Chapter 20 4. "Sinicization" remedial classes

Let's talk about the reform measures of Emperor Wei Xiaowen. First, change the land equalization and rent adjustment, the land equalization system and rent adjustment.Land equalization means allocating land to the people, and the farmers who grant the land have to pay rent and transfer to the state. The rent is the grain, and the transfer is the cloth.What the system does is force you to go into farming.Because the original Northern Wei people were Xianbei people, who belonged to the nomadic people. Now you will be given your land, and you will receive food and cloth, but no milk or wool. It is tantamount to forcing you to get off your horse and pick up a hoe to farm the land.

Second, the three-head system promotes agricultural and Sinicization policies.It means that townships, neighborhoods, and ri were established locally, which changed the original suzerainty supervision system, and its function was to strengthen the centralization of power. Third, rectify the administration of officials and give officials salaries.In the past, officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty had no salaries. First, they were prone to corruption. If the state did not give them, I would take them myself!Another thing is that they like to fight. If I don’t have a salary, I will go out to fight. When there is a war, I will grab it.For these two main reasons, we should rectify the administration of officials and give officials salaries.Officials don't need to take money from the state, and don't need to grab other people's money. They just take their salaries and enjoy life honestly, and that's it.

Fourth, move the capital to Luoyang.The capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty was first in Shengle, today's Inner Mongolia and Linger, and then moved to Pingcheng, which is Yunzhou among the sixteen prefectures of Youyun. Today's Datong, Shanxi is also located in a remote location, and finally moved to Luoyang.But this time there was a lot of opposition to moving the capital, and most of them were opposed by old-fashioned veterans of his uncles and grandparents.He thought of a way, saying that I want to send troops to attack Song Dynasty (the Liu Song of Song Qiliangchen, not Han Song Dynasty), and I will lead an army of 300,000 to conquer. Grandpas and uncles, the officials of the country, you must go with me!So the 300,000 troops set off.The sun is shining brightly today, everyone has a rest, sunning the quilts, camping and resting, and tomorrow it will rain and snow, marching, we must exercise the ability of the soldiers to withstand cold and drought.Anyway, the emperor is young, in his 20s, and he is serving well. The grandpas and uncles are about to fall apart. When they came to Luoyang, these people couldn't stand it anymore. They told the emperor not to move forward, or they would die if they went any further.

When the emperor heard it, the princes are old. If you join the army to conquer, you will still have half the distance to the Yangtze River. If you die there, I will be sorry.But if you want to go back, don’t you have to die too?There is still a little relaxation going south, so let's not go, it will be over with here.Grandpa and uncle saw that their grandson was being fooled, so what should they do?Let's not go, let's settle here. Emperor Wei Xiaowen issued an imperial decree: "The country prospered from the northern land and moved to Pingcheng." It turned out that we came to Pingcheng in Inner Mongolia. "Although the world is rich, the language is not uniform." If the books are not in the same language, the cars are in the same track, that is, the country is not unified. "The place where you can use it here", Pingcheng is only suitable for fighting, and it is so poor that it doesn't produce anything (I know there is coal today, but I didn't know it back then, and I can't eat it if I know it), "Change customs and beliefs It's hard to be real."If this place wants to change customs, I firmly believe that it is too difficult. "The imperial capital of Weihan, Wangli of Heluo." And Hangu Pass in Weishan Mountain, Chang'an was the imperial capital of all dynasties, Wangli of Heluo, the river, the Yellow River, Luo, and Luoyang were all places where ancient emperors often stayed.Chang'an was the ancient capital of 11 dynasties in Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, and Luoyang was the ancient capital of 9 dynasties. "Because of making a big move, we will live in the Central Plains." That's why I mobilized all the people, and we will all go to the Central Plains.We must imitate the emperors of the Han nationality in ancient times and sit firmly in the Central Plains.

Emperor Xiaowen considered himself the representative of the Central Plains dynasty, so after moving the capital to Luoyang, Luoyang became the political center of China again.Before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei Dynasty, and Western Jin Dynasty all established their capitals here, counting the Northern Wei Dynasty, it is already the fifth dynasty to establish its capital in Luoyang.Luoyang was the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties, and the later ones are nothing to mention, including the later Tang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, who also established their capital here. "If you ask about the ups and downs of the past and the present, please only look at Luoyang City." Because Luoyang was established as the capital, wars broke out, it was attacked by soldiers, and the capital was established again.

Fifth, change customs and implement Han system.The implementation of the Han system begins with Hanfu. In fact, the clothes of the Han nationality are neither convenient for production nor for fighting, so that the evolution of ancient Chinese clothing is characterized by the process of continuous learning from ethnic minorities.Today you call the double-buttoned Tang suit, but it is not the costume of the Han people in the Tang Dynasty, but the full suit, which is worn by the bannermen of ethnic minorities.Let alone cheongsam, it is far-fetched to regard cheongsam as a traditional Chinese dress.The traditional Chinese clothing is Hanfu, the clothes are clothes, the top is the bottom, and the skirt is the skirt, and both men and women wear skirts.Before the Han Dynasty, adult men and women also wore crotch trousers, because there was a skirt on the outside, and it was impossible to tell whether the person was a man or a woman from the clothes.In particular, ordinary people wear gray, black, and white clothes, making it even more difficult to distinguish between genders.The earliest meaning of trousers is shin clothing and leggings, which is equivalent to our stockings and pantyhose today.The dead crotch pants were learned from the ethnic minorities later, because they cannot wear open crotch pants or skirts when they want to ride a horse.

