Chapter 75 256 Three Signs Galdan

After the failure of Yaksa, the Tsarist Russian government was not reconciled. In the second year after the signing of the Nerchinsk Treaty, it instigated Galdan, the leader of the Junggar tribe (a branch of the Mongolian nationality), to attack Mobei Mongolia. At that time, the Mongols were divided into three parts: Monan Mongolia, Mobei Mongolia and Moxi Mongolia.Except for Monan Mongolia, which already belonged to the Qing Dynasty, the other two tribes also surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.Junggar is a branch of Moxi Mongolia, and originally lived a nomadic life in the Yili area.Since Galdan ruled the Junggar tribe, he was ambitious, first annexing other tribes in Moxi Mongolia, and then attacking Mobei Mongolia eastward.Mobei Mongols failed to resist Yichen, and hundreds of thousands of Mobei Mongols fled to Monan, asking the Qing government for protection.Emperor Kangxi sent envoys to Galdan and asked him to return the occupied land to Mobei Mongolia.Galdan thought he was backed by Tsarist Russia, so he was very arrogant, not only refused to retreat, but also aggressively invaded Monan in the name of chasing Mobei Mongolia.

Emperor Kangxi summoned his ministers to announce his decision to conquer Galdan himself.He thought that Galdan was aggressive and ambitious, and since he broke in, he had to fight back.In 1690 A.D., Emperor Kangxi divided his troops into two groups: the left side was led by Fuyuan General Fuquan and went out of Gubeikou; the right side was led by Anbei General Chang Ning and went out of Xifengkou. The Qing army on the right first contacted the Galdan army and was defeated.Galdan drove straight in until Ulan Butong (now Hexigten Banner, Zhaowuda League, Inner Mongolia) was only 700 miles away from Beijing.Galdan was triumphant, and sent envoys to ask the Qing army to hand over their enemy.

Emperor Kangxi ordered Fuquan to fight back.Galdan concentrated tens of thousands of cavalry at the foot of Dahong Mountain, covered by forests behind and blocked by rivers in front.He tied tens of thousands of camels to lie on the ground with four feet tied, put boxes on the camels' backs, wrapped them in wet felt blankets, and placed them in a long camel city.The rebels shot arrows and guns in the middle of the boxes to prevent the Qing army from attacking. The Qing army aimed at a section of Tuocheng with artillery and guns to bombard it intensively, and the rumble of the artillery was so loud that it shook the sky and the earth.Camel City was opened a gap.The infantry and cavalry of the Qing army rushed over together, and Fuquan sent troops out of the mountain to attack, killing the rebels in pieces, and they fled away from the camp.

Seeing that the situation was unfavorable, Galdan quickly sent a lama to the Qing camp to seek peace.While Fuquan stopped pursuing, he sent someone to ask Emperor Kangxi for instructions.Emperor Kangxi ordered: "March into the pursuit quickly! Don't fall into the tricks of the thieves." Sure enough, Galdan's peace was just a tactic to delay the troops. When the Qing army was ordered to pursue, Galdan had already taken the remnant soldiers and fled to Mobei. Galdan returned to Mobei, ostensibly surrendered to the Qing government, and secretly recruited again.In 1694 AD, Emperor Kangxi met with Galdan and signed a covenant.Not only did Galdan not come, but he also secretly sent people to Monan to stir up rebellion.He threatened that they had borrowed 60,000 shotgun soldiers from the Tsarist Russian government and would attack on a large scale.The princes of various tribes in Inner Mongolia reported to Emperor Kangxi one after another.

In 1696 A.D., Emperor Kangxi made his second personal conquest, attacking in three ways: Heilongjiang general Sabusu marched from the east; General Fei Yanggu led troops from Shaanxi and Gansu to send troops from west to intercept Galdan's rear Emperor Kangxi personally led the Central Route Army and set off from Dushikou.The three-way army attacked at an agreed time. Emperor Kangxi's central route army arrived at Ketu and encountered the enemy's forward, but the east and west routes had not yet arrived. At this time, some people said that Tsarist Russia was about to send troops to help Galdan.Some ministers who accompanied him became a little scared and advised Emperor Kangxi to return to Beijing.Emperor Kangxi said angrily: "I went out this time, and I retreated without seeing the rebels. How can I explain to the people of the world? Besides, when I retreat in the middle, the rebels will go all out to deal with the west road. Isn't the west road dangerous?"

At the moment, Emperor Kangxi decided to continue to march into the Kherlen River, and sent envoys to see Galdan to tell him the news of Emperor Kangxi's personal conquest.Looking at the top of the mountain, Galdan saw Emperor Kangxi's yellow flag flying and his army in order, so he pulled out his camp and retreated overnight. While Emperor Kangxi sent troops to pursue him, he quickly notified General Fei Yanggu of the West Route Army to intercept him on the way. Galdan led his troops to run away for five days and five nights, and when they arrived at Zhaomodo (southeast of Ulan Bator in today's Mongolian People's Republic), they happened to meet Feiyang's ancient army.Zhaomoduo was originally a large forest, and there was an open area in front of it, which has always been the battlefield of Mobei.According to Emperor Kangxi's deployment, Fei Yanggu set up an ambush in the densely wooded area of ​​the hill, first sent 400 vanguards to lure the battle, and retreated while fighting, leading the rebels to the place where the ambush was in advance. The Qing army dismounted first and fought on foot. Hearing the sound of the horn, he jumped on his horse and occupied the top.The rebels attacked the top of the mountain, and the Qing army fired arrows and guns from the top of the mountain, and a fierce battle broke out.Fei Yanggu sent another team to attack the rebels' luggage at the foot of the mountain, attacking back and forth.The rebels died and surrendered.In the end, Galdan escaped with only a few dozen cavalry.

After two wars, the Galdan rebellion group collapsed. Emperor Kangxi asked Galdan to surrender, but Galdan continued to resist.A year later, Emperor Kangxi led his troops across the Yellow River to conquer again.At this time, Ili, Galdan's original base, had already been occupied by his nephew Tsewang Anabtan; when his cronies heard that the Qing army had arrived, they also surrendered one after another, willing to be the guide of the Qing army.Galdan was desperate, so he committed suicide by taking poison. After that, the Qing government regained control of Mobei Mongolia to the east of the Altai Mountains, and gave various titles and official positions to the local Mongolian nobles.The Qing government also set up generals in Uliasutai to rule over Mobei Mongolia.

Later, Galdan's nephew Tsewang Anabtan captured Tibet.In 1720 A.D., Emperor Kangxi sent troops to Tibet again, expelled Tsewang Anabutan, and escorted the Dalai Lama VI into Tibet.Later, the Qing government appointed a minister in Lhasa to manage Tibet jointly with the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama on behalf of the central government.