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Chapter 30 7. All roads lead to the Tang Dynasty

what is history 1 袁腾飞 14571Words 2018-03-20
The territory of the Tang Dynasty was surrounded by the sea on three sides, from the sea to the east, the Aral Sea to the west, the South China Sea to the south, and the Waixing'an Mountains and Sakhalin Islands to the northeast. At its peak, it was 16 million square kilometers, but it only lasted for three years.Although the Aral Sea is called a sea, it is actually a lake, which is located in today’s Kazakhstan; the Outer Khingan Mountains, today called the Stanov Mountains, are located in Russia; the Sakhalin Island is called Sakhalin today, and is also located in Russia.During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the rulers of the Central Dynasty, especially the rulers of the early Tang Dynasty, such as Tang Taizong, paid more attention to ethnic relations and implemented an enlightened ethnic policy. The development of transportation also made the border of the Central Plains closer.In the north there were Turks, Huihe, and Mohe; in the southwest there were Tubo and Nanzhao who successively established regimes, and they developed the frontiers of the motherland.

The Turks arose in the Altai Mountains, and they may be descendants of the Huns or other species.Altai Mountain is the border between Mongolia and Xinjiang today. It is also called Jinshan, which produces gold, so when Mongolians praise you, they say that you are as pure as the gold in Altai Mountain.It's probably gone now, it's all sand.In the middle of the sixth century, the people of the Altai Mountains established the Turkic Khanate.By the early years of the Sui Dynasty, it was divided into East Turks and West Turks, among which the East Turks were particularly powerful. In the early days of Zhenguan, Tang Taizong defeated the Eastern Turks.As mentioned earlier, the famous general Li Jing of the Tang Dynasty defeated the Turks in Yinshan with 3,000 cavalry.Jieli Khan was drinking, Li Jing, a heavenly soldier, captured Jieli Khan, and the Eastern Turks perished.

There are hundreds of thousands of descendants of the Eastern Turks, how to deal with this.Wei Zheng said to the emperor, "Turkic wolf species", these people are descendants of wolves, because their national flag is a big wolf head, "You can't teach benevolence and righteousness, and you can't punish the law." Kill all their chiefs and scatter their people across the river north and south."Another minister suggested to Tang Taizong to move them to the interior so that they could be monitored and brought to Shandong.Just like when the Tang Dynasty destroyed Goguryeo and Baekje, they all moved people to the interior of the Central Plains.

But to move it to the mainland, a problem arises, what about its original place?If the Turkic people were moved from Yinshan, what would happen to Yinshan?No one is willing to send Han Chinese to garrison that place.If that place is abandoned and is occupied by other nomads, how can we ensure that the nomads who occupy the place must be friendly with the Tang Dynasty.Therefore, another minister gave him an idea, "All the tribes, follow the local customs, and use the empty land to defend China."This is called "rising and extinction".Seeing that this country is on the verge of extinction and its species is about to become extinct, it is the most remarkable thing for you to continue to rise and fall, and it is the most noble thing in ancient China.Tang Taizong adopted his suggestion, the Turkic khan nobles still lived in Chang'an, but let the locals serve as governors and govern their own tribes.It means that I have defeated you, and I still let you be an official, and I still let you rule, just like Zhuge Liang captured Menghuo seven times, using barbarians to control barbarians.

Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty did not change the customs of the original tribal organization, and set up the jurisdiction of the Dudu Mansion, so these people were grateful to the court and respected Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty as the Khan of Heaven.Khan is the respectful title given to the ruler by various ethnic groups in the north.Tang Taizong himself said, "Since ancient times, the Chinese people have been valued, and the barbarians have been despised. I only love them as one, so they all depend on me like their parents."I treat them all the same, and they treat me like a parent.

Because the Li and Tang Dynasties were also very popular, the emperors all had Xianbei names, and they were originally a mixture of Xianbei and Han.Moreover, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty said such a passage, "Hanwu has poor soldiers for more than 30 years, and they have exhausted China, and they have gained very little. How can it be that today, with the virtue of virtue, the land of the poor is full of households."Hanwu has poor soldiers for more than 30 years, and the Great Wall has been filled with war smoke, but in the end, there is no benefit. It is better to be like me, to convince people with virtue, and to incorporate backward minority areas, all of which are registered households of the country. Territory, I am stronger than Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty!It's such a feeling.

In fact, Tang Taizong's words are a bit big. Didn't you defeat him before you included it?If you don't defeat him, if you don't conquer people with force first, how can you convince people with virtue so easily later.If there is no force but virtue, who cares about you? Those people are all immoral.Only by using force first, then by virtue, can they be completely conquered. The khan Ashnadur of the Luo tribe in the East Turkic region was forced by his uncle to lead his troops to defect to Tang Taizong. He was honored as the princess of Nanyang and was appointed a general. Stand shoulder to shoulder with famous generals.He swept across the Western Regions, killing those Turkic people who were crying and shouting; he destroyed twenty-four countries, big and small, and was the founder of the two major guards of Anxi and Beiting in the Tang Dynasty.Taizong asked Asnadur to stand at the gate of the palace every night with a knife and a spear to stand guard for himself. If he didn't stand guard there, Tang Taizong couldn't sleep.Ashnadur stood with a spear and a dagger in his arms. If he thought of the hatred of the country and the family in his heart, if he went in for a while, Tang Taizong would be finished.The emperor was lying there, and after a while, the snoring sounded, not to test you!Really fell asleep.For trusting him so much, wouldn't Ashnadur be grateful to the emperor?Therefore, Ashnadur was born and died for the Tang Dynasty. After his death, he was buried in Zhaoling, and he was also buried with the emperor.This is the Turkic nobility.

The Tang Dynasty was open, magnificent, and colorful. People from all nationalities and countries were officials in the Tang Dynasty.Turks, Khitans, Uighurs, Koreans, Japanese, Iranians, and Arabs could all be officials in the Tang Dynasty.Therefore, when Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty passed away, the princes of all ethnic groups in the north felt as if they had lost their parents.Those who poked their own eyes blind, those who cut their faces with a knife, those who burnt incense on their heads, those who committed suicide and were buried. It is impossible to describe the grief in my heart.It can be seen that the ethnic relations during the Tang Taizong period were very enlightened.

