Chapter 70 The Great King of Xianbei Blood Han Soul

——Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty After the Wenming Empress Dowager Feng passed away in 490 AD, Emperor Xiaowen became the real emperor.Although he was in power for only nine short years, he completed the historical tasks that had a huge impact on Chinese history, such as moving the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Sinicization, and reforms.It can be said that Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen, was the real founder of the glorious unified country of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the future. Although the empress dowager Feng Wenming "both powerful and blessed, strict and guessing and forbearing", had the act of punishing Emperor Xiaowen, and even wanted to depose the emperor Sun, but Emperor Xiaowen was very filial and "drinking without drinking for five days" ruined her life. Mu Guoli. "Abstain from wine and meat, three years without imperial guards." Confucians of the Han nationality often pretended to guard the tombs in front of their parents' tombs, and there were often scandals of secretly having children with concubines.Emperor Xiaowen, the Xianbei monarch, received an extremely orthodox Confucian education since he was a child, and his filial piety was rigorous, and he truly achieved the same virtue.During his short period of nine years in power, he visited the Yonggu Mausoleum of Empress Dowager Feng many times, and missed his grandmother's kindness in raising her, which was really touching.On the other hand, before and after the Han regime, after the queen mother came to court, once the young monarch grew up and sat firmly on the throne, she always gradually showed her indignation and resentment towards the "rooster serving the morning", which was usually vented after the death of the queen mother , Don't miss a trace of the kindness of my aunt's protection and education.

Changtu Yuanlue moved the capital to Luoyang In 493 A.D. (the seventeenth year of Taihe, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the eleventh year of Yongming, Emperor Wu of the Southern Qi Dynasty), after careful consideration, Emperor Xiaowen planned to move the capital to Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital, and the reason given in the history books is too simple: "Because Pingcheng is cold, with rain and snow in June, and frequent wind and sand, the capital will be moved to Luoyang." In a few words, it seems that Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital only because of the climate in Pingcheng. Sincerely.In fact, it's ridiculous!Since Tuoba Si, Emperor Daowu, took Pingcheng as his capital, he continued to move people from place to place and gather around Pingcheng, where he dictated the fields and adopted the Han system to engage in agricultural production.Most of the food for the soldiers and people in the six towns is supplied from Pingcheng.Later, the population of the capital increased day by day, the ranks of officials gradually increased, and the problem of food supply gradually became prominent.During the reign of Emperor Ming and Yuan, during the years of harvest shortage, the most important meeting of the ministers of the Northern Wei Dynasty was to discuss whether to move the capital.Because the transportation was extremely underdeveloped at that time, using livestock to transport grain from Guannei to Pingcheng not only consumed a lot along the way, but also cost extremely high.However, Luoyang is located in the relative center of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which can "transport all directions". In addition, the transportation in the plain area is convenient, and food is the most important thing for the people. In this way, the most fundamental problem is solved.

Another important reason is that Pingcheng's geographical location is too close to the northern barbarian Rouran.In the era of Emperor Daowu and Emperor Taiwu, Hu was full of blood, and the warriors were fierce and brave. Naturally, he could beat Rouran to the point of running away, not daring to peep easily.With the expansion of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the south, the military strength and the quality of the soldiers of the dynasty did not increase but declined. It was no problem to fight the Southern Dynasty, but it was still difficult to deal with the fierce and good-looking Northern Rouran.Pingcheng is a neighboring fortress, if you don't pay attention, the Rouran cavalry may surround Pingcheng with lightning speed, and if there is a mistake in the capital, the Northern Wei Dynasty may collapse.The fall of the Ming Dynasty was actually the death of the capital, Beijing, which allowed the Manchurian cavalry to quickly kill them after entering the pass.Ming Chengzu Zhu Dixionghao, the generals of the Ming Dynasty at that time were all men who had fought and won against the Mongols. They had a sense of superiority in both physical and psychological strength, so they would be safe and sound in Beijing.At the end of the Ming Dynasty, even if cloning technology was used to create a 100% fidelity Ming Chengzu became the emperor again, the army was not the old army, the generals were not the old generals, and the soldiers were even weaker. .Therefore, it was a wise move for Emperor Xiaowen to move his capital to Luoyang. Not only could he avoid the danger of coming from the north to Rouran, but he could also take the opportunity to expand to the south. If he was lucky, he could mix the north and the south and become the orthodox emperor of China.

