Chapter 61 The Reign of Yuan Jia

Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty Liu Yilong inherited his father Liu Yu's consistent policy of governing the country, cleared the household registration on the basis of Yixi's land in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, ordered the exemption of the "common rent debt" owed by the people to the government, and implemented a series of policies such as persuading students, promoting agriculture, and recruiting talents. According to historical records: "In the past 30 years, the common people have lived in abstinence, offering corvettes, and ending with the Fu at the age. They go out in the morning and return at night, and they just do their own things...the people have There are no officials in the department, and the family is sufficient.... Every town with a hundred households, a town with a city, songs and dances, and crowds of people, it is also the peak of the Song Dynasty." It can be said with certainty that the Yuanjia Dynasty (424-453) is the historical period when the national power of the South was the strongest and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Explore this period of history, comprehensively "Southern History", "Northern History", etc., biographies, and chronicles. The word "tragedy" cannot be escaped, but with the help of their flying demeanor and magnificent rhetoric, it is enough to show the outstanding people and brilliant stars of Yuanjiazhishi. Xie Lingyun: The grandson of Xie Xuan, a famous general in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, who succeeded him as Duke Kangle.Liu Song was established, and he was reduced to Marquis of Kangle.Because of his close relationship with Luling King Liu Yizhen, he was released by Xu Xianzhi and other ministers as the prefect of Yongjia.

After Emperor Wen succeeded to the throne, he admired his talent very much and was promoted to attendant.Xie Lingyun considered himself a well-known gentry, and felt that he should participate in confidential government affairs, but Emperor Wen only appreciated his literary talents, and only talked with him about righteousness and art at banquets.Xie Lingyun felt dissatisfied, and the literati's frivolous nature broke out. He often claimed that he was sick and could not go to court to be on duty. He would overhaul the garden at home and go out to play.In the fifth year of Yuanjia, he was impeached and dismissed by the imperial censor.

Xie Lingyun, a famous family from generation to generation, has a rich family business. He often takes hundreds of old disciples and servants to visit mountains and rivers, dig mountains and open lakes, and invent mountaineering shoes called "Xie Gongzhe" by later generations.He led a group of people to cut down trees to clear the way in Nanshan Mountain of Shining, until Linhai, the prefect Wang Xiu was terrified, thinking it was a large group of bandits who came to rob, and finally found out that it was Xie Lingyun, so he was relieved. This man often invaded the people's lakes and fields, and was impeached and relegated to the internal history of Linchuan.

When he took office in Linchuan, Xie Lingyun still did not change his old habits. The government sent people to arrest him, but he resisted with an army.Originally, Emperor Wen cherished his talent and only wanted to remove him from his official position, but Liu Yikang, the younger brother of Emperor Wen, insisted on condemning him. After arriving in Guangzhou, Xie Lingyun and Gujiu wanted to rebel again, but were beheaded by Emperor Wen's order. Although Xie Lingyun's poems are still in the shadow of metaphysical poetry, they have greatly expanded and enriched the artistic conception of poetry, and landscape poetry has since become a major poetry genre in China.However, it is rare for Xie's poems to be perfect throughout, and the end of each poem always ends with superficial words of so-called enlightenment, which makes people feel like "the dog's tail continues the mink".But looking at his poems, he writes things very beautifully and seeks newness. There are still many fresh and famous lines: "Spring grass grows in the pond, and willows in the garden turn into songbirds" ("Climbing the Pond and Upstairs"); ("Going to the County for the First Time"); "The bright moon shines on the snow, and the wind is strong and mournful" ("Sui Twilight"), and so on.

Liu Yiqing: Cousin of Emperor Wen, granted the title of King of Linchuan, five years older than Emperor Wen, served as General Fuguo, Shang Shuling, Secretary Supervisor and other important positions for many years. According to historical records, he was "simple in nature, less addicted, and fond of literary meaning". Many literati and scholars are under the curtain. In the seventeenth year of Yuanjia, Liu Yikang, the younger brother of Emperor Wen, was demoted. Fortunately, he was not involved in this political incident, and was transferred to the governor of Nanyanzhou. With the assistance of his clerks, he completed an important work in the history of Chinese literature:The content is divided into thirty-six categories such as "virtue", "speech", "political affairs", and "literature".

Good use of literary techniques such as comparison, metaphor, exaggeration, and line drawing, with many good sentences and good allusions, the understanding of "Wei and Jin demeanor" by later generations has largely benefited from this work, especially the depiction of characters. With just a few words, the spiritual outlook is vivid on the paper, which is truly a treasure in Chinese literature.In the twenty-first year of Yuanjia (444), Liu Yiqing died at the age of forty-two. Bao Zhao: styled Mingyuan, he was a first-class poet in the Southern Dynasties.In the 16th year of Yuanjia, Bao Zhao was appreciated by Liu Yiqing when he was in his twenties, and was appointed Minister of the State.