After the destruction of the East Turks, there were still the West Turks. The West Turks were in the Xinjiang region at that time and controlled the countries south of the Tianshan Mountains, which affected the smooth flow of the Silk Road.Tang Taizong first conquered Gaochang and set up Anxi Dufu. In 657 AD, Tang Gaozong sent Su Dingfang and others to conquer the Western Regions.Su Dingfang is a fierce man. He had previously destroyed the Eastern Turks together with Li Jing, and now he captured He Lu and destroyed the Western Turks.At that time, the imperial court paid special attention to the Western Regions, because the Silk Road was the only channel for China's foreign exchanges.The southeast is the sea, and the north is the Mongolian desert, the Great Gobi. Why do you turn over there?Can you turn over the southwest Qinghai-Tibet Plateau?On land, you can only go from the Western Region.The jurisdictional agency set up by the imperial court in the west is generally called the Duhufu. This is to maintain the Silk Road, and the Han nationality is used as the Duhufu.Then the general establishment in the east is called the Governor's Mansion. It is to appoint this local ethnic group and use the local people as the governor.Therefore, Wu Zetian set up Beiting Duhufu and Anxi Duhufu to divide and rule the north and south of Tianshan Mountain.The Protectorate's Mansion is of high rank, officially ordered by the imperial court. "Hu Tian is snowing in August... The general's horn bow is out of control, and the guard's iron clothes are hard to wear." "The lonely smoke in the desert is straight, and the sun is setting in the long river. When Xiaoguan is riding a horse, he is guarding Yanran." It all writes this , indicating that the place is under the jurisdiction of the Protectorate.Ban Chao is the Protector of the Western Regions.

Beiting Dufu Mansion, as the name suggests, must be in charge of the north.The Anxi Protectorate is in charge of the south, and mainly governs today's Xinjiang region. It has four towns under its jurisdiction, Shule, Qiuci, Khotan, and Suiye.Li Bai was born in Suiye Town, under the jurisdiction of Anxi Duhufu, in today's Tokmak, Kyrgyzstan.Therefore, the nationality must be determined according to the place of birth. Li Bai is a citizen of Kyrgyzstan and did not return to the mainland of China until he was three years old.But no one in Kyrgyzstan seems to know about Li Bai, and they are not proud of it. Otherwise, they can apply and say that he is Li Bai, an outstanding citizen of their country.

After the Turks were defeated, they moved westward, and one of them moved to the Anatolian Plateau today. It was also at this time that they converted to Islam, and one of them was established under the leadership of the leader Osman. The country is the Ottoman Turkic Empire, also known as the Ottoman Turkic Empire.The pronunciation of Turkey and Turkic are very similar, but they are actually the same thing. Turkey is pronounced in English, and Turkic is pronounced in Turkic, just like China and China are one country.The founding of Turkey, across Europe, Asia and Africa, across three continents, flourished for a while, and then began to decline from the 17th and 18th centuries.Like China, he declined earlier than China, lingering on for so many years, and belongs to the "sick man of West Asia". At the beginning of the 20th century, when the Young Turks carried out reforms, in order to revive Turkey’s national prestige, some people pointed out that in history the Turkic nation once ruled a huge territory from the Sea of ​​Japan to the Black Sea, making the entire Sea of ​​Japan to the Black Sea The languages ​​of the northern Asian peoples all belong to the Turkic language family.Therefore, it believes that all Turkic-speaking places should be unified and established as one country, which means that the entire northern part of Asia should be under their control. This kind of thinking is called "Pan-Turkism" and belongs to extreme nationalism.Later, it combined with pan-Islamism and extreme religious forces to form today's East Turkistan issue.Why are these ethnic separatists now establishing East Turkestan? Where did this East Turkestan come from? It is the product of the combination of extreme nationalism and extreme religiousism. In fact, we know that Uighurs are descendants of Uighurs, not Turks.Although the Uyghur language belongs to the Turkic language family, there are many languages ​​belonging to the Turkic language family.Our Chinese still belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, but are there any similarities between Chinese and Tibetan? During the Tang Dynasty, the ethnic group in the north was Uyghur, which was later transliterated as Uyghur.Huihe originally lived in the area of ​​the Selenge River, and the Selenge River is in the territory of today's Mongolia.During the time of Tang Taizong, Hanhai Dudufu was established, and the leader of Huihe was canonized as the governor of Hanhai Dudufu.Hanhai generally refers to the desert, "Hanhai railing Baizhang ice". In the middle of the eighth century, Guli Pei Luo unified the Huihe tribes, and Tang Xuanzong canonized him as Huairen Khan. The word Huairen is obviously Chinese, which means that the Huihe Khan was ordered by the Tang Dynasty.During the Anshi Rebellion, Huihe also helped Tang Ping rebel.Of course, there are conditions for Huihe to help Tang suppress the rebellion. It is not for nothing.That is to say, the recovered land belongs to you, and I will take all the people and things inside.If even the population is taken away, it is tantamount to taking