Chapter 6 Chapter 5 "Open Door" Replaces "Partition among Nations"

The term "Open Door" is familiar to every contemporary Chinese intellectual.It happened twice in China's nearly one hundred years of history.Both times, the old man's life was saved when the old man in China was dying of illness and narrowly escaped death. The first "open door" occurred in the three years (1899-1901) at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which happened to be the time when the Boxers and the Eight-Power Allied Forces were in chaos.It was created by John Hay (1838～1905), the US Secretary of State, and William Woodville Rockhill (William Woodville Rockhill, 1854), who succeeded Conger as the US Minister to China and claimed to be the "Great American Imperial Envoy to China Rou (Lord)". ~1914) The two were fully promoting.

The opening of the door that Hai and Rou are promoting with all their strength, roughly speaking, has a four-line verse, which is to maintain China's "territorial integrity, sovereign independence, open door, and equal interests."The promotion of this essential point, Hai and Rou, were conceived for 100% the interests of the United States, the interests of the American bourgeoisie, the interests of the capitalists, and the interests of the great American imperialism.They did not think for half a minute about the interests of the "Chinaman".On the contrary, in the more than 200-year history of the United States, these three years are also the climax of American "expansionism". The "open door" is a part of the "Zhang Doctrine" just like the so-called "Monroe Doctrine" that "closed the door".Lenin said that "imperialism is the final form of capitalism" is precisely his in-depth observation of this period of world history. ——Here is a stinky old man who prides himself on "writing with a pen, sharpening with a sharpener". He will never beat Lao Lie to a dog just because his imperialism has also collapsed.

In fact, in this "open door" era, hundreds of thousands of our ancestors in the United States were being oppressed by the most brutal so-called "Chinese Exclusion Acts" (The Chinese Exclusion Acts), and their families were ruined; Decades cannot be reunited.Our ambassador to the United States, Wu Tingfang, is a man.In order to protect the overseas Chinese, he did not hesitate to fight with all his strength.Just because he is a first-class diplomat, the U.S. State Department has boycotted and isolated him in the most brutal way, preventing him from meeting the Secretary of State once for several years.In 1905, a nationwide anti-American and boycott of American goods broke out in China. ——It was a patriotic movement with a high degree of rationality;

So at that time, the U.S. ruling class, who was extremely barbaric, fell in love with the "heretical Chinese barbarians" (this was the definition of Chinese immigrants in California's "Chinese Exclusion Act").However, the "open door policy" they promoted this time saved the life of the aging Qing Empire and enabled it to maintain its "territorial integrity and sovereign independence." ——The Gang of Four and the Boxers caused such a catastrophe, and as a result, all of us ordinary people only paid one or two taels of money to cancel the case!You said that this is not an anomaly. Without this open door, our ancient "sick man of East Asia" may be the same as the useless "Sickmen of Europe" (The Sickmen of Europe) Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Empire). The various imperialist powers have been torn up and divided up.

The great friendship between Laomei and the United States that saved our lives, we should weep with blood and repay our gratitude, friends, there is no real moral friendship in the world, the Qing Empire is only under the premise of "equal interests" of all countries, She has a bit of the same interests as Lao Mei, so she just got a little bit of light inadvertently.certainly.Li Hongzhang, Liu Kunyi, and Zhang Zhidong, the three southeast governors who presided over our diplomatic activities at that time, also contributed a lot.Let us look back at the situation in Beijing under the eight-nation occupation, and how our three diplomatic leaders supported the crisis.

As mentioned earlier, in mid-August 1900, when 16,000 people from the seven-nation coalition invaded Beijing, they divided Beijing into several occupied areas, each occupying one area; Leave an area for their German commander-in-chief and 7,000 German soldiers to occupy.God is lucky, this is exactly the same as the Soviet-American Allied Forces occupied Berlin in 1945.It's just that they haven't built a wall around the middle of Beijing City to divide Beijing into two. Readers can imagine how cowardly our Qing Empire was at that time, allowing a group of about 20,000 foreign soldiers to occupy Beijing and run rampant in North China.At that time, the worst military discipline was the Russian soldiers-bad military discipline is the tradition of Russian soldiers.After World War II, the regular Soviet Red Army occupying Northeast China was also unavoidable.The writer Xiao Jun was ordered to reform through labor by Mao Zedong because he was dissatisfied with the behavior of these big brothers.

The German army that arrived in Beijing in Gengzi's tenth month had extremely poor military discipline.Like the Japanese army in World War II, they killed, raped and looted in order to show their prestige to the conquered, and they did not violate military laws.But the Japanese army who invaded Beijing in the Year of Gengzi was quite different.At that time, Japan had just practiced banana imperialism, which was yellow on the outside and white on the inside.They want to express themselves and strive to be high-class, so they fight first and plunder later, and they are quite different from their invading friendly troops and local Chinese people for a while.

It is conceivable to invade the enemy's evil deeds.However, once the apostle of God who had taken refuge in Dongjiaomin Lane regained his freedom, he would join the ranks of evildoers, which is beyond anyone's imagination.Once Dongjiaomin Lane and Xishiku Cathedral were rescued, thousands of Christians, led by dozens of foreign missionaries, rushed out. While the Allied Forces of the Seven Nations blindly plundered the streets and alleys, they attacked Beijing. The situation in the city is the most familiar, so they choose the fat and devour it, and start a systematic plunder.Let’s take Rev. EG Tewksbury, a young and middle-aged Presbyterian pastor who was preaching in Beijing at that time, as an example!After the allied forces entered the city, he actually occupied a palace by force.The owner of this palace may be a "hereditary" prince. There are more than fifty buildings in each group in his mansion, which is so big that it frightens people.However, this little prince (it is not difficult to find out according to historical data) was only nine years old at the time, so it is impossible to have any relationship with the Boxers; let alone a war criminal who "destroyed religions and destroyed foreigners".But no matter what, the Reverend Du, who is only qualified as a county magistrate, took care of this prominent palace (in the area of ​​today's Wangfujing Street). ) The magpie's nest is occupied by the dove.I'm really envious of foreign soldiers and fellow soldiers.

Before Priest Du moved into the palace, the place had been looted several times by foreign soldiers.But the palace is too big, and after several times of looting, Pastor Du still found more than three thousand taels of silver (at that time, compared to the US dollar, roughly every tael was worth 0.74 yuan).The three thousand taels of silver alone is an astonishing figure.Because later the Du family bought land for the Presbyterian Church to build a suburban villa in the Lugouqiao area, and the cost was only 1,500 taels. In addition, the furniture and furnishings in the fifty buildings in the mansion, all kinds of famous porcelain, tables, curtains, chairs and curtains embroidered in Suzhou and Hunan, etc., are all in the same place.Du's whimsical, set up an American-style "flea market", auctioned it off, and made a fortune.His American friendliness caused some people to shake their heads and criticize, but Pastor Du laughed and said it was a "gift from God". (See Marilyn Harvard University Press, 1968. pp. 191～193. The first-hand historical materials cited at that time. In addition, the author of this book has not seen public and private documents and the secret files of the State Council are also at hand.)