Of course, there were two options for moving the capital at that time, Luoyang and Yecheng.Luoyang is located on the south bank of the Yellow River, and Yecheng is on the north bank of the Yellow River.In the era of Emperor Wencheng, most of the ministers moved their capitals to Yecheng.Because the grain and cloth in Ji and Ding prefectures were the main source of income in the Northern Wei Dynasty.However, Emperor Xiaowen, who had always been influenced by orthodox Confucianism, regarded himself as Zhengshuo of China, so he naturally decided to make Luoyang, the traditional capital of Kyoto.The land of Yecheng, where Cao Cao used to remotely control the Han Dynasty, and Shi Le of the Jie family and the Murong family of the former Yan, also operated it, which always makes people feel that the positioning is not correct.Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen's choice of Luoyang was really painstaking.

Emperor Xiaowen was determined to move to Luo, but he was afraid that his ministers would not follow, so he sent people to the court to make divination on the grounds of crusade against Qi State in the Southern Dynasty.Tai Changqing presented the hexagram image - "Yu Ge". Emperor Xiaowen said happily, "Tangwu revolution should be in accordance with the sky and obey the people!" Emperor Xiaowen's uncle, Tuoba Cheng, king of Rencheng, came out of the squad, and expressed his dissent cautiously and firmly, thinking that the Southern Expedition was inappropriate. After the dynasty was over, Emperor Xiaowen called Tuoba Cheng into the inner palace and told the truth to his uncle, "At that time, I was talking about divination and divination. I was afraid that there would be a lot of discussion and hinder my plan, so I used all my voice and demeanor to intimidate the civil and military officials. My great Wei Xing came from the north and moved to Pingcheng, which is a place of military use, not a capital of civil rule. It is difficult to change customs and customs. I want to move the capital to the Central Plains in the name of the Southern Expedition, what do you think?"

When the emperor told the truth, Rencheng King Tuoba Cheng could only agree: "Your Majesty wants to rely on the Central Plains to manage the world, which is exactly the prosperity of Zhou and Han!" Emperor Xiaowen was worried, and asked again: "Northern people are accustomed to love stories, and they will be disturbed and hesitant. What should we do?" Tuoba Cheng replied decisively at this time, "It is an extraordinary matter, so it is beyond the reach of people. Your Majesty's holy machine is arbitrary, so what can those people do?" Emperor Xiaowen was overjoyed, and even said: "Ren Chengwang, you are really my Zhang Liang!"

Although several ministers wrote letters to dissuade him, Emperor Xiaowen made up his mind. After he paid his respects to the Yonggu Mausoleum of the Empress Dowager Civilization, he led an army of 300,000 soldiers from all walks of life. In October, after the army arrived in Luoyang, "the rain never stopped." Emperor Xiaowen first issued an edict "all the troops go forward", and then he himself rode on a horse in uniform, as if holding a whip and marching in person. Seeing this, the civil and military ministers suddenly fell to their knees and stopped them one after another.The main "actor" Li Chong, who had been arranged in advance, objected and said loudly: "Your Majesty's Southern Expedition, the people of the world do not want it, and you are the only one who wants to do it. Your Majesty, if you dare to dissuade me with death, please don't do it." !"