back empty cities one by one. What is the use of that? This is the reason why the Anshi Rebellion caused the Tang Dynasty to turn from prosperity to decline. During Tang Suzong's period, he began to make peace with the Khan of Huihe.Suzong was the son of Xuanzong. When Xuanzong went to Shu in the Anshi Rebellion, Suzong ascended the throne in Lingwu, and then respected Xuanzong as the Supreme Emperor.So Tang Xuanzong's later years were also very bleak, because Suzong was afraid of his restoration and kept looking at him. Huihe was smarter. After summing up the lessons from the Huns to the demise of the Turks, he came to a conclusion that he could not be an enemy of the Central Plains Dynasty, because the Central Plains Dynasty was strong.That is to say, unless the ethnic minorities are so powerful that the Central Plains Dynasty can be wiped out in a single war, if not, as long as the Central Plains Dynasty recovers, he can get you because of his strong economy.War is the economy of war, and the northern nomads are animal husbandry economy.When a heavy snowstorm hits, your grass is completely covered, your livestock have nothing to eat, and they all freeze to death; the tents you live in are made of animal skins, your clothes are made of animal skins, and your milk and food are good. Be it meat, they all rely on animal husbandry. In this way, a snowstorm or a tornado can kill a regime or cause its demise. Therefore, although their armed forces are strong, their economic foundation is too weak to be separated from the support of the Central Plains Dynasty.Huihe is smart. It will never be an enemy of the Central Plains Dynasty. Therefore, the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Huihe is probably the best relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and the northern peoples in all dynasties.In Huihe for more than a hundred years, a total of twelve khans were handed down. Among the twelve khans, ten were married princesses of the Tang Dynasty.The khans who are equal to Huihe all have the blood of the Tang Dynasty and the blood of the Han nationality. "It's time for Khan to write a letter of respect." Huihe Khan wrote a letter to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, very respectful. "Hegu Dulu Khan said that he used to be a brother, but now he is a son-in-law and a son-in-law." So we are buddies, but now I am your son-in-law, so I am a half-son, so I respect you very much, right? "If your Majesty suffers from Xirong, please use your soldiers to get rid of it." If you think Tubo hates you, my son will fight for you! In the eighth century AD, Uighur was changed to Uighur. In the ninth century, the Khanate collapsed.The Uyghurs were attacked by foreigners and encountered severe natural disasters, so the Uyghur Khanate collapsed. Some Uyghurs who moved westward to Xinjiang were the ancestors of the Uyghurs; those who moved westward to Gansu were the ancestors of the Yugurs.So the Uyghurs today are the descendants of the Uighurs, and so are the Yugurs. In the middle of the seventh century, Heishui and Sumo were powerful, with Heishui in the north and Sumo in the south. The Sumo Mohe people live in the Songhua River and Heilongjiang River basins by fishing and animal husbandry.In fact, Sumo Mohe is the ancestor of the Manchu people today.The Sumo regime was founded in 698 AD by Da Zuorong.Xuanzong named Da Zuorong the king of Bohai County and the governor of Huhan Prefecture.In this way, Sumo Mohe became the Bohai regime, and the Bohai State was also called the Beizhao State, echoing the Nanzhao State.Today South Korea is arguing with us about this, saying that Bohai is his regime, and we say that it was established by our ethnic minorities in Northeast China. In fact, it should be a history shared by the two ethnic groups.Because I lived across the land at that time, I can't comment on where I belonged.The Bohai State has existed for nearly 300 years, and was destroyed by Liao in 925 AD.But the Bohai people have always been there. After the Jin Dynasty, there were also Bohai people, and the royal family had a big surname.When Yue Fei fought against the Jin Dynasty, there was a famous general in the Jin Dynasty named Da Tobujia, who was from Bohai. Nanzhao Kingdom.The rise of Nanzhao was in the early seventh century, and it later developed into two modern ethnic groups, Yi and Bai.The imperial edict of Nanzhao is the local language, which means king.At that time, there were a total of six imperial edicts, of which the Mengshe edict was relatively powerful. With the support of Tang Xuanzong, the leader Pi Luoge unified the six edicts and established the Nanzhao regime.Xuanzong sealed Luoge as the king of Yunnan.At that time, the Piluo Pavilion was requested to be conferred. Tang Ming Emperor Xuanzong thought that the land was far away and belonged to the south of Caiyun, so he was conferred the title of King of Yunnan. The province of Yunnan got its name because of this canonization.When the Nanzhao regime was in its heyday, the territory not only included today’s Yunnan and Guizhou, but also part of today’s Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Today’s Thai royal family is also a descendant of Nanzhao, and it was established there after the Nanzhao regime . Tubo, which is today's Tibet. Although there are fifty-six ethnic groups in China, it is undeniable that their development levels are different, and some ethnic minorities are relatively backward in development.Like in 1949, some were still in the primitive clan system.Among the fifty-six ethnic groups, the most civilized one is of course the Han