Chapter 3 Chapter 2 The Great Powers Stimulate the Empress Dowager to Play Fire

Happening in the first year of the 20th century, the Boxer Rebellion and the "Boxer Rebellion" in 1900 turned from a single spark into a prairie fire, which was inseparable from the three principles of Yuxian, governor of Shandong at that time.As mentioned earlier, Yuxian's three principles are: "The people can be used, the regiment should be supported, and the bandits must be suppressed."To be honest, there is nothing wrong with these three principles. What is wrong is that he turned the abstract principles into concrete applications. Let's take the article "available to the public" as an example!The naked aggression of the big powers against China—especially what the Germans did in Shandong and the Russians in Northeast China—had aroused public indignation among the Chinese people.

The Germans seized Jiaozhou Bay in Shandong under the pretext of a lesson plan, which is extremely unreasonable, and the Kaiser, the emperor’s younger brother, Prince Heinrich (Admiral Prince Heinrich) led the Far East Fleet to expedition to China, and the farewell speech he gave in Hamburg said: " should any one essay to detract from our just rights or to injure us, then up and at him with your mailed first" (Original English translation published in "Lonjiao Observer" on December 26, 1897 (London Spectator). At that time, Weng Tonghe, one of the top officials on our side who were negotiating, translated it in his oral notes as "If China obstructs my affairs, I will swing it with my old fist." The Kaiser's "fist" speech was at that time Teng laughs at Europeans and Americans. People in the world always scoff at the Kaiser’s arrogance, but they also pity and despise our Chinese for not being up to date. This incident was deeply and painful to our country and our people at that time. At that time, I watched it coldly in Paris. The famous French historian, Henri Cordier, believed that the stimulus imposed by the Germans on the Chinese people was "not the entire reason for the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, but also one of the main reasons." , page 365. Quoted from Volume 3 of Morse's History of International Relations of the Qing Empire, page 111.)

As for the rampage of the German army in Shandong at that time, it is even more difficult to describe.If the local people resist Ruo's generation for a moment, the whole village will be burned at every turn, and the old and young cannot escape.One time in Rizhao County, east of Shandong Province, when the local gentry came to mediate for a minor civil-religious conflict, the five gentry present were kidnapped by the German army and sent to the Qingdao Detention Center. requirements.This act of kidnapping and extorting made the American diplomats who were watching on the sidelines feel aggrieved and reported to Washington for attention. (See U.S. Minister to China Conger's report to Secretary of State John Hay. Contained in the "Diplomatic Files" of the State Department, April 17, 1899.)

The crimes committed by Russia in Northeast China are even more numerous.On a certain day in March 1899, the Russians violated the treaty from Lushun Port and invaded China to collect land taxes.The local peasants convened a mass meeting and wrote an application form, requesting exemption from the levy. The attitude was extremely peaceful and respectful, but the Russian army suddenly opened fire on the crowd, killing 94 peasants, old and weak women and children on the spot, and wounding 123 people. people. (According to a column report by a reporter from the Western-language "North China Herald News".)

On July 15, 1900, when the Russian army began to cross the border at Heilanpao (Russian name "Blagoveshchensk") on the banks of the Heilongjiang River, the Chinese army resisted for a while, and the Russian army drove the Chinese people on both sides of the strait. Six thousand men, women and children were all massacred and their corpses were dumped in the river, which was blocked by the river.Although the Chinese government did not dare to investigate this massacre, the European and American media protested to Moscow, and the tsarist government even claimed that the troops stationed in remote areas did not dare to investigate the massacre. (See Arthur H. Smith (China in Convulsion), published in Edinburgh, England in 1901, Volume Two, p. According to various reports, more than 200,000 Chinese were killed and injured, and this article cannot describe in detail. Publishing, p. 297.)

The above mentioned is only based on sporadic reports from Western officials and journalists, and is not an exaggeration of the victims of the Chinese.If a systematic investigation and research were done at that time, the brutality of the invaders would be beyond description.The author did not learn, but compared the casualties of the two sides in various conflicts between China and foreign countries in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and the ratio of the results can be said to be roughly one thousand to one.In other words, if one foreigner dies in a Sino-foreign conflict, the innocent Chinese people will "accompany" (not compensate) with thousands of lives.For example, in the Caozhou religious case, two German missionaries were killed, the Chinese were killed under the pretext of the German invasion, and the Chinese government killed the Chinese under the threat of foreigners, as well as the deaths and injuries caused by the conflict between the people and the religion. Thousands of people. ——If the theory of ghosts and gods is really credible, with thousands of innocent souls who died in vain, beside Jesus and before God, and the ghosts of the two priests who were martyred in Caozhou appear at the same time, accusing each other of grievances, in this case, What should God and Jesus choose?