Emperor Xiaowen also expressed his fury: "I want to run the world and unify the north and the south. Confucian scholars of the Qing generation have repeatedly blocked my plan. If I try to stop it again, I will be ruthless with swords and axes!" Anding Wang Tuobaxiu and others didn't go through the "rehearsal". They were shocked when they saw this, and they rushed forward, grabbing the bridle, and dragging the hind legs, crying and preventing Emperor Xiaowen from personally marching. Seeing that the heat was about the same, Emperor Xiaowen pretended to be pondering, as if he was moved by the officials, and said: "This time the army is very big, and the movement is not successful. Why should I show it? I live in Youshuo for a long time, and I want to move south to the Central Plains .If you don’t let Zhennan Expedition go, we will move our capital to Luoyang, what do you guys think?”

The pre-arranged "extra actor" Nan'an Wang Tuobazhen took the opportunity to speak: "The one who achieves great success does not seek out others. If Your Majesty stops the Southern Expedition and moves the capital to Luoyi, this is the wish of the ministers and others, and it is a blessing for all the people!" All the ministers shouted "long live".Follow the heart of the crowd, say a word. In fact, many Xianbei people among the ministers did not want to move the capital to Luoyang, but they were all "fearful of the Southern Expedition". Such a major event was decided at one stroke, so Emperor Xiaowen was naturally happy.In November, he left Shangshu Li Chong and general craftsman Dong Er and others in Luoyang to build a new capital. He passed through Yecheng and returned the old capital Pingcheng for the time being.

Moving the capital to Luoyang was one of the most important achievements in the life of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty.As we all know, all reforms in history are very difficult, and the relocation of the country's capital is even more crucial to the country's system.Although there is something in the ballad: "Sorrowful Pingcheng, drive the horse into the clouds. The Yinshan is often dark and snowy, and the barren pines never stop the wind", but many middle-aged and elderly Xianbei nobles still miss the living customs and habits of their "hometown". The climate in Luoyang, It was still too hot and humid for them.When Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital, the most fundamental consideration was cultural and political significance. Only when the capital was moved to the traditional Han land could it be truly Sinicized, the psychological gap between Xianbei and Han people be bridged, and the contradictions between races fundamentally eliminated.In the end, Emperor Xiaowen succeeded in a practical sense, especially the family policy he implemented later, not only maintained the Xianbei family, but also greatly improved the status of the Han family, making the two on an equal footing, completely eliminating the Western Jin dynasty. The irreconcilable and unavoidable ethnic conflicts after the establishment of the Hu people during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms period (of course, the Northern Wei Dynasty eventually perished in the class contradictions of the Six Towns Uprising.).

In the spring of the eighteenth year of Taihe (494), Emperor Xiaowen returned to the old capital of Pingcheng. With the assistance of Ren Chengwang Tuobacheng and others, he gradually persuaded the former officials of Xianbei who were unwilling to move the capital.At the end of the year, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who learned that Emperor Ming of Qi had killed Emperor Shao to stand on his own to maintain orthodoxy, planned to personally command troops to attack Qi.Before leaving, he issued an edict to strictly forbid the domestic scholars and civilians to wear Hu clothes. "The people of the country are very displeased." In the nineteenth year of Taihe (495), Emperor Xiaowen personally led troops across the Huaihe River, commanding 300,000 cavalry to station troops in Shouyang.The hasty dispatch of troops this time, coupled with the hot and humid weather and the fatigue of the soldiers, meant that the army of the Northern Wei Dynasty basically had no results in battle, and it took a long time to attack several cities.Moreover, Luoyang was in its infancy, which consumed a lot of manpower and material resources. In addition to the shortage of logistics supplies in the army, and the opposition of many Xianbei nobles, Emperor Xiaowen had to withdraw his troops. Unified language change and surname reform In 495 A.D., in July of the 19th year of Emperor