Rev Malcoml Gardner Tewksbury, the son of the old Rev Malcoml Gardner Tewksbury.The author also had a chance to know Jing.He is a very respectable and religious old man who loves China; he speaks very standard Beijing movies.In the 1950s and 1960s, I did not know how many newlyweds of Chinese descent were married in Chinese.The "Book of Rites" quoted can also be trusted.Later, when he was old, he was robbed by gangsters late at night and crawled home.After hearing the news, we all rushed to condolences. Du Lao and we have many mutual friends inside and outside the church.Some friendly people may feel that I should be taboo if they read the above paragraph of my humble article.I myself don't think it's necessary.Because human beings are originally "social creatures" (Social Being); the social behavior of any individual cannot get rid of the society in which he lives.Missionaries in China during the Boxing Rebellion, they witnessed the rampant behavior of the greedy and violent Manchu relatives at that time; they witnessed the cruel murder of the Boxer teenager.Pastor Du was only a young American at that time. After narrowly escaped death, it is not difficult to understand his feelings of revenge against the corrupt Chinese officials who persecuted them.Furthermore, although their actions were also robbery, they were not the same as the foreign soldiers who raped and killed wantonly on the streets at that time.What's more, these short stories have long been adopted by teachers and students of Harvard University as materials for missionary papers; and Mark Twain, a great writer who is famous in the world of literature, also has a long monograph on this in his anthology.Since it is a well-known historical fact, we don't have to avoid it for Chinese readers.

In addition to the human nature of the above-mentioned stories, they also have some undeniable theoretical basis.That is, since they are the victims of the boxing chaos, not only the Chinese government is responsible for compensation to them; the Chinese people also have the obligation to be responsible for compensation.They not only want to seek compensation from the government; they also need to seek compensation from the private sector.Therefore, once the invading coalition forces won a complete victory, the Boxers disappeared, and the priests and people rushed out, and the entire urban and rural areas of North China would be their world.Needless to say, the churches and teaching properties that were destroyed in urban and rural areas had to be ordered to raise funds from the local gentry and people to rebuild them, and those built and repaired often exceeded the original scale.If movable property is plundered or destroyed, the local gentry will not only pay a discounted price for compensation, but the discounted price is generally much higher than the original value.Huamin, who were forced to raise funds, dared to be angry but did not dare to speak out. They had to obey orders and pay compensation. Who dared to say no?But the United States is a democratic country after all, with gossiping congressmen on the top, journalists on the bottom, and even more "muckrakers" who specialize in exposing people's private affairs and digging out the inside story.These clergymen messed around in China and soon became columns in newspapers and magazines in North America.The matter is known to the great writer Mark Twain (Mark Twain, 1835-1910, formerly known as Samuel Langhorne Clemens).He was so angry that he waved a large pen and denounced him by name in major American newspapers.Not to be outdone, the church also organized a writing team.Against Marsh.But the facts speak louder than words.In addition, how can their writing be worthy of a confrontation with Mark Twain? It's okay to hide clumsy, but it's even worse to shake out.The so-called "Wash dirty linen in public" in English.It can also be said to be notorious and smoky! The most ridiculous thing is the mutual jealousy and competition among different churches.This kind of situation does not only happen in North China, but also in Central and South China.In particular, "Catholicism" and "Christianity" are quarreling endlessly for turf, church people, and church property.They both enjoy "extraterritoriality" and "consular jurisdiction" among themselves.One time, a Catholic "priest" kidnapped a Christian "priest" and made trouble in the Chinese palace. The Chinese government neither had the right nor dared to intervene a little bit, but when they were arguing, Begin to try to be a peacemaker; in the confrontation between the two sides, kowtow on both sides. At that time, in Susong County, Anhui Province, an even more ridiculous incident of theft occurred, which made it into the governor's office.It turned out that a Christian room in Susong was stolen.In addition to other property, even the door of the church was removed by thieves.Who in the local gentry has the guts to buy these stolen goods?Especially the church door, who dares to ask for it?Who knew that the thief had a genius for diplomacy, and he tried to control barbarians with barbarians, so he sold this pair of doors to a Catholic church.When the magistrate of Susong County was ordered by an American pastor to chase down the stolen goods and capture the thief, but found that the stolen goods fell into the hands of a priest; the Chinese county magistrate was dumbfounded;The pastor refused to accept it, but asked the priest himself for it.The priest asked him to "redeem at a price".How can a church be closed for a day?In desperation, the pastor prepared money for