Unfortunately, foreigners who died tragically under similar circumstances are often famous all over the world and will be remembered by future generations; but the thousands of Chinese who died with them, including women and children, would die a worse death.Stalin said: "The death of one person is a tragedy; the death of a million people is just a statistic." Not even a "statistic".But the Chinese are not a numb nation after all.Amidst the cries of thousands of widows and orphans in sackcloth and filial piety, bloody men with a little conscience will rise up and fight the enemy desperately. This is called "popular indignation".People all over the country feel that the country is in ruins, and they have to fight the invaders with their lives. This is called "people's spirit".This kind of popular sentiment, the author's generation was personally involved and experienced in the days of "Annual Anti-Japanese War".To be honest, the "Anti-Japanese War of the Year" was fought by the people of the whole country with their flesh and blood and the invincible invading bandits.

Friends, during the Gengzi period, when the Eight Kingdoms invaded, the feeling of the country's compatriots living in ruins was actually several times that of the one bandit coming alone on the eve of the War of Resistance, especially in Shandong and Northeast China where the situation was most urgent.Therefore, the people in these two areas were the most passionate, and the Boxers grew the fastest.Yu Xian, a murderous magistrate, also deeply experienced this kind of public anger against the enemy, and felt that "the people can use it".He thought that instead of killing the people and flattering the foreigners, how could he "use" the people to exterminate religion and destroy the foreigners?Yuxian's mentality was actually exactly the same as that of the small Manchu aristocrats who suddenly came to power after the Reform Movement of 1898 and were ignorant of Zhuanxu.They only know that people's heart is available, and they want to "use" it to "help the Qing".How did they know that the rotten imperial court after the Sino-Japanese War of 1898 and 1898 was already a dou who could not afford to "support"?Using it to "destroy the ocean", how can the ocean be "destroyed" by the "invulnerability" of qigong masters and apprentices?

If you know its usefulness but don't know its use for people's hearts; if you arouse people's hearts, and there is no safety plug to ensure safety, then it must explode.The Boxer Rebellion was one of the countless boiler explosions in modern China. Furthermore, Yu Xian is a reckless man who is not born in a professional class but is used to killing people.He doesn't look at the second step when playing chess; he doesn't think twice about politics, so his principle of "the regiment should be appeased and the bandits must be suppressed" is full of loopholes when applied.

At that time, Shandong was in the era of yellow scarves and red eyebrows at the end of the dynasty.Hungry people are everywhere, bandits are like hair, and evil people are everywhere.Yuxian's initial solution was to kill to stop the chaos.But even if he is a bloodthirsty butcher—he has a record of killing 500 people a month and 5,000 people in one term—he can't kill enough.In the end, it was changed from killing to caressing.His method of appeasement is to break up the parts into wholes and recruit bandits into the regiment (civilian regiment).He connives, even instigates, and even encourages and approves, and sets the banner of "Yu", so that the big evil sects with many apprentices and capable of commanding wind and rain will annex those small evil sects that have only low-level qigong and lack organizational ability, and have both good and bad. Designated a name, neatly dressed, and unified the name "Boxer" to show that these organizations are private militias approved by his governor's yamen.