Xiaowen's Taihe, Tuobahong personally issued an edict: "Now I want to break up all the northern languages ​​and unify the correct pronunciation. He is over 30 years old and has a long-standing habit. It can be postponed; 30 years old Below, those who have been in the court for a long time are forbidden to speak Xianbei language. If they violate it, they will be regarded as deposed." Soon, they issued a cut edict: "You must not speak the language of northern customs in the court, and those who violate it will be exempted from the official position." Soon, the Northern Wei Dynasty reformed weights and measures according to the Han Zhi.At the end of the year, Emperor Xiaowen abolished the long-standing barter exchange method in the Northern Wei Dynasty, ordered the casting of Taihe five baht coins, and ordered public and private use. After the completion of Jinyong Palace, Emperor Xiaowen established Guozijian, Taixue and Simen Primary School in Luoyang. In the first month of the 20th year of Taihe (496), Emperor Xiaowen made another surprising move. He issued an edict, thinking that "Wei Zhi first came from the Yellow Emperor, and he was the king of Tude. The husband of the Tu, the color of the yellow, and the origin of all things. Tuo Bashi was changed to Yuanshi." Not only changed the Tuoba clan of the royal family to the Yuan clan, but also changed the surnames of the noble officials of Xianbei. The Mu family, the Buliugu family is the Lu family, the He Lai family is the He family, the Dugu family is the Liu family, the He Lou family is the Lou family, the Wuxiu family is the Yu family, and the Yuchi family is the Wei family. Impossible to remember". In order to make the reform of Sinicization more thorough, Emperor Xiaowen "use the four surnames of Fanyang Lumin, Qinghe Cui Zongbo, Xingyang Zhengxi, and Taiyuan Wangqiong, and accept their daughters as harem according to their clothes and clothes", and issued an edict to "determine the gentry of all states. Many surnames go up and down", and the eight surnames Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji, and Wei of the Xianbei nationality are identified as Xianbei surnames similar to the four major surnames of the Han nationality. Of course, Emperor Xiaowen was also suspected of overcorrecting.Xianyang Wang Yuanxi married a Lihu daughter, and Emperor Xiaowen "issued an edict to take full responsibility" and ordered his six younger brothers to remarry his wife.A good Xianbei noble girl suddenly became a concubine because of this "order".So far, the six kings have married the daughters of the Han people's surnames as their main wives. In the meantime, there was another small episode: Emperor Xiaowen discussed with the ministers at the court, and someone ordered Xue to belong to the Mao family of Hedong. Emperor Xiaowen disagreed, "Xue, the surname of Shu, can not be a county surname!" Coincidentally, he was on duty at the time. Xue Zongqi, the Yulin supervisor of the task, was at the gate of the palace. Hearing what Emperor Xiaowen said, he went straight from the gate of the palace to the middle hall angrily, and said: "The ancestor of the minister was an official in Shu at the end of Han Dynasty. After the second generation, he returned to Hedong. There is a sixth generation, who is not from Shu! Your Majesty is in the north now, so will he be a barbarian in the future?" After speaking, the young and energetic general threw the iron halberd in his hand to the court and walked out without hesitation. Emperor Xiaowen also laughed.He hurriedly sent someone to call Xue Zongqi back to the palace, and said, "Aiqing, you just said that your Xue family is not the surname of Shu, but why do you run on me as a Hulu?" So he announced Xue's surname as the surname of Hedong County, and encouraged him: "Love It is true that Qing’s name and family originate.” It can be seen that Emperor Xiaowen is not lacking in generosity, humor and tolerance, and lacks the jealousy and insidiousness of the Han emperors. During the reign of Emperor Taiwu, Cui Hao wanted to "rectify products and distinguish surnames and clans", which offended many Xianbei dignitaries, and eventually led to the execution of his several clans.Now, the Xianbei emperors are sinicizing from top to bottom, and they can succeed in one fell swoop. Of course, Emperor Xiaowen's "Aristocraticism" did not receive widespread support. The important officials of the Han nationality Li Chong and others firmly opposed it.However, in order to achieve success in China's affairs, it often requires "overcorrecting" to make it work.Everything has advantages and disadvantages. Emperor Xiaowen was a big