the ransom; unexpectedly, the priest thought that the rare goods were a good place to live, so he raised the asking price, which was half higher than what he originally paid the thief.The pastor was unwilling to be blackmailed and overpaid.If you don't pay, the church will have no door; the two will quarrel.But Catholicism is more closely organized and powerful than Christianity.No matter how great the Fa is, the pastor has no choice but to open the door to preach without paying. The two of them couldn't get along with each other, and the grandpa of Susong County, who was watching the quarrel, couldn't solve it even if he bowed to each other.Because both of them have higher ranks, how dare the seventh-rank officials of Susong County make arbitrary claims?He could have redeemed the matter with the blood and sweat of the people of Anhui, but this case cannot be opened. The Protestant pastor could not argue with the old church priest, so he made a complaint and reported it to the US Consul General in Shanghai;Insufficient to seek justice from the national government, Mr. Pastor filed a complaint with the governor of Anhui.The governor has the inherent power of life and death over the Chinese people, but he can't do anything about a wooden door for foreigners. ——Wang Zhuang, Duan Wang and even the Queen Mother dare not touch this matter. Are you a little governor of Anhui? As for the final sovereignty of this pair of wooden doors?If readers are interested, you may wish to search the old files of the U.S. State Department, which are full of articles, and you can find out the truth.The author does not learn, but more than ten hours of working time is worth more than a pair of bosses, so I don't want to break the casserole to find out.But there are still a lot of people who talk about it in a nutshell, and it is also because of seeing the little things.Let Chinese and foreign readers see how hard it was for us to be a colony at that time. (See the "Original Files of the State Department" of the United States, on and after April 28, 1900, Consul General Goodner's report to the Secretary of State in Washington and its attachments.) It is too much for the clergy of the above-mentioned countries to take advantage of the fire to rob. What is even more abhorrent is that they did not stop doing two things. Villages and towns are designated as "protected areas" and "protection fees" are collected from residents.Because at that time, the occupying forces of the Eight Nations invaded China, especially the German army, which had been late for two months, was marching towards the suburbs of Beijing and Tianjin, along the railway line, reaching Baodingfu in the south, Zhangjiakou in the north, and Zijingguan in the west.Villages and towns, big and small, were a little unsatisfactory, and they were charged with the crime of killing bandits in the Boxer Regiment, and they were arbitrarily burned and killed.On October 19th, part of the Southern Invasion Coalition Forces (the U.S. Army did not participate, and the main force of the Russian Army had already withdrawn from Beijing) entered Baoting under the order of Vadsi, and the local Chinese local civil and military officials were led by Governor Ting Yong of Zhili Department of Administration, and ordered by Li Hongzhang. , Holding a white flag and preparing generous gifts, all went out of the city to welcome them. (Li Hongzhang was already in Beijing at this time. Li arrived in Beijing on October 11, and Wa Dexi arrived in Beijing on October 17. Li arrived a week earlier than Wa.) Unexpectedly, the coalition forces arrested Tingyong as soon as they entered the city. .Immediately, he set up a military tribunal to make criminals confess their crimes on their knees in the Chinese-style "three-court trial".Daotai Tan Wenhuan was arrested and sent to Tianjin, and the Dutong Yamen formed by foreigners beheaded him for six days.Other petty officials and even innocent civilians were hunted and hunted, let alone counted.In the following months, the coalition forces went out and harassed dozens of times. (The German army is the main force, followed by the French and rebel armies. The British and American troops have not moved much. The Russian army has not moved in Zhili; in the Northeast, the capture has ended. The Japanese army has not moved in Zhili, and in the south they are trying to steal Xiamen. All See the sieve below.) The states and counties in North China are in trouble. The German army is everywhere, which also provides good opportunities to make a fortune in missionary work.This is the so-called "protection fee" or "insurance fee".They went out to blackmail towns orally or in writing, and the funders could guarantee that they would not be harassed by foreign soldiers.For the safety of his wife and children, for the protection of life and property, he was born secretly under the white terror, and the Chinese people trembled. Who would dare not use all their resources? ! All of the above are hard facts.The author came up with a few sections at his fingertips, which are just the tip of the iceberg.However, even if it is a scale and a half claw, we can talk about the rest.The purpose of the author's selection of one or two is just to illustrate that the tragedies, good and evil in history are not absolute.One palm can't make a sound, and both sides have good and evil.In the era of boxing chaos, the corrupt officials in our Qing Dynasty were foolish, and they chanted spells with the symbols of the Boxer Regiment.But the Western imperialism that invades us is all kinds of bastards; not only