nationality, and the remaining ones who are as civilized as the Han nationality should actually be the Tibetan nationality.There are so many books in Chinese, I can't count them!There are as many stars as there are stars in the sky, and they are vast.The same is true for Tibetan books. Of course, this refers to ancient books. Tibetan ancient books are very old and have been handed down to this day.In Tibetan myths and legends, humans are born from the combination of a monkey and a Rakshasa girl. This legend is most in line with Darwin's theory of evolution. And this level of civilization is second only to the Tibetans of the Han nationality, and their ancestors are Tubo.The king of Tubo is called Zanpu, and Songtsan Gampo is Tubo Zanpu.He unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and established a capital, Lhasa. As the political center of Tibet, Lhasa has not changed until now.He imitated the official system of the Tang Dynasty and created Tubo characters.The Tubo script was created on the basis of the Sanskrit alphabet.Tang Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songtsan Gampo, and Princess Wencheng entered Tubo, which represented the marriage between Tang and Tubo.Princess Jincheng also married Tubo Tsampo, but she did not go there with Princess Wencheng. Jincheng went there when Tang Zhongzong lived, and she married Tubo ruler Daizhudan Zanpu. At the beginning of the ninth century, during the reign of Emperor Muzong of the Tang Dynasty, Tubo and Tang Huimeng were called Changqing Huimeng in history. "For those who are in need, do not do violent looting." Not doing violent looting proves that this kind of thing has been done before.Tang and Tibet fought for so many years, Tubo invaded Chang'an four times, and all four towns in Anxi fell, all of which were occupied by Tubo.When the Tubo Empire was at its peak, its territory was very vast.The Great Food Empire at that time, that is, the Arab Empire, was stopped when it expanded eastward, precisely because of the existence of the Tubo Empire.The brave Tibetans blocked the Arabs and prevented China from being Islamized. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the external transportation was developed. Starting from Chang'an by land, it can reach North Korea.Of course, if you go east by land, you can only go to North Korea, and if you go east, you will fall into the sea.Going west through the Silk Road, you can reach India, Iran, Arabia, Europe, Africa and many other countries.By sea, starting from Dengzhou and Yangzhou, it can reach South Korea and Japan.Dengzhou is Penglai, Shandong. When the Koreans told us that there is a shallow sea between China and South Korea, when the weather is fine, we can hear the crowing of chickens in the Shandong Peninsula, but we don’t know what chickens are. , called so loudly.Then starting from Guangzhou, via the Maritime Silk Road, you can reach the Persian Gulf.The Maritime Silk Road could only reach the southernmost tip of India during the Han Dynasty, but it could reach the Persian Gulf in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang government encouraged foreign businessmen to come to China for trade, allowing them to live in China, serve as officials, and intermarry.When the Tang Dynasty was strong in the early days, there were an average of 3,000 foreigners serving as officials for each emperor. The Persians worshiped their prime ministers, and the Iranians worshiped their prime ministers; ethnicity, but Koreans think that Koreans are Koreans, so they are Koreans!Gao Xianzhi, a native of Korea, was the governor of Anxi, equivalent to the high position of the commander of the Lanzhou Military Region. The most famous one is a Japanese, Abe Nakamaro, who came to China at the age of 19. Tang Xuanzong liked him very much, and named him Chao Heng in Chinese.In today's words, it is the director of the National Library and the National Archives. From Sanpin, this position is too important. If you think about the director of the National Archives, the national archives are under his management. This is top-secret information and state secrets.Chao Heng has been in China for more than 30 years, married a wife and had children. His son may not know his father is Japanese until he was 20 or 30 years old.So my father is Japanese, where is Japan?Tell me about Japan!Chao Heng felt that he was getting old, so he bid farewell to Tang Xuanzong and wanted to go back to Japan, but Tang Xuanzong refused to let him go, and Chao Qing was really reluctant to return to the country and refused to let him go.As a result, during the Mid-Autumn Festival of that year, Xingqing Palace had a grand banquet for civil and military affairs, and the officials wrote poems. When it was Chao Heng's turn, he wrote a poem saying, "Looking up at the sky, looking forward to the side of Nara. On the top of Mikasa Mountain, I think the moon is full again." In Chang'an, my heart is in Nara, the moon on the top of the mountain in my hometown also rises, and when the moon is full, people are also reunited.So Xuanzong saw that since he was so homesick, he should go back.Then he returned to the country with the ship that sent the Tang envoy. Chao Heng was buddies with Li Bai and Wang Wei. When he left, Li Bai and Wang Wei saw him off, reluctant to leave.Wang Wei wrote a poem "Send Secretary Chao Jian back to Japan", "The stagnant water can't be extreme, and you can know the east of the sea. Where is Kyushu far away? Thousands of miles are like flying in the air. Xiangguo only looks at the sun, but returns to the sails but the trade wind. Ao's body reflects the darkness