family, but Hu Han's family had no boundaries. The "cold people" class in the Northern Dynasties had no advancement except for martial arts.Therefore, the warrior class is happy to see "something happening" in the world.The Xianbei soldiers of the original six towns gradually lost their lofty status as "people of the country" and were excluded from the "Qingliu". Finally, they rose up and dealt a fatal blow to the imperial power of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen's move of the capital, change of surname, etc. has not met fundamental resistance and resistance, but his prince Yuan Xun "led by example", first of all, he made an astonishing move.Prince Yuan Xun "has a large physique, suffers from the heat in Henan, and often thinks about returning to the north." Emperor Xiaowen rewarded him with magnificent Han Dynasty court clothes. .The concubine Gao Daoyue is an official of the East Palace, and he often advises him not to make his father unhappy. This fourteen-year-old fat boy is not only ungrateful, but also hates the nagging Confucian in front of him.In fact, all these performances are just the rebellious psychology of adolescence.It doesn't matter if you put it on ordinary people, but as a prince, every move is a big deal. One night in October 496 A.D., Emperor Xiaowen went out. Prince Yuan Xun conspired with the left and right to summon herding horses and Qingqi, and led the crowd to flee Luoyang and rush to Pingcheng at night.Before leaving, he stabbed Gao Daoyue with his hand, and personally stabbed to death the earnest subordinate. Seeing the chaos in the palace, Yuan Yan, the leader of the forbidden army who is also the clan, immediately guarded the palace and the gates of Luoyang.When Shangshu Lu Xiu heard the news, he galloped all night to report to Emperor Xiaowen. Emperor Xiaowen was "horrified", but he didn't dare to say anything, he continued to follow the scheduled itinerary, and returned to the palace leisurely after arriving at the destination.After returning to Luoyang, Emperor Xiaowen immediately took Yuan Xun to the imperial court and taught him with a big stick.In desperation, he ordered his younger brother Xianyang Wang Yuanxi to beat up the disobedient son himself.After panting, Emperor Xiaowen immediately summoned his ministers in Qing Huitang to discuss the abolition of the crown prince. The crown prince's Taifu Mu Liang and Shaobao Li Chong are both the crown prince's nominal guardians, "and thank you without the crown," expressing that they have the responsibility to teach incompetently.Emperor Xiaowen did not turn his anger on others, and said: "What you thank is private; what I discuss is also the country. The ancients said that righteousness destroys relatives. Now Yuan Xun violates respect and wants to take over Hengshuo to seek rebellion. If there is a country without a king, if this child is not destroyed today, it will be a great disaster for the country." Therefore, Yuan Xun was abolished as a commoner and detained in Luoyang. The prince was imprisoned, and he was quite remorseful. He often had a volume of Buddhist scriptures in his hand, and he was very kind.However, being born in a heavenly family, some mistakes are absolutely unacceptable.A year later, Emperor Xiaowen inspected Daidi, and Lieutenant Li Biao reported that the crown prince conspired against the left and right again.Emperor Xiaowen, who was already deeply chilled by Yuan Xun, sent his brother Yuan Xi to carry the imperial edict and poisoned wine, and sent Yuan Xun to die at the Heyang Prison. Bury locally.It is even more pity that his mother died in vain, and his son did not become emperor. In addition, the Xianbei nobles Mu Qin, Lu Rui and others did not like the Southern Expedition and moved the capital to Sinicization. They wanted to support the clan Yangping Wang Yuanyi, but they were all suppressed by Emperor Xiaowen in the end, and did not cause too much trouble and turmoil. The Sinicization of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty still has many subtleties, such as changing the official system, washing away the chaotic old Xianbei system, and very systematically unifying the titles of civil and military officials at home and abroad; changing laws and regulations, abolishing the cruel NFDAC head, beheading, etc. The torture, which got rid of the cruel law of the Northern Wei Dynasty, showed the benevolence and generosity of Emperor Xiaowen. In the early days of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (in fact, during the period when Empress Dowager Wenming was in power), there was another very important measure, that is, the land equalization