their warlords, politicians, drug dealers and profiteers are innocent, but even their God's apostles who came to China to persuade people to do good are not uncompromising.In this case, where do Chinese and Western scholars who insist on the "theory of the non-existence of imperialism" start? . History is history, so the author writes it directly.It is up to the readers to judge me if I know I am guilty. However, when the capital of the Qing Empire fell, and the great powers conspired to carve up the war, fortunately, the United States stood firm and tried its best to downplay this international war.Call it a "boxer rebellion."The foreign soldiers came to China only to persuade and suppress the boxers, and preserved the "territorial integrity and sovereign independence" of the Qing Empire, and only paid a small amount of money to other countries. Why did the United States come up with the new trick of "opening the door" on a whim?That's a long story.It should be noted that the "open door" was originally a British product.It's just that it's a bit embarrassing to sell in the UK; it's a fake hand in the US to sell it, and it's a profit.The United States thinks it is profitable to tweet.As a result, it became a hot potato and could not be lost, so that some American diplomatic historians actually regarded it as "a big mistake" (a big blunder, see Chapter 27 of "A History of American Diplomacy" by Samuel Flagg Bemis). Why does the United Kingdom want to open the door? This article cannot go overboard to talk about diplomatic history.Therefore, I just want to explain the situation in the shortest terms: During the "Opium War" (1839-1841), Britain's attempt to China was to turn the Qing Empire into a "Second India."But it was too late.During the "British-French Allied Forces" (1858-1860), what Britain engaged in was political cooperation with the foreign powers, while the economy was monopolized by Great Britain.The UK has been very successful at this.From the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) to the eve of the "Eight-Power Allied Forces" (1899-1900), 90% of China's inland river, coastal and foreign shipping and Seventy percent of China's import and export trade was controlled by British businessmen; more than sixty percent of the commodity value was opium drugs operated and transported by British businessmen. This "drug trade" may be the most lucrative trade in world economic history.It is still the same today. "Opium" is a kind of "black gold" (wujin), as long as it is in stock, it is not afraid that there will be no buyers.Drug addicts ruin their homes, buy their wives and sell their children, steal and kill people, all of which must be searched and bought with all their strength.Addicts can't live without this king for a day.Before Boxer, there were as many as thirty-five ports in China that were open to trade.There is almost no port that is not dominated by British businessmen; there is no port that is not an area filled with tobacco and drugs.Opium alone is enough to explain everything.There is no need to mention other commodities. However, this kind of China's import and export trade dominated by British businessmen was seriously challenged by 1897.As mentioned in the previous article, the Germans occupied Jiao’ao, the Russians occupied Luda, the legal person occupied Guangzhou Bay, and the British themselves also occupied Jiulong and Weihaiwei. The hinterland of China adjacent to these ports, gradually It became the "spheres of influence" of the great powers.Within these "ranges", the various powers began to force China not to allow third countries to intervene in leasing land or building roads and mining within their respective ranges.The next step is that each "range" will be gradually designated as "protectorate" by the various powers.The third step is that the great powers will establish their own customs system, tariff rate and administrative system.In this way, the Qing Empire became the second largest Ottoman Empire and Poland.It will be officially "partitioned" by the great powers. "Cutting up the Chinese melon" is almost a foregone conclusion. Roughly speaking, the situation of this division is as follows: Russia occupies all of Mongolia and Xinjiang.With Shandong as the center, Germany extends south to Wusongkou, north to Qinhuangdao, and west to Xi'an and Yichang.The rules cover the four provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and western Guangdong.Japan monopolizes Fujian, including Xiamen.If Britain participates in the partition, it can invade and occupy the Yangtze River Basin, eastern Guangdong and Tibet. The rapid formation of this carve-up situation does not need to be discussed as an unlucky "descendant of the Yellow Emperor"; readers, try to think, if you are the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom or the President of the United States, how would you feel? Provinces, Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang used to be the dominant British market; trade with the United States accounts for 20% of the total.The total trade volume of other powers with China is less than 10%.Now these brats want to carve up the Qing Empire!From the point of view of the British, what they carve up is not only China but the market of the British Empire-there are 40 million consumers in this market, which are worth 100% of the low tariffs managed by the UK, unlimited supply of cheap labor, endless Coal and iron mines, endless railways.There are more than ten million drug addicts who are swallowing clouds... Do you want these little ghosts to "divide