of the sky." , Fish eyes shot red. Outside the tree and hibiscus tree, the owner is in the isolated island. If you leave the foreign land, if you can hear the news." Chao Heng encountered a storm as soon as he went out to sea, and sent back news that Mr. Chao was killed, and Li Bai almost cried to death. A poem said: "Japan's Chao Qing resigned from the imperial capital, sailing around the pot. The bright moon does not return to Shen Bihai, and the white clouds are full of sorrow." Later, the news came that he was not dead, and it was blown to Vietnam.At that time, the ship was a sailing ship. When the wind blew and there was no compass, I had to follow my feeling. After I landed, I saw that it was Vietnam.Chao Heng explained his identity, An Nan took a look, it turned out that you are Mr. Chao, the secretary supervisor, and you were sent to Chang'an quickly, but you went back after a circle.Chao Heng later died in Chang'an, died in China, and never returned to Japan.Because if you go to sea again, it will be over if you go to Indonesia. Anyway, Vietnam was Chinese territory at that time, and it was under the jurisdiction of the Annan Protectorate. Chao Heng is a model of Sino-Japanese exchanges. There are many Japanese students like this who come to China to become officials. The friendly exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Silla are of great significance. Silla is today's North Korea. During the Sui Dynasty, there were still three countries on the Korean peninsula, Goryeo, Silla and Baekje.Among them, Koryo is the largest, and it has its territory in the northeast of China today, while Silla and Baekje are in today's South Korea, the southern part of the peninsula.These three kingdoms stand together. During the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Sui Yang returned without success in three expeditions to Korea.Tang Taizong's conquest of Korea also returned in vain. He had great martial arts skills, and the end of his conquest of Gaoli was the same as that of Sui Yangdi.Probably the main reason is that the place is too cold and the transportation is inconvenient.During Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, he failed many times in the first battle against Goryeo. He once sent the famous general Su Dingfang of the Tang Dynasty to lead the fierce general Qibi Heli to conquer many times. Far, fall short.So Emperor Gaozong of Tang changed his diplomatic strategy, making friends from far away and attacking near, contacting Silla to attack Goryeo and Baekje. When Tang Gaozong's mother and wife Wu Zetian was in power, he sent Xue Rengui and Li Ji to attack for the last time. At that time, Li Ji was 73 years old.After the annihilation of Goryeo, the gang of Goryeo's royal family officials moved to the Central Plains, put them in Shandong, and finally integrated into the Han nationality.Later, another Goryeo Dynasty appeared in the history of North Korea. That Goryeo Dynasty was established by the local Koreans. It was completely different from this Goryeo Dynasty, but only under the banner of Goryeo.The Tang Dynasty also joined forces with Silla to destroy Baekje. The Tang and Luo coalition forces totaled 190,000, of which 150,000 were Tang troops and 40,000 Silla troops, so it was mainly the Tang army that destroyed Baekje.Among the national heroes worshiped by the Koreans today, one is Yi Sun-shin, who fought against Japan and is indeed worthy of worship. There is also a general named Gae-bak. There are many portraits and bronze statues of him in Korea, which is equivalent to Moon Cheon-hsiang in Korea. He is Baekje General.When the Tang Luo coalition army attacked Baekje with 190,000 troops, all the kings of Baekje surrendered, and Jie Bo led 5,000 warriors to resist, and finally the entire army was wiped out and died in battle. Silla was unified with the help of Tang Dynasty, so the relationship between Silla and Tang Dynasty is very friendly.The territory of the Silla Dynasty is not the entire Korean Peninsula today. At that time, the border between the Tang Dynasty and Silla was not on the Yalu River, but should be on the Daedong River.North of today's Pyongyang was still China's land at that time.When the Chinese emperor celebrated his birthday, the queens of Silla embroidered clothes for the emperor and had to write hymns, which was very obedient.Silla had the largest number of foreign students in the Tang Dynasty, and the most famous was Cui Zhiyuan, the founder of Sinology, who seemed to have served as a magistrate in Yangzhou.Regarding the issue of international students, it seems to be the same today. If you look at any school that recruits foreign students, it is basically from Silla.The pressure of the college entrance examination in South Korea is heavier than ours in China, so those people can't pass the exam anywhere, so they have to go to China to mix, and if they get along, they can mix with Peking University.In fact, their level, not to mention Peking University, even Peking Elementary School could not pass the exam.Our Chinese education system is not worth money, like Harvard, Oxford, Cambridge, MIT, such schools will give you money because you are a foreigner?Peking University doesn't matter, Peking University and Tsinghua University are like selling cheap, and Koreans can come if they give them money!Hence our current situation, Silla has the largest number of international students, and they can be found everywhere, and everyone hears that the front wheel does not turn and the back wheel turns Smecta.When Silla established the country, it took part in the system of the Tang