system.In the ninth year of Taihe (485), the Northern Wei Dynasty promulgated the Land Equalization Law.The law stipulates that for men above the age of 15, the state grants 40 mu of open fields (fields without trees) and 20 mu for women.In addition, 20 acres of mulberry fields were awarded to men, and each family had to plant 50 mulberry trees, five jujube trees, and three elm trees.In places that are not suitable for planting mulberry trees, 40 mu of hemp fields are granted to men, and 5 mu to women.The land equalization law also stipulates that mulberry land can be left to farmers as a "worldly business", and it does not need to be returned to the state after death, and the rest of the land must be returned to the state upon death.Therefore, these measures restricted the free migration of farmers and guaranteed the source of rent adjustment in the Northern Wei Dynasty.The land equalization system was strictly formulated, fully taking into account many factors such as the fatness, distance, and width of the field. At the same time, it was supplemented by the "three-head system" to strengthen local organizations and search for shady households, and finally made the implementation of the land equalization system in the Northern Wei Dynasty smooth and in place. , "Lessons are always accurate, endowments are constant", not only played an important role in the recovery of agriculture in northern China at that time, but also fundamentally changed the economic structure of the Xianbei country, making agriculture gradually occupy an absolutely important position and accelerating the development of agriculture. The process of the Xianbei Dynasty's escape from slavery. A lifelong career Looking back at Chinese history and careful consideration, we can find that Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was one of the most critical figures in the process of the integration of the Chinese nation.It was from him that the Han people gradually eliminated their aversion to the "Hu" rulers, eliminated the most difficult ethnic boundaries in the Central Plains in the past, and made the northerners southernized and the southerners northernized, and the rule of culture and martial arts has a long history.Emperor Xiaowen, such a master of great talent and general strategy, injected the vitality of the Xianbei race into the clothing and etiquette of the Han civilization, blending the essence and benefiting the whole country. In the summer of the 21st year of Taihe (497), Emperor Xiaowen's reforms were carried out smoothly, so he wanted to show off his martial arts and sent 200,000 troops to the Southern Dynasty.But nothing is perfect in the world. Emperor Xiaowen's southern expedition did not have much success. In Wancheng, he was almost assassinated by tiger-patterned soldiers ambushed by Fang Boyu, the prefect of Nanyang in the Southern Dynasty. He was very frightened.Turning left and right, Wei Jun didn't take advantage of it.At the end of the autumn of the 22nd year of Taihe, Emperor Qiming of the Southern Dynasty collapsed, and Emperor Xiaowen, who believed in Confucianism, issued an edict saying "Rites do not cut funerals", and led his troops back. On the way back to the army, Emperor Xiaowen suddenly suffered from a serious illness because of his long-term conquest and exhaustion, so he went to Yecheng to recuperate. In the spring of the 23rd year of Taihe, Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang.Regardless of his unhealed illness, as soon as he entered the city, Emperor Xiaowen summoned Rencheng Wang Yuancheng to see him and asked, "Have the customs changed since I left Beijing?" Yuan Cheng would like to answer: "Sanctification is renewed every day." Emperor Xiaowen said: "When I entered the city, I saw that the woman in the car was still wearing a hat and a small jacket, and she was still in the same attire of the Northern Xianbei. How can it be called 'Rixin'?" Yuan Cheng replied: "Few people wear the old Xianbei clothes, and many don't." Emperor Xiaowen said earnestly: "King Rencheng, what do you say? If you let him go, all the women in the city will definitely wear the old Xianbei clothes!" Yuan Cheng and all the officials left behind kowtowed to the ground and apologized for their crimes without their crowns. Soon, Emperor Xiaowen dealt with the case of Empress Feng's adultery with the eunuch Gao Bodhisattva, and confined Empress Feng. In April, feeling that his body had recovered, Emperor Xiaowen went on a personal expedition to fulfill his dream of unifying China.Traveling to Liangcheng, his condition worsened.Soon, Emperor Xiaowen became ill and had to return to the north.Traveling