up"?It is a small matter for them to carve up the Chinese market, but it is a big matter to carve up the British market!Therefore, the British will try to prevent them from carve up China. To prevent China from being partitioned, it is necessary to maintain the "territorial integrity and sovereign independence" of the semi-dead Qing Empire and cancel the "sphere of influence" delineated by the big powers.But is it easy to snatch meat from the tiger's mouth?For this reason, the scheming British politicians have adopted a two-pronged approach; on the one hand, they must actively try to prevent the powers from carve up China; on the other hand, they must actively participate in the design of the powers to carve up China.If you can't stop it, the interests of the British Empire in China will not be in vain! In order not to fall behind in the carve-up, when France was forcibly renting Guangzhou Bay, Britain first forcibly occupied Kowloon—the aftermath of which has not yet been resolved.When Germany forcibly occupied Jiao'ao and Russia forced to rent Luda, Britain went straight in and forcibly rented Weihaiwei.In order to prevent Germany and Russia from attacking from both sides, Britain hinted to Germany that it would never prevent Germany from using Shandong as its "sphere of influence";However, in April 1899, it signed a treaty with Tsarist Russia (the so-called Scott-Mouraviev agreement), dividing the two countries' road-building privileges in China into two with the Great Wall as the boundary.Do not interfere with each other.These are all the ambushes set up by Britain to carve up China; but its real policy is to prevent the big powers from carve up China.In this way, it has no choice but to cross the Atlantic Ocean to unblock the United States, which has nothing to do with it. Before the 20th century, the United States was not a world power, especially in the Far East, although its trade in China had risen to the second place as far back as the Opium War.The North American continent is truly sparsely populated and has unlimited resources.Therefore, its expansionists are too busy within the mainland to reach the Far East.However, when the United States gradually entered the Pacific Ocean and annexed Hawaii, China was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War and its immunity was completely lost.Germany and Italy, the small European imperialists that emerged later, even followed Little Japan and made waves against China (as mentioned in the previous article), which inspired the rise of the Boxers in Shandong, and also caused the European powers to "forcibly seize the leased land" against China. Conflict" (battle of concessions), therefore, a small number of American colonialists also lost their composure at this time.They also advocated grabbing colonies with the foreign powers along the coast of China.Edwin H. Conger, Minister to China at the time, was an activist.He repeatedly suggested to the State Department that if the United States does not seize the opportunity to act, it will be too late in the future.There is no shortage of people in the United States to answer his call.President McKinley felt uneasy.A handful of admirals are gearing up.In their minds, the colonies in China are: Dagu in the north, Xiamen in the south, Zhifu in Shandong in the middle, Zhoushan Islands in Zhejiang, and Sansha between Fujian and Zhejiang can be used as a "coaling station" (coaling station) ). ——At that time, the U.S. Navy and merchant ships "fueled" in the Far East, all relying on the British colonies.Lao Meixin is very unwilling. Just when these very few expansionists were in doubt, unexpectedly, the United States suddenly came into war with Spain over the issue of Cuba. Unexpectedly, the "Spanish-American War" lasted only four months (a April-August 1898), the old Spanish imperialism was so useless that it was completely defeated by the United States.The United States then liberated Cuba; occupied Puerto Rico (which also turned New York into a wave paradise today) and Guam;In short, overnight, the United States became a world power; the political situation in the Far East also completely changed accordingly. The sudden rise of American power in the Far East was of course a great encouragement to the expansionists in the country.For example, Anson Burlingame, the youth consul of the United States in Xiamen, was very excited.Johnson knew that the economic power of the Philippines was in the hands of overseas Chinese; and overseas Chinese in Philippines mainly came from Xiamen.Now that the U.S. has occupied the Philippines, how beautiful would it be if it occupied Xiamen and built an economic bridge between the Philippines and China controlled by the U.S. to connect the Philippines to the Asian continent? !Since then, Johnson has become Xiamen's guard dog.In August Gengzi, when the Japanese wanted to fish in troubled waters, they made excuses in Xiamen and then sent sailors to land in Xiamen in an attempt to occupy Xiamen.It was not the Chinese who were the first to raise their arms and shouted to resist Japan, but Johnson, a little imperialist.He finally teamed up with the British sailors and drove the Japanese back to the sea. (See the "Original Files of the State Department" of the United States and the letters and attachments from the Consul General in Shanghai Gunard to the Assistant Secretary of State TW Cridler on and after September 1, 1900; also refer to Young's previous book, pp. 101-102 , 175~179.) These small class in the United States are brave and brave, but what they do does not necessarily get