang Bohu was Tang Jieyuan.If you pass the exam again, you can go to the examination.Once every three years, the Ministry of Rites will take the main test, and those who take the pilot test are called Gongshi.The first name of Gongshi is Huiyuan, not Huiyuan Juice.You PKed three times and didn't get eliminated, and won the Gongshi, so you can go to the palace test.All the tribute scholars will surely win the palace examination, but they are divided into three classes. The first class is called Jiaci Jinshi and No. 1. There are three people in total.The second class is called Jiaci Jinshi, and there are a few people on the list.The third class is called Jiaci Tongjinshi, and the number of people on the list is also the same, so the third class. If you want to pass all three exams above the township exam, it is called Lianzhong Sanyuan.There is a Chinese idiom called Lianzhong Sanyuan, why not win 26 yuan or 70 yuan and 25 cents in a row, it does not mean that you can exchange for 3 yuan milk if you win consecutive prizes, but 3 yuan means Jieyuan, Huiyuan, and champion.The imperial examination system has been in existence for more than 1300 years, and only the Shangren of the Ming Dynasty have won the three awards.Only one buddy can win three yuan in a row, because it is too difficult, and it is so coincidental that it is you.Some won the champion in the end, but the previous test may not be the first. There are still problems with status and performance in the test room.So the buddy Lian Zhong San Yuan is amazing. The right to enroll in the imperial examination is in the hands of the emperor, so Jinshi and ranks are called disciples of the Son of Heaven. In the past, high-ranking officials presided over the examination, and the high-ranking officials decided to admit them. Once these new subjects were admitted, they would be grateful to the high-ranking officials and easily form cronies with the high-ranking officials.You are all admitted by me, you are my students, so you have to listen to me.It's different now, the right to enroll is in the hands of the emperor, you can form a party with the emperor, it doesn't get in the way. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the palace examinations were held in the Palace of Preservation, especially those of the Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. They really set the questions and invigilated the examinations in person.After the exam, I got up in the morning and continued to take the exam until dark, lighting the wax and taking the exam one after another, and the emperor sat with him to invigilate the exam.Later, some emperors, like Xianfeng, wandered around the examination room, saying that the comrades had worked hard and then withdrew, which meant it. The imperial examination in the Song Dynasty implemented the method of obfuscation of names. The obfuscation of names is our current seal. Your name, age, place of origin, and gender are all blocked and kept strictly confidential.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, you have to "transcribe" the paper. The examiner can't see your handwritten paper. He is copied by ten Zhongshu Scheeren. The handwriting seen by the examiner is all the same, so that in case my student I know his handwriting , just give a high score.Of course, there are many ways to cheat. In terms of the number of admissions, the Song Dynasty increased compared with the Tang Dynasty.In particular, Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty had been in power for 20 years, and the number of Jinshi admitted exceeded that of the Tang Dynasty for three hundred years.The Tang Dynasty recorded 30 to 40 at a time, every three years, Song Taizong recorded 500 or 600 at a time, and took the exam every year.The three-year exam is very difficult. There are tens of millions of people in the country, and even if there are a few tenths of those who study, there are millions of people. It is very difficult to admit hundreds of people in the three-year exam.As a result, when Song Taizong was in power, Enke was always used. I gave birth to a fat son this year. I am happy. This year, Enke was used for the imperial examination.I will give birth to another one next year and open it again.It is good to marry a young daughter-in-law in the year after next, and then open it. In the year after that, Ganoderma lucidum grows on the tree in our house, and he is always busy.Generally speaking, Enke is not supposed to take the imperial examination this year when the emperor spends his whole life, but I will open Enke for my whole life. There was no imperial examination in 1894, but the imperial court opened Enke on the 60th birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi.This opened the way for scholars from all walks of life to enter official careers. In the Tang Dynasty, the children of officials and eunuchs could take the imperial examinations, but the children of Baiding could not.In the Song Dynasty, all peasants could take part in the imperial examination, and so could the sons of merchants.Only the children of prisoners and the children of prostitutes will not work.In the past, when a child went to a private school, "I am a farmer in the morning, and the teacher will teach you to read: I will go to the Tianzitang in the evening. There is no such thing as a man, and a man should be self-improvement. The emperor values ​​heroes, and the articles teach you. Everything is inferior, but reading is high." Said You can become an official in the imperial examination by studying, and the character of reading is the highest, so how can you still rebel.Therefore, Emperor Zhenzong made "Encouraging Learning" to persuade scholars to read the Six Classics diligently in front of the window.Why are you reading?Because "the book has its own golden house, the book has its own Yan Ruyu. The book has its own thousand bell millet, and the book has many chariots and horses." As long as you study, you can find everything: golden house, Yan Ruyu, chariots and horses , Qianzhong millet. It's the same today, and I read the Six Classics diligently to the window.English, mathematics, science, chemistry, biology, history, geography, and politics, exactly six.You didn't even go to college, you just see if there is a shortage of goods in the supermarket.I can't find a job without graduating from university.You go to college, Golden House, Yan Ruyu, Chariots and Horses, and Qian Zhongsu.Do not read, Tin House, Chai He Niu, Stick Noodles, Bicycles. The imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty was tantamount to expanding the foundation of the regime, so many people let you be sucked into the court.But there are already enough officials, and if you recruit so many people, you have to let them be officials.To be an official, you have to give him money. The intellectuals in the Northern Song Dynasty were treated so well, and the money could not be less.Therefore, as a result, there are redundant staff and many and mixed officials, and this group of people is even less authentic.