Our people in the Central Plains are dressed in the Eguanbo belt, the tall hat, and the long sleeves. When walking, the hat acts as a lightning rod and the sleeves act as a mop, which saves electricity and is clean.Minorities have narrow clothes and arrow sleeves, can draw bows and arrows, and can wield hoe to cultivate. His clothes are more reasonable, so the Central Plains Dynasty continued to learn from them. The clothes of the Han nationality have "Y" collars, no buckles, and rely on belts.Ethnic minorities have small round collars with the word "one". The clothes of the Tang Dynasty obviously imitated them and changed to small round necks. Wusha and Futou also replaced the original Eguan.The clothes worn by the emperors of the Tang and Song Dynasties were all like this. In the Ming Dynasty, the emperor only put a big washboard on his head and hung a string of abacus beads when he worshiped his ancestors. His head weighed dozens of kilograms, and he usually wore black yarn .E Guanbo's big dress is only worn for ancestor worship, and he doesn't usually wear it.Not to mention in the Qing Dynasty, all of them were full of water, so the adherents of the Ming Dynasty insulted the people of the Qing Dynasty, saying that they had a peacock feather on the back of their heads, and their clothes were beasts other than birds, and they were simply beasts in clothes.All in all, but people's clothes have narrow sleeves, which is convenient for war and production.

Having said so much, it is to explain that although Hanfu is magnificent and beautiful, it is unreasonable.Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen encountered some opposition to implementing the Han system at this time, but the emperor ordered that all Han clothes be worn, and the flogging sticks who wore Xianbei clothes were exiled to death.So everyone had to wear it to relieve the pain of street sweepers.In fact, Hanfu is not conducive to production and combat. In addition to clothing, by the way, diet.It turns out that the Central Plains people say that they eat cakes, which are soup cakes, that is, sliced ​​soup without fillings, and the Central Plains people's cakes are that stuff.The pancakes that everyone eats today are all pancakes, which were invented by ethnic minorities, because they cannot carry a pot of soup on horseback, so it is convenient to carry it with them.People from the Central Plains later discovered that his stuff was really convenient, and the boiled mutton we love to eat today was invented by ethnic minorities.

After the implementation of the Han system and forcing everyone to wear "lightning rods" to sweep the streets, the emperor asked the people to change their surnames to Han. Emperor Xiaowen changed Tuoba Hong to Yuan Hong, and Yuan Zhen, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty, was a Xianbei nobleman and a descendant of the royal family.Change Buluhu's to Lu's, don't twist Yu's to Yu's, and Yuchi's to Wei's.Including Mu Guiying are all Xianbei people, who changed from the Qiu Muling family to the Mu family.In this way, the eight major surnames of Xianbei were changed to Han surnames.

After the clothes and surnames were changed, the emperor ordered all officials to speak Chinese. Officials over the age of 30 must learn Chinese within three years, otherwise they should not be appointed officials. Officials under the age of 30, you are young, learn Chinese within half a year, and it is forbidden to speak Xianbei.Xianbei is such an awesome nation in history, and now they can't even speak local dialect. It's not over yet, the emperor is about to become a crazy fan of the Han family, and he has to intermarry with the Han people to carry out racial improvement. The emperor first sent his queen to the nunnery, and then married one from the four northern Han clans: Cui, Lu, Li, and Zheng.The Li family was established as the queen, and the children of the Cui, Lu, and Zheng families were established as concubines.After finishing, tell all my brothers and uncles (grandfather may be too old to participate), get a divorce, and distribute the Xianbei yuan to the nunnery. I will find Cui, Lu, Li, and Zheng for you, and send one to each family. Intermarriage with Han people is mandatory, and intermarriage between Xianbei people is prohibited.

The emperor married a Han queen, the prince was half of Han blood, and the prince married a Han queen, and then the blood of the Xianbei asymptotes infinitely close to zero, and finally was completely wiped out by the Han blood. Ethnic minorities envy the Han people because they envy the life of the Han people first. They think that people live in buildings, wear silk, and eat oil. We live in tents, wear animal skins, and drink mare's milk.No, we must follow the example of the Han people and strive for a well-off life.Historians appreciate Emperor Wei Xiaowen's reforms very much, but if you integrate into the Han nationality, you will lose it, and the Xianbei nation will become extinct. So the Han people triumphantly came to a conclusion: Hulu has no luck for a hundred years. When ethnic minorities rule the Central Plains, your lifespan will not exceed 100 years.Because if you don't learn from me, you will be finished within 100 years if you are so backward. For example, the Yuan Dynasty was so barbaric and backward, and it would go back to the grassland to herd sheep after 90 years.And if you want to learn from me, you will become me. I can't beat you with a fast horse and machete. Zi said and Shiyun said that I am the ancestor. The Qing Dynasty is a typical example.These two ethnic minority dynasties happened to be two examples of opposites. Those who didn’t learn it for 90 years were finished, and the bannermen who learned it couldn’t speak Manchu.In fact, the Northern Wei Dynasty also provided such an example, which was completely sinicized and eventually disappeared.