the support of domestic public opinion.The United States is, after all, a magnificent democracy.There are many imperialists in China, and there are also many anti-imperialists.The war between the United States and the West was originally a movement of soldiers with righteousness.Get rid of the rampant Spanish imperialism; rescue Cuba from fire and water.Unexpectedly, George Dewey, a young admiral of the U.S. Navy, was so brave; he brought four small boats from Hong Kong, and rushed to Manila in the starry night, and drove Spain out of Manila with three shots and two shots; Not a single soldier was lost!Hey, this little Banchao is really heroic.But in the same way, brave generals will not be rewarded heavily.American public opinion and the upper and lower houses think that this move is violence for violence!Where is the American emperor better than the Western emperor? ——That's why McKinley's later annexation of the Philippines bill was passed in the Senate with only a majority of one vote. Furthermore, the behavior of these young generals could not solve the political problems during the general election (Makshi was running for the second term in 1900).At that time, McKinley and his Republican Party (let me quote a term in today's Taiwan) were engaged in "golden power politics", which could not do without big business, big consortia and big landlords.At that time, the main market for the cotton yarn textile industry in the southern United States-accounting for half of the total export volume-was China. [Note] The white, thin, soft and cheap "foreign cloth" at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China has completely destroyed our traditional agricultural economic system of "men farming and women weaving" for more than 3,000 years.When the countryside went bankrupt, the poor and lower-middle peasants had no choice but to join the White Lotus Sect, the Boxers, the Broadsword Society, and the Red Army.The big landowners in the United States at this time frequently occupied tens of thousands of acres and hundreds of thousands of acres.It's not like our shallow-sighted Chairman Mao fought to the death with small landlords of ten or eight acres of land. In the year of Gengzi, there was chaos, and the Northeast and Northeast of China were in chaos. Half of the cotton spinning industry in the southern United States, half a world away, also stopped production, causing huge losses.Even so, the total amount of US-made cotton textiles exported to China in 1900 was still a huge US$23,745,000. (See Charles S. Carnpbell, Jr., Special Business Interests and the Open Door Policy. New Haven, 1951. pp. 10, 19-20) Doubled from ten years ago. At that time, Northeast China was also the market of American Texas oil merchants, the Mobil Corporation in those days, and the Rockefeller consortium today.Before the end of the boxing chaos, US oil was gradually being squeezed out by Russian oil.With the fist chaos, the Russian army quickly invaded the northeast from the north and the south.In the north, it forced the Heilongjiang general Shoushan to death; in the south, it forced Fengtian General Zengqi (the Manchu local official who recruited Zhang Zuolin) to make a private agreement with him for life, and made a secret Sino-Russian local agreement to seize privileges and create a fait accompli; Then force Li Hongzhang to ratify it in the central government.Poor Li Zhongtang was forced to death by the Russians in his dying years.This is a later story, see the next section. [Note] It is an old method commonly used in Tsarist Russia and Red Russia to make a private life-long agreement with the Chinese local authorities, and then ask the Chinese Central Committee to ratify it.Didn’t you see that during the Second World War, Stalin’s methods against Sheng Shicai brothers, Gao Gang, Zhang Zhizhong, and Tao Zhiyue were not the same as those of Lord Waite; Just mention it, there will be a chapter in the future, and I will explain it slowly. In the "Gilded Age" (The Gilded Age) America, Uncle Sam became an upstart, not only flooded with goods, but also needed foreign markets; like his British big brother who made a fortune earlier than him, he also got bundles of banknotes Not available.Small upstarts sometimes use ten-yuan banknotes (worth thirteen taels of silver) to light a fire and smoke;Left kings on our continent.Talk about "pollution from the bourgeoisie".These old Balu who came from a barefoot background know what a bird is.Friends in Taiwan drink a few more bottles of XO to frighten "foreigners", which is not worth making a fuss about. The capitalists in the United States back then couldn't bear the amount of gold and dollar bills.If they can't digest it at home, they also want to invest abroad. They don't engage in European-style "colonialism" to occupy territories; they want to invest overseas, establish enterprises, build railways, and replace land occupation.At this time, the colonies in the backward areas of Asia, Africa and Latin America had been carved up by the European powers, and only China had a complete backward wasteland to be developed.Therefore, American financiers and bankers have taken a fancy to China. Take the railway king Harriman (Edward Henry Harriman, 1848~1909) as an example!During the Gengzi period of his old man, he mastered 60,000 miles of railways by himself.It is more than 18,000 miles longer than the total length of all railways in mainland China today (in the 1990s) (in 1990, the total length of railways in mainland China was 67,549 kilometers, or 41,973 Miles. See "Encyclopedia Britannica? World