After Liu Yiqing died of illness, he lost his official position and worked as a small official one after another.After Emperor Xiaowu of Song put down Liu Shao's rebellion, he served as the staff of Linhai King Liu Zixu.During the reign of Emperor Ming of Song Dynasty, Liu Zixu raised an army, but was sentenced to death when he was defeated. Bao Zhao was also killed by the rebellious soldiers.He was a lowly official all his life, depressed and unsuccessful, but his poems, Fu, and parallel prose achieved very high achievements, with strong emotions and beautiful diction. He also admired and imitated him greatly (Du Fu's "Spring Day Recalling Li Bai" has the phrase "junyi Bao joins the army").

The author has carefully read "Northern and Southern Dynasties Sui Shiwen Jishi" and other books, and saw that Bao Zhao's anthology has collected a lot of his social and echoing works, such as the "epitaph" written for the mother of a high official, and written for a certain general. Thank you, a letter of thanks for a certain prince who gave me a few bolts of silk and satin, and an inscription for a pavilion built by a certain magistrate. It is unavoidable for strange scholars to have vulgar works, and it is true that their circumstances are entangled. Fan Ye: style name Weizong, in the ninth year of Yuanjia (432), Princess Wang, the mother of Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, died. Fan Ye brothers were demoted to Xuancheng as the prefect while drinking and listening to songs during the funeral.

When Xuancheng took office, Fan Ye wrote his immortal historical masterpiece "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty". He used the form of praise to comment on historical events in plain text, focused on historical theories, and understood the changes from ancient to modern times. Profound, rigorous in structure, orderly in arrangement, beautiful in diction, concise and smooth, it is not only a masterpiece of history, but also a masterpiece of literature. In the seventeenth year of Yuanjia (440), Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, was demoted, but Fan Ye's official career went smoothly. He was promoted continuously for five years, and finally even took control of the Imperial Army.In the 21st year of Yuanjia (444), several confidants of Liu Yikang planned a coup d'etat, and the prince himself kept apologizing for Fan Ye's demotion in Xuancheng, and he was involuntarily involved in the coup plot.Literati act without making decisions, and when they read and write history, they can do all kinds of things, but if they really do vicious usurpation, they will have no courage.Soon after the incident, Fan Ye was punished by the family, and his three sons were killed at the same time. Only the grandson Fan Lulian was spared from death because his mother was the daughter of the princess.His nephews and grand-nephews Qi and Liang Zhishi were famous for their "Shen Mie Lun" Fan Zhen.