This method of organizing and commanding the uprising peasants by taking the big and eating the small, breaking the parts into wholes, was not invented by Yu Xian—it is our national treasure.Try to review the history of peasant uprisings in our country, and look at Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Chimei, Huangjin, Huang Chao, Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhang Xianzhong, Li Zicheng, Hong, Yang, and even the growth and expansion of the Red Army, Eighth Route Army, and New Fourth Army that we have seen with our own eyes. .But what Yuxian did was fundamentally different from the above situation.All of the above-mentioned people are engaged in revolution and rebellion, with the call to "conquer the world".The purpose of Yuxian's unified organization of them is "recruiting security" and "protecting the world" for the Qing Dynasty.In this way, it becomes a salaried firefighting. First, Yuxian could not really turn the "Boxer" into a "civilian group".For the rebel army of the peasant uprising, the bigger the "threat" together, the better; the capacity of the government-run militia is limited.Furthermore, to rebel and fight the world to carry out revolution is a trip of a righteous man who vents the graves of the people and upholds justice, and his morale is extremely high.Defend the rotten dynasty, and the tyrants are tyrannical, then the righteous will be discouraged, and the wise will not.Therefore, the Boxer Movement has never been on the right track in Shandong.It is not an upright mass patriotic movement, but a movement of workers, peasants and soldiers led by burning incense and chanting mantras, or asking qigong masters with "supernatural powers", and finally went mad. ——It lacks a "great, glorious, and correct" and mature revolutionary party to guide and plan from it. Therefore, it has become a Red Guard-style strike when it "supports the Qing Dynasty and destroys foreigners", "burns churches, and kills priests". Smashing and grabbing, messing around.But after all, the Red Guards had to obey the "supreme instructions" of a scheming, or cunning, cunning: in the end, surrounded by the military and police, they stopped their flags and drums, and went to the countryside to study.The Boxer Regiment did not have a supreme command, and the military and police also led the leaders who joined the regiment. Even the "Lafayette" lost control, making it really become a "boxer riot."At this point in development, even the old lady just raped and threw away her "pelvic shoes", combed her "baba hair", disguised herself as a peasant woman, and fled. The "boxer rebellion" (boxer rebellion) can only be "supported and suppressed" by foreign soldiers. ——"The boxers rebelled" was originally a diplomatic rhetoric used by Li Hongzhang to shirk responsibility for war criminals for Cixi (see the next article). Therefore, Yuxian's principle of "the bandits must be suppressed" has also gone awry.He didn't know that "bandits" were the embodiment of hungry people.When the hungry people were "suppressed" and had nowhere to go, they joined the "regiment" to be "caressed".If you still have nothing to eat after being caressed, you will continue to be a bandit, and finally the good and the bad will be hard to distinguish, and the gang will coexist.Governor Jiayu has prejudices against the people and has no experience in foreign affairs, so he doesn't know how terrible foreigners are; while the priests and foreign ministers of the people are bullying.In civil-religious conflicts, no matter how big or small it is, it is often necessary to work as a "bishop" or even a higher "minister" (who calls himself "my minister" in the Chinese documents) to come to the Chinese court and localities to cheer Add vinegar, or even create something out of nothing, to protest intimidation.It has made the Chinese government very troublesome.The governor's yamen has a mountain of files (the original files are still full of baskets and baskets) just for the teaching plan, and they are very busy.Yu Xian was so angry that he simply sued his subordinate prefectural and county officials, treating the accusation of the church people and the protest of the priests as "hearing rumors" and "regarding them as waste paper". (See Li Hongsheng's "Yu Xian and the Shandong Boxers" and other numerous first and second-hand historical materials.) But Yuxian did not ignore the difference between "tuan" and "bandit" in his own standards.If any unscrupulous elements in the Boxers murdered and kidnapped the believers, he would bring them to justice and kill them in large numbers.In fact, Zhu Hongdeng, the most famous senior brother of the Boxers in the early days of Shandong, and the monk Benming who practiced qigong were arrested and killed by Yuxian for killing the disciples and stealing property. ——Some historians of later generations did not go deep into the facts, and put the death of Zhu Hongdeng and Ben Ming on Yuan Shikai's account, which is really a mistake.However, it is also true that Yuxian has his instructions such as "the wind in his ears" and "being waste paper", so he robs many bandits and robs the church people;This will cause serious protests from foreigners.Sure enough, in the winter of 1899, American Minister Edwin H. Conger protested continuously to the Prime Minister's Office in Beijing, demanding that the Chinese government remove Yu Xian from his post.The prime minister's office did not dare to offend Kang Ge, so on December 5th, the queen mother was asked to "open up the vacancy" for Yuxian, and Yuan Shikai, the right servant of the Ministry of Industry, acted as the governor of Shandong, and led a new army of 11,000 people into Luzhen Caress.Yu went to Yuanlai, and the Boxer Movement entered a new stage, from Shandong to Zhili (now Hebei Province) and the Beijing-Tianjin area. Yuxian was originally Cixi's favored minister, and what he did in Shandong was praised by the Empress Dowager, but now he is forced to resign by foreigners, and Cixi is also aggrieved.Therefore, when Yuxian returned to Beijing for an audience, the Empress Dowager rewarded her with the letter "Fu" as encouragement, and she was immediately transferred to be the