Yearbook 1993" page 585).There were no airplanes at that time, and King Ha wanted to build a "global railway".This piece of wasteland in China, how fun it is to build a railway!To be honest, in our big desert, it would be a crime not to allow Lord Ha to build a few railways!Today, if there is another King Harbin in the United States, it would be great to come to China to invest in road construction. Who knows that our "1911 Revolution" started from the "road protection trend"!Some Americans bought the wrong shares of Chinese railways back then. When the People's Government was established, they were still clamoring for compensation! Let's take a look at how many gold and dollar bills the "Maogen Consortium" that has made a fortune for three generations has?Harriman needed steel to build roads; and steel was in the hands of Carnegie (Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919) and the Maogen consortium.After Lao Maogen (JS Morgan, 1813～1890) made a fortune in banking, his son Da Maogen (JP Morgan, 1837～1913) spent money to establish "USS" (USS, let's look at the "Shougang" in mainland China today , "Baosteel", "Anyang Iron and Steel", "Median" (AT&T), "Singularity" (GE) and so on: make this prince the king of kings. To the son of the prince, the grandson of the old king, Xiao Maogen (JP Morgan, Jr. ., 1867～1943) when he was rising, he turned iron into gold and collected them. Eighty percent of the world's total gold was put into his personal purse at once! Do friends know?There are not many tons of gold in the world!If we put all the gold in the world (including your gold ring and your wife's gold refinement) into the Washington Monument standing in Beijing, it will not be able to hold the top!But Xiao Maogen alone owns the 80% pure gold Washington Monument, that's enough to scare people! May I ask, what is Xiao Maogen doing with so much gold? ——Eating, drinking, whoring, gambling, begging for aunt?Said not also.Xiao Mao graduated from Harvard University.I have been a great protector of literature and art all my life, and my private life is quite advanced and serious.In addition, "every day manages ten thousand gold" is so busy, how can there be time for sex and evil?Or ask: So what is the use of being a big capitalist and making so many gold and dollar bills? To answer this philosophical question, you have to go back and ask our own old Mao (Zedong): Chairman!You fight against the sky, against the earth, against the people... you defeated Chiang Kai-shek, you fought against Peng Dehuai, you fought against Liu Shaoqi, you fought against Lin Biao... you fought back and forth, "Is it okay if you don't fight?" Why can't you not fight? Woolen cloth?Lao Mao's suffering is unknown, so he is speechless. Knowing this, friends, we have an answer that is close to the truth.It turns out that "Lao Mao's surname is She; San Mao (three generations of Mao Gen's family) is surnamed Zi".Those surnamed She fight for "rights"; those surnamed Zi fight for "money."The hero of the society said: "A man would rather be without money for a thousand days than without power for a day"; A hero surnamed Zi will also say; "A man would rather be without power for a thousand days than without money for a day"; "If you have money, you have everything, the more the better"!Therefore, the three generations of Mao Zedong and Maogen's grandparents all have the surname Mao.It was a family.It's just that one loves power and the other loves money. Everyone doesn't necessarily love the country.Unfortunately, Lao Mao was born in a tradition that "the country is stronger than the society", so he only allows politicians to gain power, but not the people to gain money.国家要管制一切，弄得我们十亿同胞都一穷二白。 三毛则是生在一个“社会强于国家”的传统里，所以他们只许资本家搞钱，而不让政客揽权。——“最好的政府就是最不管事的政府”（The best government governs the least）嘛！政府不管事，因此就弄得盗匪横行，娼妓满街了。 所以姓社和姓资的原是一丘之貉。只许搞钱，不许搞权，固然有欠公平。但是只许姓社，不许姓资，也是照样落伍。 可是本世纪初的庚子年代，美国是姓资的当家，麦金莱总统只是他们的马前卒——他们只要全中国门户大开做他们的市场；他们对他们自己的小班超在中国沿海搞小型帝国主义，认为是违反国策，对俄德法日想瓜分中国，他们也是反对到底的。——他们所要的只是这个完整的中国大西瓜。光绪爷是否应该复政，在他们看来，也大可不必！他们看中的只是西太后乱政统治下的那个腐烂的大帝国；大清臣民只要每人多穿一条洋布裤子，就可保证他们纺织工人一辈子不会失业。你们小班超要占领一两个弹丸之地的“三沙”，徒具恶名，有个屁用！ 这一种错综复杂的国际局势，不特当时窃政中枢的满族亲贵，端王、庄王等一无所知：连康有为、梁启超、刘坤一、张之洞也一知半解。他们只知道英美对华政策比较温和开明，不像德俄那样穷凶极恶，就误认为英美是礼义之邦。他们也就变成亲英美派的主力。英美对华何以满口仁义道德，他们就知其然而不知其所以然了。余读康子论英美文，固知圣人尚为一老学究也。 可是天下事每每是“一物降一物”，若论十九、二十世纪之间的国际关系，则美国牧童就远非伦教唐宁街政客的敌手了。伦教政客知道有关中国的“门户开放政策”为英国利益之必需；然英国一国绝不能对抗俄德法日等瓜分派的联合阻力。所以唐宁街非拉美国下海不可。但是他们也知道美国朝野亲英分子（如海约翰这一类今日所请WASPs：白种盎格鲁?萨克逊新教徒）固多；反英分子（如德裔、爱尔兰裔及天主教徒等）亦复不少。怎样使前者突出，后者缄默，这是一宗外交上的大艺术。 再者，门户开放政策对英国固有“大利”，然亦有“小弊”。——门户开放了，则香港九龙、威海卫、西藏和缅甸，开放不开放呢？为大英帝国的最大利益着想，它如果能“只开放人家，不开放自己”，那就十全十美了。 朋友，大英帝国的外交政策，这时就向这个十全十美的方向前进。这就是近代国际关系史上的所谓“门户开放照会之拟订”（Writing of the Open Door Note）这一章的主要内容了。 门户开放观念之出现实始于当时已掌握中国海关四十余年的总税务司，英人赫德（Sir Robert Hart，1835～1911）和他的助手黑卜斯莱（Alfred E. Hippisley）。英人于“英法联军”《一八五八～一八六〇）期间强夺了中国海海关，原是一种破坏“条约体制”（treaty system）的非法行为，曾为当时美国驻华公使马歇尔（Humphrey Marshall）所强烈反对。但是到一八九七年当德俄等国在中国强占租借地，搞非法的势力范围时，英国人为保护他们的既得利益，乃倒打一耙，反说他们破坏“条约体制”；英国因而要联合美国，替中国主持公道，甚至为中国助练新军，来维护这个“条约体制”！门户开放的原始基础便是从这个“维护条约体制”的观念开始的。 长话短话。英国为着促使美国支持英国政策，它首先是在亲英的美国社团和政客中“造势”（今日台湾政坛通行的术语）。一八九九年二月因有英国财界议绅贝思福（Lord Charles Beresford）在美国鼓吹门户开放，英美合作的巡行演说。真是天如人愿，当他们正在造势的中途，便发生了上述的“美西战争”，把全美政客和媒体的注意力都吸向远东去。美国既占有菲律宾、关岛、夏威夷，英美如一旦携手，则三洋（太平洋、印度洋、大西洋）、三海（黄海、南中国海和地中海）使是他们两国的天下了。 美西战后美国的扩张主义者气焰熏天。他们也主动拉拢英国。英美携手，则列强在远东的均势，就变成一边倒。纵使俄德法曰对中国仍有瓜分的企图，英美二国只要消极的示意不参加，他们就得赶快住手；坚决说“否”，其它列强也就赶快表态。公开声明对中国并无“领土野心”。这就便“门户开放政策”从“维护条约体制”，升级成为英美保险公司，担保中国“领土完整、主权独立”；甚至担保胡作非为的慈禧老太后，也不必向儿子“归政”了。 在近代世界外交史上，英国是最重实际利益，最有远见，其手腕也是最能屈能伸，恰到好处的。吾读英国外交史，真未见其有严重“败笔”也。——纵使是后来的“慕尼黑”，那也是对一个有心理病态的独裁者的估计错误，而非正常外交政策的失败。 英国人搞外交之有如此高超的段数，我想是它全民族政治成熟的结果。