In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which advocated the appearance of characters, Fan Ye was "less than seven feet long, fat and black, with bald eyebrows and beards". Lustful, on the day of his execution, he only knew to cry bitterly while hugging the beautiful concubine Ji who was about to be killed together.The reason why he is valued and famous in the contemporary era must be his outstanding intelligence and talent. It seems that there is no necessary connection between the way of being a literati and his inherent talent, and sometimes there is even a world of difference. Zongxi: The character stem.When Zong Que was young, his uncle Zong Shaowen asked him about his ambitions, and Zong Cui replied, "I would like to ride the long wind and break the waves!" (This is a famous sentence through the ages) Zong Shaowen sighed and said, "If you are not rich, you will be able to Destroy the door of our house!" In the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty sent Tan Hezhi, the governor of Gaozhou, to attack Linyi (in today's Vietnam). Zongxi took the initiative to ask for a battle, and the official worshiped General Zhenwu.Fan Yang, the king of Linyi, marched all the soldiers of the whole country to fight the Song army in Xiangpu (now Chengtian Hue, Vietnam), forming a daunting elephant formation, wearing iron armor on the back of the elephant, and looking menacing.The soldiers of the Song Army had never seen such a formation before, and they were panic-stricken.Zongxi believed that the lion was the king of all beasts and would definitely frighten the elephants away, so he ordered the soldiers to make many lion models to fight against the elephants.The elephant was frightened and ran away. The Song army took advantage of the victory to break through the Linyi Kingdom and seized countless rare and rare treasures. Zongxi himself had nothing to take. Emperor Wen admired him very much when he heard about it, and eventually became a famous general of his generation. Tao Yuanming: character Yuanliang, nicknamed Mr. Wuliu, changed his name to Qian in his later years, mainly lived in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, served as Peng Zeling for 81 days, could not bear to "bow his waist for five buckets of rice", was awarded the seal and resigned, worked in the countryside, and created many poems that have been passed down through the ages He is the ancestor of China's "pastoral poets".Yuanjia four years (427) died of illness. Zu Chongzhi: Zi Wenyuan, born in the sixth year of Yuanjia (429), is one of the most famous mathematicians in ancient my country. He calculated that the true value of π is between two approximate values, and determined the approximate ratio of π as 22/7 ( is approximately equal to 3.14), discovered the "Zu's axiom", and satisfactorily solved the calculation problem of the volume of the sphere.He also wrote the book "Zishu", which has been lost.He also created the "Daming Calendar" in terms of astronomy and calendar, which was the first to introduce precession into the calendar. Yuan Jia looked north hastily Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty ruled for more than 20 years, the treasury was full, the utensils and staff were excellent, and the country was peaceful for a long time, which also corresponded to the saying "Much ado about nothing". The generous words aroused Liu Yilong's blood.After eating and drinking enough, he said to his courtiers: "Looking at what Xuanmo said, it makes people feel like a wolf living in Xuxu." The emperor admired Huo Qubing in the Han Dynasty very much. Great ambitions.Just as Wang Fuzhi said: "If you have the ambition to move forward while talking, what should you do if you are not defeated?" In the Southern Dynasties, soldiers from the north of Xie Xuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated Fu Jian and shocked Huaibei for a while.When Liu Yuping Guanggu entered Chang'an, he had all the land in Henan. He defeated Yaoxing and Tuobasi, and he also relied on Beifu soldiers.Next, Liu Yunan went back to change dynasties, feeling deeply that his sons were not as talented as the world, so he allowed Wang Zhen'e, Shen Tianzi and others to coax Guanzhong.After Emperor Wen came to the throne, he was deeply afraid of powerful officials, and he couldn't tolerate even a Tan Daoji. The generals withered. After attacking the land south of the Yellow River, the Song army only wanted to hold these places.And Henan is precisely the place where the Four Wars were fought, and it is easy to attack and difficult to defend.Set up garrisons along the Yellow River for thousands of miles. The battle line is too long, and every place can be easily defeated.Although the Yellow River is a natural danger, it becomes flat when it freezes in winter, and the enemy from the north can rush over without a boat.If you really want to defeat the Northern Dynasties, you must have the ambition to attack Hebei with great vigor and great talent and strategy. In the eighth year of Yuanjia (431), during the first Northern Expedition, Cui Hao, the adviser of the Northern Wei Dynasty, had already judged that the Song Army was just guarding the river and had no idea of ​​going north, based on the distribution of Song soldiers.Only Liu Xingzu, the governor of Qingzhou in the Song Dynasty, had the foresight. He said on the table that he should march into Hebei, block the passes of the Taihang Mountains, and contain the Northern Wei Dynasty within Shanxi. Hebei is pacified, and Henan is naturally owned by the Song Dynasty. It's a pity that Liu Yilong is much worse than his father Liu Yu, so he didn't adopt this good strategy. No wonder Tuoba Tao said contemptuously: "Turtle and turtle, what can I do!" Tao was a great king of a generation. He defeated the great Xia Kingdom, Beiyan, Beiliang and other countries, and personally led the army to attack Rouran eight times, which greatly weakened Rouran. He moved westward to Europe and fled. The defeated army later became the Alva people who shocked Europe. In the twenty-seventh year of Yuanjia (450), Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty failed in the Northern Expedition, and the Northern Wei Dynasty counterattacked vigorously.When the autumn was high and the horses were fat, the iron cavalry of the Northern Wei Dynasty not only seized Henan, but also marched southward, reaching the north bank of the Yangtze River.In December, the king of Wei personally arrived at Guabu Mountain opposite Jiankang. The sound of military drums shook the sky and covered the earth. The Song army retreated from all fronts. In the basket, ready to flee at any time. Fortunately, when lives were at stake, there were bloody men such as Xue Andu, Lu Fangping, Zhang Chang, Zang Zhi, and Shen Pu in the Southern Dynasties. In the rainy season, Wei Bing was finally forced to return north after paying a huge price.According to historical records: "Where the people of Wei broke through the six prefectures of Nanyan, Xu, Yan, Yu, Shou, and Ji, the killing and wounding were invincible, and those who were young and strong were cut off immediately, and the babies were pierced on the spears, and they danced as a play. The counties and counties they passed, There is nothing left in the red land, and the spring swallows return, nesting in the trees. . . . The town is in depression, and the government of Yuanjia is in decline."