Dynasty, established Guoxue, and taught Confucianism.If it was in ancient Korea, before it was annexed by Japanese imperialism in 1910, if you don’t know Chinese characters, it’s useless to want to be an official.It was not until King Sejong, the fourth generation of the Joseon Dynasty, promulgated Hunminjeongeum, that Korean characters came into existence, so Koreans especially worship King Sejong.But when he promulgated Hunminzhengyin, many ministers objected at that time, saying that Yidi created characters, and Tubo created characters. Our systems at all levels are the same as those in China. We are Chinese, and the Chinese should not create another one Set of text. Silla also introduced tea, printing, porcelain and copper crafts from the Tang Dynasty.Today, when I travel to a certain place in South Korea, its special products are copper chopsticks, bronze wares, and celadon.Goryeo celadon is very famous. In fact, the earliest Chinese porcelain was celadon and white porcelain, and then colored porcelain and pastel appeared later. Korea may have remained at the level of celadon. Now it looks very clumsy and old, but it is actually Because the production techniques behind have not been learned.In addition, reading and writing Tang poetry is also a major habit of them.The level of Koreans writing Tang poetry is indeed quite high, and Japanese can write it too, but what Japanese people write is not as pure as Koreans, and if it goes down, Vietnamese can also write it, which is basically doggerel. In 1910, Korea was annexed by Japanese imperialism, and many people with lofty ideals went into exile in China. One of them left a very famous poem when he was living in Nantong, Jiangsu.This buddy saw wild geese flying across the sky when he was sleeping at night, and wrote this poem after thinking about it: "A sound of southern geese disturbs my sleep, and I go up to a tall building alone and the moon is full of the sky. When is the twelfth day not the homeland, more than three thousand miles and this year .” Twelve months a year, twelve hours a day, I miss my homeland.North Korea claims to have three thousand miles of mountains and rivers, and another year has passed, and it has not yet recovered. "Brother Yiyili with white hair, father and grandfather Qingshan Lili. When the hibiscus blooms, the spring water of the Yajiang River will return to the boat." Hibiscus is hibiscus, the national flower of South Korea. When the hibiscus blooms, returning from the Yalu River means I Although the country is dead, the ambition to recover the motherland never ceases.People also express a kind of ambition, but he is not shouting, not sweeping all reactionaries, so Korean Chinese poems are very good. In addition, in terms of surnames, clothing, festivals, customs, etc., Silla also has a strong Chinese cultural color. During the Han Dynasty, Japan had friendly exchanges with China. Later, in the southwest of Japan's Honshu Island, a powerful regime called Yamatai Kingdom arose.This is the translation of our Chinese books into Yamato. Yamato is actually Yamato. Because Yamato is YAMATO in Japanese, we transliterated it into Yamato.At that time, the rulers of Yamato were all queens, half witches, half humans, and half gods.Queen Himiko of Yamatai Kingdom sent an envoy to China during the reign of Emperor Wei Ming. Emperor Wei Ming was very happy and canonized Himiko as the pro-Wei Wa King and the governor of the Andong Governor's Mansion.Therefore, regardless of how the regime in the Central Plains changes in the future, Japan will be a vassal to China. Even during the Wei and Jin Dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, and Six Dynasties, the emperors of the Six Dynasties all canonized the rulers of Japan as the governor of the Japanese King Anton, the general of Anton, the envoy, and the sixth governor. The national military gave him an official title similar to these names. At the beginning of the seventh century, during the Sui Dynasty, Prince Shotoku of Japan carried out reforms.Prince Shotoku's status in Japan is equivalent to that of Duke Zhou in China. He imitated the Chinese system and carried out reforms. The name of the country was changed from YAMATO to (nibeng) (Japanese pronunciation), and Japan was written in Chinese characters.And changed the ruler from the king to the emperor, and then all the ghost kings of the previous generations were named emperors. In fact, they were all Japanese kings at that time.Prince Shotoku wanted to report this matter to China, so he sent an envoy from the Sui Dynasty. The envoy was called Sister Ono, but she was a man.After this little wild girl came to China, he handed over the letter of credence to Emperor Sui Yang. Emperor Sui Yang opened the letter of credence and read, "The emperor sent a letter from the place where the sun rises, and the emperor is safe on the day."All of a sudden, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty became angry. You used to be a courtier, and now you dare to call yourself the emperor, and you are where the sun rises and where I am at sunset. Don’t you curse me?So Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was very upset, but he still managed to save face. Later, he told the officials that Xiaobang was rude, so don't let him come here in the future, and the Japanese are annoying to me, so don't come here. A few years later, Prince Shotoku sent an envoy to China again, and this time he delivered the letter of credence to Emperor Sui Yang. Emperor Sui Yang opened the letter of credence and saw that the anger was even greater, because the letter of credence said "East