他们搞国际政治发育最早；成熟也早。整个外交政策之逐步落实，是它全民族智能的产品。不像美国专靠几个锋头人物；或我们中国专靠几个独夫独妇“一句闲话”也。 深沉的英国人都知道，肤浅的美国人都是有自大狂的。对中国搞门户开放，是不能采取英国主动、美国追随的Anglo－American方式；相反的，他们要搞个American－British的顺序，使美国领先，英国追随，则美国牧童就一马当先，勇往直前了。 英国这一计“低姿态”玩得十分巧妙。果然在近代世界外交史上，海约翰就浪得虚名，变成“门户开放先生”了。当海氏于一八九九年九月电送《门户开放照会》至英伦时，唐宁街政客还半推半就地来个“有条件的接受”（Conditional acceptance）！“条件”者何，说穿了就是“只开放人家，不开放自己”。一般美国佬（包括若干历史家！）都以为英国支持美国政策而大乐；约翰黄牛亦以十全十美的收场而心满意足。 朋友，和英国佬办外交，要读书呢！光和肥彭大人出粗气、拍桌子，有个屁用！ 现在再回头看看我们自己的苏秦、张仪。 在庚子年间，我们这个腐烂的大清帝国，真能在国际间纵横捭阖，为列强侧目而加意防范者，还是那位老谋深算的李鸿章。 不才读中国近代史数十年，深感近代中国堪称为“外交家”者，只李鸿章、周恩来二人。不幸周公受制于一个不学有术的暴君。因此他和一辈子稀泥而长才不展，庶民沟壑，真国族之不幸。 李鸿章则在一个腐烂而瘫痪了的帝国体制之内，“与妇人孺子共事”（此语为鸿章与俾斯麦对话时感叹之言；笔者幼年闻之于曾为李氏幕友的乡前辈）。受制太多而难展所长，终以悲剧人物收场。周、李二人都是办“外交”而受制于“内交”，夫复何言！ 至于笔者曾为之作传的外交长才的顾维钧先生，到头来只能算足个不世出的“技术官僚”（technocrat），博士帮首。其在历史中浮沉，终难望李、周之项背耳： 鸿章在甲午战争时以“一人而敌一国”（梁启超语），兵败；全国诟怨竟集矢于李氏一人。拳变前夕，李被下放，避祸于广州。拳乱既作，举朝上下（包括鸿章自己），又皆知折冲樽俎，和戎却敌，仍非李不可。因此自六月十五日起，匝月之间，懿旨圣旨诏书十下：促鸿章回京，撑持大局。这时长江二督张之洞、刘坤一也深知才有不敌。为撑持此危局，必要时他二人宁愿拥戴李鸿章出任民国大总统。事详前篇。 鸿章此时一身系园族安危。他在广州奉诏时，华南震动。两广臣民和香港英督均深恐鸿章一去，华南将不免动乱而群起挽留。李氏自己当然也知道，此时朝中西后与满族亲贵四人帮沆瀣一气。他这个“二虎”之首，一直被他们公开辱骂为“汉”奸的“李二先生”，何能与这群无知而有权的“妇人孺子共事”，所以他在广州迟迟其行。但是中国将来与八国媾和，鸿章势必首当其冲，责无旁贷，因此他在广州，对内对外都要大搞其“水鸟外交”（duck diplomacy水上不动，水下快划）了。 【附注】 义和团所要投的“二虎”共有三人，李鸿章、奕劻和荣禄，李实居首。奕、荣二人则互补第二名。 首先他要知道当时中国驻列强使节是听朝中当权的四人帮的话，还是听周总理的话。幸好这些使臣如杨儒、罗丰禄、伍廷芳……都是他的老班底，没有做风派，更没有变节，他可以如臂使指。对列国政情了如指掌。为争取外援，他甚至不惜假传圣旨。 【附拄】 笔者在美国原档内发现，七月二十日中国驻美公使伍廷芳曾向麦金莱总统亲递由光绪具名的《国书》一件。情辞恳切。大意说大清时局失控，举世交责，至属不幸。他恳请望重全球的麦金莱总统能作一臂之援，号召各回恢复旧好，云云（见美国务院公布一九〇一年“对外关系”原档）。这件《国书》显然是李鸿章僻作。盖北京此时不可能颁此国书，而国书日期为七月十九日缮发，翌日便抵华府更无此可能。清档中亦无此件。 第二，他要摸清自己朝中的老底子，看四人帮的控制究竟深入到何种程度。幸好这群小亲贵原只是一群浮而不实的高干子弟。乱政则有之，控制则未必。他们对那些老谋深算的老干部的水鸟政策，是莫名其妙的。（文革期间那个四人帮和这个四人帮，颇有异曲同工之妙。（因此鸿章很快的就与奕劻、荣禄甚至慈禧建立起秘密管道来。奕劻、荣禄原都是李的政敌，但此时救命要紧，他二人暗中对李鸿章是言听计从的。他二人对西后的私语，其影响力亦不在载漪、载勋之下。 这时北京对外的电讯己断，但北京与济南之间的传统驿马最快的“八百里加急”，仍可照跑。往返一趟需时六日，而济南在袁世凯治下，与各省会各商埠，则电讯畅通。所以华南各地与北京往返讯息需时八天（见李鸿章与驻沪美国总领事古德纳谈话记录，载美国“国务院原档”一九〇〇年八月二日古氐对国务院之密电）。鸿章并派遣儿子经述长驻济南，观察京津并监管电讯。因此，李氏对国内外讯息的掌握，都相当正确而完备；可说是达到知彼知己的境界。七月十六日鸿章自袁世凯电报申得知慈禧已任命他为“直隶总督、北洋大臣”的重任，七月十七日遂力疾北上，二十二日抵上海，就正式进入外交前线了。 笔者在前节已交代过，庚子年间列国对华外交呈各有其既定政策；他们在彼此之间是互争短长：永不罢休的。可是他们对中国朝野的反应如何，则一向是耳边风，绝不买帐的。中国的外交家，纵使本事通天，你所可能做的，至多只是在他们之间，搞一点挑拨离间的工作，使他们鹬蚌相争，你收点渔翁之利。所幸的是他们之间的鹬蚌之争是永不休止的，而我们的李鸿章（周恩来也是如此）却正是个搞以夷制夷闻名世界的高手。 笔者落笔至此，心有余酸。盖二次大战之末，当罗、邱、史三人在“雅尔塔”会两支解中国时，罗氏忽然良心发现说：“我们还没有通知蒋介石呢！”史氏莞尔说：“我们三个人决定了，蒋介石还敢翻案？”果然蒋介石不敢翻案，而蒋氏之下的几位，却又是只想承旨做官的政客，因此那片大于台湾四十四倍的外蒙古，就被他们不声不响的断送了。——李鸿章这个“封建官僚”，还没有这样窝囊呢！ 所以当李氏于七月二十二日在上海登陆时，那些作贼心虚的列强外交官总领事，怕他挑拨离间，几乎对他一致杯葛。海约翰虽然对老李不无兴趣，一再训令古德纳与李鸿章接触，而古氏这个小班超却大不以为然。他一再向上级顶嘴说；你们在华盛顿认为李鸿章是个政治家，我们（指列强在沪的外交圈）在此地都知道他是个老奸巨猾、专搞挑拨离间的大骗子呢！（见上引“原档”，一九〇〇年七月十七日古德纳致海约翰之密电。） 对老李挑拨离间的伎俩，最感恼火的莫过于那位急于要把中国瓜分的法国殖民部长了。他后来曾特撰长文，警告法国朝野。千万耍提防李鸿章的挑拨离间，并大声疾呼说： 李鸿章之分化群盟政策已着成效。中国驻外使节在鸿章指导下，破费活动。对俄秘密交涉；对美法请求调解。对德国道歉；对日本动以种族情感相召；对英以长江商业利益之保护为词……（把入侵列强抚拨离间得七零八落）（见前引《李鸿章年（日）谱》页四二四，转引自ECHO CHINE及《字林西报》一九〇〇年九月十二日。） 我们老奸巨猾的李鸿章，在这儿是被那位一心要瓜分中国的法国殖民部长说对了。但是人为刀俎我为鱼肉，老李为扶清保国，除掉老奸巨猾、挑拨离间之外，还有什么其他办法呢？ 这位法国殖民主义的大总管对老李这一套也无可奈何；只有眼睁睁的看他去“挑拨离间”。老合肥倚老卖老，阴阳怪气，也从不讳言。各色洋人被他玩弄于股掌之上，也哭笑不得：朋友，搞外交、搞国际政治，原来就是赌传，就是下棋嘛！——棋高一着，逼手逼脚。你下不过老头子；你对老头子，就哭笑不得。 古德纳这个小班超对老李原有极深的成见，也对他处处设防。但是这个手扶大美伯理玺天德敬赠的拐杖，脑后拖个猪尾巴，呵呵大笑，蹒跚而来的中国老头子，可不把这个小洋人看在眼里昵！他出言不逊，口口声声“你们的康格，和康格的老婆……”怎样怎样。 略通汉语的古德纳认为这老头太不懂外交礼貌；那位中国翻译也顿感尴尬，乃改译为“康格公使夫人”如何如何。可是也略通英语的李老头子却大声改正他说“瓦壶、瓦壶”（wife，wife），弄得古德纳啼笑皆非，奈何他不得。（笔者幼年即尝闻这一则“李鸿章轶事”，原以为是好事者所编造。谁知后来在美国档案中发现，竟实有此事。见上引“原档”，一九〇〇年七月二十四日古德纳致国务院密电。） 李鸿章这次到上海，原是有备而来。至于怎样对付这批小帝国主义，他是胸有成竹的。他知道海约翰曾于七月三日向各国送致“备忘录”。重申美国在此次事变中对“门户开放政策”的坚定立场，并突出保证中国之“领土完整、主权独立”。此一文件以“循环照会”（circular note）方式通知各国；各国毋须覆文。按国际法规，受文国如不适时提出异议，则被视为默许。此备忘录即有“临时协定”（modus vivendi）之约束力。（参见美国务院公布之一九〇一年“对外关系”檔。）海约翰此一modus vivendi之提出是得到英国全力支持的，而美国此时在老麦克阿瑟将军（道格拉斯之父）指挥之下的驻菲美军亦有七万五千入之多。故海氏提出之照会，俄德法日义均不愿说半个不字也。 根据此项重要的外交情报，李鸿章也就制订了应变的腹案。为着贯彻他自己的策略，他首先要折折这批小洋人的骄气。在拳变期间，华人对洋人的态度是走两个极端的；义和团和四人帮对洋人是悬赏缉拿、斩尽杀绝；互保区臣民和“二毛子”，对洋人则奴颜婢膝，一恭三揖。一个小小美国总领事，把个中国宰相也不放在眼里的。所以老李要折其骄气，使他服服贴贴为自己传话。说也奇怪，自此以后，古德纳纵是在他的密电里，对老李的态度也大为改变。 李鸿章当时应变的腹案大致有如下数端： 第一，他要在国际公法里把中国由交战国换成受害国；拳匪是叛逆；两宫被劫持（有荣禄密电为证）。宣战诏书是“矫诏”；入侵洋兵是来华助剿叛逆。按此逻辑，则入侵之洋司令官，包括瓦德西在内都要变成李中堂的“戈登将军”了。因此中国对来华助剿的洋兵固有赔偿军费的义务；但是助剿各国却没有对华要求割地的借口。如此“赔款”而不“割地”，大清帝国就可幸免于瓜分了。 李鸿章这套“拳匪叛乱”的逻辑，当时亦竟为入侵列强所默许。其实老李哪有这力量来左右帝国主义呢，他搞的只是百分之百的“狐假虎威”罢了。在鸿章于七月底透过古德纳与华府接触之后，海约翰要求与困守东交民巷的康格用“密码通讯”（cipher telegram），鸿章末加考虑便答应下来了。自此美国驻华使馆与华府国务院之间密电频频，都是由总理衙门和袁世凯以“八百里加急”代转的。其它列强闻讯也纷提同样要求，都为李氏老气横秋的花言巧语地搪塞了。——至于海、李之间在搞些什么样的勾搭呢？那就让善疑者，自己去幻想吧！ 记得一九七九年春初，邓小平在访美之后，不久便发动了他的“惩越之战”。这一仗打得苏联老大哥一头雾水。这也可说是中国外交史上两件巧合的小事吧！ 鸿章抵上海后的第二项腹案，便是想解散各地的义和团，并把困在东交民巷之内的各国公使送往天津，以化除联军进攻北京的借口；然后再恳请美国，根据门户开放的原则出面阻止。此时的麦金莱和海约翰已早有此意，可是这一点他是彻底的失败了。——是所谓外交受制于内交吧！ 那时的北京是主战派的天下。连荣禄也还在假装指挥攻打使馆呢！哪有可靠的部队可以护送各国公使及外国传教士（总数约一千人）离开北京呢？外国人走了，剩下了数千名“二毛子”又如何处理呢？更何况死守在东交民巷之内的洋人，衣丰食足，军火充裕，并未尝感觉有生命危险。日常以枪打义和团为狩猎消遣，他（她）们才不要冒险迁居呢！ 【附注】 时有一对叫AF Chamot的夫妇，二人都是打活靶老手。因此夫妻二人在被围五十五天之内，共射杀义和拳民约七百人。Chamot先生有一日射杀五十四人的最高纪绿！Chamot太太亦有杀十七人的可惊夸口！见Young著前书，引自《纽约太阳报》（The New York Sun）一九〇一年一月二日“访问录”。那时来福枪的有效射程是二千米。前后左右四千米的街道上居民行人都在他们射程之内。被射杀的全是拳民，吾不信也。 时不我与，李鸿章与北京办内交，要八天才能通讯一次。他们通讯未及三两次，北京就沦陷了。首都既失，两宫西狩；鸿章在上海也不能再待下去，就于九月十日搭招商轮。摒挡北上了。 鸿章轮于十九日抵大沽。他的“挑拨离间、老奸巨猾”的恶名再度引起当地洋官的联合杯葛。德军司令官竟不许他上岸。正是由于挑拨有道吧！其后终由俄军保护登陆，进驻天津。十月十一日复由俄兵护送，迁往北京，与奕劻会晤共筹和局。 其实李鸿章此次北返，对整个入侵的联军来说，只是中国向八国占领军投降的一位代理人而已；一切听命于联军，他作不得多少主也。虽然俄国却要强迫他作为占领中国东北的代罪羔羊。当然对沦陷区的中国人民。他却不失为一个恢复安定的象征。 前篇已言之，联军的八国，彼此之间矛盾太多，本不能联合也。它是愚昧的满族亲贵攻打使馆打出来的。一旦使馆解围，便是他们联合的结束。 大致说来这时入侵的八国盖可分为三大阵营。最穷凶极恶者为沙俄。它志在并吞东北，不达目的不已也。因此它在国内要尽量示好中国，不恃首先自京津撤兵为各国示范；并协助鸿章抗拒列国。然李鸿章亦终为它逼死，留为后话。 另一阵营则为德法日义等瓜分派。他们对领土野心远大于商业利益，无奈浑水摸鱼的局势已成过去。如今一致行动，并向英美“门户开放原则”（Open Door Doctrine）一再表态。因此各国想再次作零星殖民地之抢夺：心虽不甘，行动上已不可能矣。 再一组便是英美二国了。两国对华的基本原则，前节已下厌其详缕述之矣。因此庚子之后，英美二国竟成大清帝国的看门犬。其后英国为着联日抗俄，美国为着防日守菲，两国都背弃门户开放之原则，取媚日本，牺牲朝鲜；而中国之免于瓜分，则不能不说是受惠于海约翰之门户开放也。——前节所言：拳乱起于瓜分的威胁，而瓜分的威胁，亦以拳乱的结束而告终，此之谓也。国际政治之奥妙，有如此者！