to Gutangyuan, he had a premonition that he would die soon. Emperor Xiaowen arranged for major events after his death. He personally served as uncle Yuan Xie and others, and left six people including Yuan Cheng as auxiliary ministers. Yuan Hongbeng died in Gutangyuan in Bingwu of the lunar calendar in 499 AD. He was only 33 years old. He was posthumously named Emperor Xiaowen and the temple name was Gaozu.His son Yuanke came to the throne as Emperor Sejong Xuanwu. During the life of Emperor Xiaowen, apart from his great cause of moving the capital and reforming the system, he also had a lot of good personal morals, which are too numerous to record in history: "(Xiaowen) the emperor was very young, he was four years old, his ancestor had a carbuncle, and the emperor sucked the pus himself." After Empress Dowager Wenming came to power, seeing that Emperor Xiaowen was getting smarter, she worried that it would be detrimental to the Feng family in the future. I changed my mind again.In this regard, Emperor Xiaowen never held grudges against his grandmother, but only deeply remembered the kindness of Li Chong and others in rescuing her. Friendship and love, brothers, always have no loss. When the eunuchs in the palace were eating, they poured hot soup on Emperor Xiaowen's hands in panic, and once found dead insects and other things in the meal, Emperor Xiaowen "smiled and forgave it". When the Empress Dowager Feng was in power, there were eunuchs around the Empress Dowager who spoke ill of Emperor Xiaowen.After the death of Empress Dowager Feng, Emperor Xiaowen did not recall the old grievances, and retaliated against the eunuch who spoke ill. Before the Southern Expedition and the Northern War, some officials wanted to build a road dedicated to the emperor, and Emperor Xiaowen ordered: "If the bridge is roughly repaired, the horses will stop, and there is no need to shovel the grass to level the ground." Going out to the Southern Dynasties and entering the Qi territory in Huainan, "If the military needs to cut down civilian trees in the interior, they must keep silk as a reward, and the rice and millet will not be harmed." The earliest implementation of the three major disciplines and eight points of attention, for the people of the Northern Wei Dynasty Treat the people of the enemy country the same. By nature, he is simple and frugal, and he often wears and washes old clothes.There is no gold and jade on the saddle of the royal rider, it is just iron and wood by Zhou Le. Listen to and read political affairs, and follow the good advice.Grief for the common people, constant thinking about benefit.Shangshu plays the case, and more self-examination.Hundreds of officials, big or small, all pay attention to Zhou Qia.Every word: Everyone who is a king suffers from inequality and cannot push forward the sincerity.Gou Neng is even sincere, and the people of Hu Yue are also brothers... and the general government, all the opportunities in a day, for more than ten years, there was no time to give... Qin Ming Jigu, assisting heaven and man... Adding great talents and general plans, love Qi Haoshi, Treat others as if they hurt you, and use yourself for your own benefit... The good words of the historian are definitely not empty reputation! Of course, a small number of scholars in later generations, especially the great Confucian Wang Fuzhi during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, started from the "orthodoxy" of China and believed that all the actions of Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong were "false". , performance appraisal, changing Hu's surname, etc., "all Han Confucianism relied on the affiliation, chasing the end of the book, miscellaneous prophecies, weft and witches' words, and painted the eyes and ears, which is just the royal way for Tuoba Hong." Wang said Said that Emperor Xiaowen's reforms were completely negated, and he was falsely accused of being "the crown of the monkey bathing, and it's just a drama of excellent haiku".In this way, it is too extreme to always regard the Tuoba family as "Soru".However, just think about the era that Wang Fuzhi lived in, which was the era when the Ming Dynasty fell and the Qing Dynasty rose.For this reason, we contemporary people should get to the root of reading and realize the profound meaning behind the words. This is indeed not an easy task.In any case, no matter how Han scholars "slander" Emperor Xiaowen during his lifetime, his great achievements will never disappear, and will be increasingly valued by future generations.As far as history is concerned, Yuan Hong is indeed a illustrious figure in my big Chinese family!