The emperor respects the emperor of Baixi", the Chinese emperor is called the emperor, and you are called the emperor. Are you not my father?So Emperor Sui Yang sent a servant surnamed Pei to Japan to scold them.Seeing the turbulent waves, the man surnamed Pei was too frightened to go, so he detoured North Korea and handed the edict to the North Koreans. You scolded him for me and it was over, and he went back to report his orders.At that time, it was not like today. It is said that China and Japan were separated by such a shallow sea. The shallow sea was an insurmountable moat back then. Think about that small broken sailboat, which weighed more than 100 tons, maybe dozens of tons. Ton, it was a long march to cross that sea.So he must have an island, so that the boat can stop at one stop, so that the boat can be repaired if it leaks, and the people can rest.Had it not been for this, the wind would have slapped the sails and found Siberia, possibly Indonesia.For this reason, the Sui Dynasty sent envoys to Japan twice but ended in vain. From the Zhenguan period, Japan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty. A total of 19 preparations were made, and 16 trips were made. There may have been three times because they did not raise enough money.Among the 16 trips that took place, thirteen trips successfully reached China. The three trips that didn’t arrive were probably blown away. They went to Siberia, Indonesia, and Equatorial Guinea, and the boats scattered people to feed the fish. This is all possible. The Dahua reform in Japan was planned by those who had studied abroad in the Tang Dynasty and returned to China.In 646 A.D., Emperor Kotoku began the Taika reform. Japan began to have an era from this year. Previously, the Japanese emperor did not have an era.The 1,200 years between the Taika reform and the Meiji Restoration of Emperor Meiji in 1868 are called the Tanghua period in Japanese history.Japan has always called China the country of Tang, the land of Tang. Later, the important reason why Japan looked down on China was that he believed that China could only be called China during the Tang Dynasty, and China would not be worthy of being called China after the Tang Dynasty.He thinks he is China because he inherited the Tang Dynasty very well.Especially for the Song and Ming dynasties in China, which were annihilated by ethnic minorities, and the Tang and Han dynasties were ruled by barbarians, Japan looked down upon them very much, so he dared to send troops to attack China.Since the Mongols can rule the Central Plains, the Jurchens can rule the Central Plains, and so can the Japanese.For example, judging from the proclamations issued by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1899-1895, they all regarded themselves as Chinese orthodox and called for anti-Qing and restoration of Ming Dynasty.Including Sun Yat-sen and the others set up a base camp in Japan, which is also a feeling of anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty, saying that Japan is where the Chinese orthodoxy lies.As a result, he failed to succeed in taking over the Central Plains several times later, so he became angry and began to tamper with textbooks. After the Tang Dynasty, official contacts between China and Japan were cut off. It was not until Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty that official contacts resumed, and private contacts, such as businessmen, also began to resume.At that time, there was an Ashikaga shogunate in Japan, the general Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in Ikkyu, who sent envoys to China.The emperor of the Ming Dynasty asked the envoy what Japan was like, and then the envoy wrote a poem, answering the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, answering the emperor of the Ming Dynasty asking about Japanese customs: "The country is more than the Central Plains, and the people are like the ancients. The Tang system is well-dressed. , rituals and music for Han monarchs and ministers. Silver urns bake new wine, golden knives roll brocade scales. Every year in March and February, peaches and plums are like spring." The Tang system of clothing, rituals and music for Han monarchs and ministers, the etiquette and customs are exactly the same as those in China, and every year In March and February, peaches and plums are like spring, and the flowering season is the same as in China.So conscientious Japanese say that China is the mother of Japan's 2600-year culture, not to mention whether Japan's culture has 2600 years, China is the mother and Japan is the son. The Koreans also think so. When we resisted US aggression and aided Korea and helped North Korea regain its country, King Sunjo of North Korea was very excited: "Chinese parents are also, my country and Japan are both foreign countries, like children. In terms of the relationship between his parents Yuzi, the filial sons of our country are also the filial sons of Japan." He said that we and Japan are your sons, but they are different, our country is a good boy, and Japan is a thief boy.In fact, South Korea is more thieves and ambitious. He has two and half losses, and his losses are still small.It would be even worse if he became stronger, extreme ethnic fanaticism, desperate to save face and suffer, and would do any immoral thing in order to win.Japan's Dahua Reform was planned by the people of the Tang Dynasty.The system in the New Deal is modeled on the Tang system. The Tang Dynasty established three provinces and six departments, and Japan established two officials, eight provinces and one department.To this day, Japan's ministerial units are still called provinces, and the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of Education are all called provinces.The Japanese capital is a complete imitation of Chang'an, and Japan's Heian-kyo is a pocket-sized Chang'an city.Schools teach Confucianism, just like China.Chinese copper coins can be directly used as money in Japan. There was a famous general in Japan during the Warring States Period. His family crest (every general in Japan has a family crest) is six Yongle Tongbao.Japan rarely issues its own money and uses Chinese money. The figures who have made outstanding contributions to Sino-Japanese exchanges are Japan's Kibi Mabi and China's eminent monk Jianzhen.Kibi Mabi and Japanese student Kukai created the Japanese script, Hiragana and Katakana.Originally, Japan had no written language. What if there is no written language?Use Chinese characters to represent the sound, but if you use Chinese characters to represent the sound, although you can recognize every word in the written book, you don't even know what it means.Chinese characters are monosyllabic, I, one word and one sound, Japanese is (wataxi), and it is written as wataxi.In the whole sentence, I am a Japanese, and what you write is a large series of vataxi chacha.单纯汉字表音行不通的话,那怎么办?他的办法是用汉字的偏旁部首,创立了平假名和片假名。日本人很有自知之明,他的字叫假名,而汉字叫真名,一个小学毕业的日本人,也能够掌握一千多个汉字,而且人家还是主要的正体字,不像咱们这种简化字。要到了日本大街上的话,基本上你不会有文字障碍。找路什么的时候,路标上几乎都是有繁体字的,感觉就像在香港,到东京什么感觉,在香港就什么感觉,因为香港和东京都只有语言障碍(这两个地方说的话你全都不懂),但是绝对没有文字障碍。 中国高僧鉴真,这个人太了不起了! 我那年去扬州比赛,当地的教育部门请我们在饭店吃饭,一进去一个横幅,把我乐坏了!纪念鉴真大师东渡日本及豆腐传入日本1250周年,要不说学历史有用,你学数理化,学那么多东西,跟人聊天用不上。吃饭的时候不会聊人的咬合力和鳄鱼的咬合力有什么区别,为什么鳄鱼生吞河马,人却吃豆腐,谈那个没劲。应该谈历史,豆腐是谁传入日本的?鉴真大师。有学问! 鉴真大师是大菩萨转世,与佛有缘,三岁出家,属于律宗的高僧。中国佛教分为十宗,律宗是持戒律最严的一派,比如律宗高僧都是过午不食,一天两顿饭,近代著名的高僧弘一大师也是律宗。 鉴真大师55岁那年,两个日本高僧,普照和荣睿,来到中国求法。日本佛教戒律不完备,僧人不能按照律仪受戒。普照和荣睿来到中国就请鉴真大师东渡扶桑,传播佛法,鉴真大师毅然答应。当时他已经55岁高龄了,今天55岁不算什么,40岁到70岁算中年,70岁以上算老年,当时是人活七十古来稀,55岁就不得了了。所以弟子们都劝鉴真大师不要冒这个险,鉴真大师为了弘扬佛法,毅然六次东渡。唐朝的法律是不允许国民出国的,出国都是偷渡,所以鉴真大师六次都算偷渡,头四次都没能成行,不是被弟子告密就是船漏了回来。第五次一出海刮大风,风一停,海南岛。 荣睿去世之后,鉴真大师在双目失明的情况下第六次东渡扶桑,成功!在日本的博多湾登陆,日本天皇动用了好几十万人来迎接鉴真大师,鉴真大师一路就是踩着鲜花进入日本,一直到的日本国都,他的脚都没有沾到泥土。鉴真大师到了那边之后,日本天皇封他为大僧都。天皇亲自登坛受戒,皇后也登坛受戒,一起做了鉴真的弟子。日本天皇还亲自给他撰写碑文,这个碑文一直保存到今天,叫《唐大和尚东征传》,和尚是尊称,大和尚更是尊称。并非是个出家人就叫和尚,就跟大学里是个老师就叫教授一样,不对,和尚、喇嘛都是尊称,高僧才能叫和尚。一般人刚进去叫沙弥,还不能算和尚。鉴真是大和尚,天皇写大和尚戒行高洁,白头不改,远涉苍波,归我盛朝,出生入死来到日本国,难能可贵。 鉴真不光到日本是传播佛法,还把中华的先进文化传播到了日本(包括豆腐怎么做)。这些都对日本的贡献相当大。日本人说原来的日本文化就是一锅豆浆,中国文化就像卤水,点进去之后才能变成豆腐。日本文化基本上可以看做是中华文化的一个分支。 以佛教为纽带,中国和天竺(印度)的交往增强。贞观时,天竺遣使来朝,中国的十进位记数法传到了天竺。 高僧玄奘和义净作用非常大。 玄奘就是唐僧,孙悟空的老师。玄奘大师也是两岁出家,精通佛法,在诵经的过程当中,他觉得佛经有些地方不对,翻译得不准确,所以他就想去西天取经,学习真正的佛经。为了传播正版,于是他二十多岁的时候偷渡出国,十九年游历印度,在印度的那烂陀寺跟106岁的高僧戒贤法师学习。戒贤法师本来要圆寂了,阿弥陀佛给他托梦,说从中土大唐要来一个高僧,跟你学法,你得等他来了把这个法教给他,你再圆寂。所以他就等等等,等了三年终于把唐三藏给盼来了。 三藏指的是什么?就是把这个佛经分成三部分,经、律、论。 经就是释迦牟尼生前讲的,佛经浩如烟海,基督教就一部《圣经》,伊斯兰就一部。但是佛经,跟不同的人讲不同的法,跟天人怎么讲,跟凡人怎么讲,跟阿修罗怎么讲,各有说法。 律是他制定的戒律,给僧团指定的戒律,其中最高级的是受菩萨戒。和尚是三百多条戒律,尼姑更多。 论是后来高僧大德对它的阐释,唐三藏主要就是学的《瑜伽师地论》,是弥勒菩萨在兜率天宫讲的法。精通50部,所以才被称为三藏。佛经穷尽一生都很难读懂一部,懂50部的人,太了不起了! 印度各国的国王看唐三藏这么神,就劝他别回去了,你的学问太大了,就留在这儿吧!他说我必须弘扬正版的佛法,所以要回到东土大唐。于是他满载了600多部佛经回到中国,这时候皇上也不追究他偷渡了,专门给他盖了大慈恩寺,盖了大雁塔,让他译经。佛经其实是一种文化的传承,咱们今天的汉语,两次大规模引进外来语,其中一次就是佛经。比如说心心相印,大千世界,一刹那,一弹指,醍醐灌顶,天花乱坠,这全是佛经里的。 顺便说一下另一次语言引进就是20世纪初的日语。那时候我们也大规模地把日语引进汉语中,我们今天说的话,比如军事、经济、文化、政治,这些词基本上全是日语。什么积极、消极、干部这些词还是日语,现在说的物理、化学、生物这些词也全是日语。它和佛经的引进属于两次大规模的语言引进,所以愤青应该不说这种词,愤青抵制日货不够,应该抵制日语,他应该说古汉语才对。物理是日本话,化学也是日本话,愤青要创一个词代替物理和化学的词,编一个。 唐三藏来翻译这些佛经,穷一人之力是翻译不完的,所以他得收徒弟。他收徒弟不是孙悟空、猪八戒什么的,他们只会打架。很多僧人想拜三藏大师,但是佛家最讲缘分,一看咱俩没缘,我就不收你。皇帝都有点着急了,意思就是你再不收徒弟,回头你歪过去,这事儿怎么算?但也不能催他,您看您收谁合适?三藏大师就去找徒弟,他时常漫步长安街头,慧眼炯炯。一天,他在闹市之间看见一位魁梧少年,眉清目秀,安详而行。蓦然间若觉似曾相见,前缘有识。又回想起在印度计划回程时,曾在尼犍子占得一卦,说他东归必得哲嗣,便连忙打听这少年家世。打听出来,原来是当朝开国公尉迟宗的公子。玄奘感叹道:如此灵慧的孩子生在将门,不可思议!也是有缘,我的衣钵可以传下去了!即刻前往国公府拜访。 尉迟宗得知法师来意,虽然不忍骨肉分离,但想到一代高僧如此器重,也颇为得意。那时代,佛教不仅是清庙净僧的空寂之事,还是一种普遍的信仰,鲜活的事业。所以虽贵为国公,一见大法师器重儿子,自然大为高兴,便答应了玄奘的要求。只不过三藏法师看上的那哥们儿死活不肯出家,都气晕了,你说我堂堂将门之后能出家吗?但是父命难违,这哥们儿最终还是出家了,出家的时候带着一车酒、一车肉、一车美女进的大慈恩寺,人称“三车和尚”。“三车和尚”后来成为一代高僧,就是三藏的弟子,窥基大师。 三藏大师圆寂之后,他的遗体火化,形成了舍利子。今天有人说这个舍利子是结石,扯!你烧一个!有结石的人多了,你烧完了有这个吗?黑的是发舍利,白的是骨舍利,红的是肉舍利,谁的肉烧完了能结石?玄奘圆寂于长安玉华宫,葬于白鹿原,后迁至樊川。墓地毁于黄巢起义,灵骨迁至终南山紫阁寺,公元988年被僧人可政带回南京天禧寺供奉。1942年,日本侵略军在原大报恩寺三藏殿遗址处,挖掘出一个石函,石函上刻有文字,详细记载了玄奘灵骨辗转来宁迁葬的经过。由于玄奘灵骨的名声显著,各地都想迎请供奉,致使玄奘灵骨一分再分。 1943年12月28日,玄奘顶骨舍利在分送典礼后被分成三份,分别保藏于南京汪伪政府、北京和日本。 此后,汪伪政府把掌握的这部分又分别供奉在鸡鸣山下的伪政府中央文物保管委员会和小九华山(今南京玄奘寺的所在地)。而文物保管委员会保管的这部分,在1973年后被迎至灵谷寺佛牙塔中供奉。 北京迎请的那部分被分为四份:一份供奉在天津大悲院, 1957年被转赠给印度总理尼赫鲁,安放在印度那烂陀寺的玄奘纪念堂中;一份供奉在北海观音殿,文化大革命时被毁;第三份则被供奉到成都文殊院;最后一份被供奉到广州六榕寺,亦在文革中被毁。 被日本请回的那份,先是安奉在东京增芝上寺,后被移至慈恩寺。1955年,从这份舍利中分出一份,被迎请到台北日月潭玄奘寺供奉。而后,日本的那份又被分出一份,迎请到日本奈良的三藏院供奉。第八份玄奘舍利供奉在台湾新竹玄奘大学,1998年迎请至南京灵谷寺。2003年,西安大慈恩寺又从南京灵谷寺迎请了一份玄奘大师灵骨舍利安奉在新建的玄奘三藏院大遍觉堂中。 目前,玄奘舍利在南京玄奘寺、南京灵谷寺等全世界九个地方被供奉。相对而言,南京九华山的那份舍利,自1943年封存后,就一直留在三藏塔下,没有动过,最为完整。如今,南京在九华山原青园寺、法轮寺遗址,重建了玄奘寺,玄奘大师的灵骨舍利成为该寺镇寺之宝。 隋朝和波斯互遣使节。 唐朝的时候,波斯被大食侵扰,他的王和王子来中国求援。大食就是阿拉伯,本来波斯请求中国出兵,帮着他打一打大食就完了。结果当时玄宗在位,唐玄宗觉得这个事儿没法干,所以就没去,这样一来波斯就被大食所灭。波斯要是不灭的话,其实是挡住阿拉伯人入侵的最佳屏障。 波斯人信奉拜火教,就是明教,所以金庸先生写那个就关于明教那部分就是虚构了。因为明朝的时候波斯早就灭绝了,七世纪波斯就被阿拉伯给灭了,被他们伊斯兰化之后哪儿还来的这种东西。后来波斯的国王贝鲁斯和它的王子就留在长安定居,今天,他们的后代就在中国。 唐高宗时,大食开始与中国通使,也就是阿拉伯人与中国开始通使。 当时阿拉伯帝国在向东扩张,唐王朝为保卫自己的属国不受这帮人的蹂躏,于是唐朝的军队就奋起反抗。当时两国在怛罗斯开战,这是中国古代史上很少有的对外战争。怛罗斯这个地方应该在今天的哈萨克斯坦,当时唐军四万,大食军七万,唐军统帅就是安西节度使高仙芝,大食军统帅叫优素福。唐军里面汉族士兵只有一万多,剩下都是西域各附属国军队,虽然大食七万军队也有附属国军队,但不幸的是,开战时唐军是迎风列阵,大食军是背风列阵,所以一打起来的话,唐军睁不开眼。迎面被风吹的,所以唐军就不支,唐军一不支,属国军队就叛变了,跟着大食军一块儿打唐军,所以高仙芝只率几十名骑兵退守安西。他退守安西之后又招募一支军队,准备跟大食再战,这个时候安史之乱爆发,朝廷调安西精兵去平叛,所以这个事儿就不了了之了。很多唐军士兵在怛罗斯之战中被俘,被俘的唐军士兵里面有很多工匠,中国的造纸术就在唐朝时传入了大食。 另外,唐朝和拜占廷帝国(东罗马)有使节往还。东罗马的皇帝贵族都特别喜欢唐朝的丝绸,同时把一些医术和杂技传到了中国。 和非洲也有来往。不光史籍上有记载,更关键的是考古证据。唐墓里的唐三彩,出土的小黑脸小卷毛,就是非洲人。唐朝的时候,很多富裕的家庭大量使用黑奴劳动,这个黑奴在当时被称为昆仑奴,因为咱们中国人认为昆仑是最西面的,从那来的就该叫昆仑奴。所以唐朝传奇小说里,有很多描写昆仑奴的。
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