governor of Shanxi.Yuxian was not only enraged by the foreigners, but also appreciated by the Queen Mother. As soon as he arrived in Shanxi, he really had no scruples about expelling education and reducing foreigners.However, Yuan Shikai, who took over Yuxian's vacancy in Shandong at this time, has a style that is exactly the opposite of Yuxian. Yuan Shikai is a more seasoned and capable bureaucrat than Yuxian.Before the Sino-Japanese War, he had more than ten years of experience in foreign affairs in North Korea.Although he now holds a heavy army, he knows that foreigners cannot be offended.Offending foreigners for trivial matters such as preaching is more harm than good, and there is no need for it.In addition, Yihe Huamin is just anti-religious and troublesome. They are short-sighted people who will turn against everything.The "New Army" under Yuan's command was the only modern armed force in China at that time. In the eyes of the people at that time, it was also a foreign army-wearing foreign clothes, doing foreign exercises, blowing foreign horns, using foreign guns, pumping Foreign cigarettes, foreign oil, foreign lamps...all of them are foreign.Nowadays, there is no time to help the Qing Dynasty learn from the foreign countries, so how can they be destroyed when they meet the foreign countries? However, at that time, the workers, peasants and soldiers in Shandong Province were stimulated by foreigners and Christians, and secretly encouraged by the three governors Li Bingheng, Zhang Rumei and Yuxian. Among them, they not only opposed building railways, opening coal mines, running schools, and opening newspapers, but also smashed customs, pulled electric poles, and closed post offices... Therefore, Yuan Shikai wanted to reverse this backward and reactionary mass behavior as soon as he came.In particular, Yuan believed that Yihe boxers' superstition of painting talismans, chanting incantations and being invulnerable to guns and guns was a cult to confuse the masses, and it was absolutely difficult to help the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreign countries.Therefore, he advocated a comprehensive suppression of the "Yihe Boxers".At this time, his elder brother Yuan Shidun, who served as a "battalion officer" with the title of alternate magistrate in his army, seemed to be more active in eliminating the "boxers" than his younger brother.So when his brother led troops into Shandong in the winter of 1899, Shidun was ordered by his younger brother to massacre the Boxers and punish them seriously.Soon thereafter, the Boxers in Shandong were wiped out by Yuan Shikai. However, the behavior of the Yuan brothers in Shandong was contrary to the political climate in Beijing at that time. ——At this time, the highest decision-making power of the Manchu Qing court was in the hands of a small group of Manchu princes and nobles under the protection of Xihou.Especially the four brothers of the "Zai" generation of the royal family and the clan: Zai Lian, Zai Yi, Zai Lan, Zai Xun and their close friends are the center of gravity of this circle of power.They attached themselves to the crony of the Queen Mother who had boundless power, and controlled the government.With the most ignorant mind, the most obscene means, and for the most selfish purpose, use the "Boxer", a mass organization at the grassroots level that is most willing to riot, to "support the Qing Dynasty and reduce foreigners" and seize power.Their act of seizing power is almost the same as what happened again in Beijing sixty-six years later, when a small group of proletarian nobles created by Mao Zedong and "Lin Si" wanted to use the "Red Guards" who love to rape, smash, smash, and rob The "prosperity without capital" and the seizure of power and dictatorship are really the past and the future, and history repeats itself, exactly the same. The three brothers Zai Lian, Zai Yi and Zai Lan were originally the sons of Prince Dun Yiliang.Yi Liang is the fifth son of Emperor Daoguang, only six days younger than his half-brother, Emperor Xianfeng Yi Chi.After Yiliang's death in 1889, Zai Lian succeeded him as King of Dun County; and Zaiyi also succeeded Cixi on the 60th birthday of Cixi in 1894 because he was adopted by his uncle Prince Yizhi, who died early and had no children. Jue became the "King of Ruijun".Unexpectedly, the word "Rui" was mistakenly written by Shuxu as the word "Duan" in the imperial decree. If he made a mistake, he would make a mistake, and he became the "King Duan" who had power for a while during the Gengzi period. [Note] The King Rui inherited by Zaiyi is Yizhi or Yizhi. There are different records in the "Drafts of Qing History" and the English "Fu Mingren of the Qing Dynasty", which will continue to be examined. King Duan's power is not limited to inheriting from his father and uncle, he also has the "nepotism" of the Queen Mother, and also serves as the chief soldier (division commander) of the Hushen Camp of the Imperial Guard—his wife is the daughter of Gui Xiang, the younger brother of the Queen Mother , so she is also the aunt and cousin of Emperor Guangxu Zaitan. ——Guangxu was born to the sister of the Empress Dowager West.Therefore, after the Reform Movement of 1898, when Empress Xi wanted to "abolish" Guangxu and "establish" a new emperor, she finally chose Puyi, the son of her close relative's niece, who was also the son of Zaiyi, who was nine years old at the time.Puyi was finally canonized as "Big Brother" (see the next section for details).As the elder brother's father, the power of Prince Duan Zaiyi has risen to a higher level. It is said that in order to strengthen the power of the four brothers of Zaizi generation headed by Zaiyi, the old queen mother actually awarded a "Shangfang Sword" to the two brothers Zailian and Zaiyi.So that the two of them have the right to "behead first and play later" in the court. ——The story of "Shang Fang Bao Jian" was spread all over the world at that time.The English "Zi Lin Xi Bao" (October 31, 1898) also has a record of Hui Ying Hui Sheng.But what is the actual situation, because the author failed to check the palace secret files, I had to temporarily doubt it, waiting for Gao Ming to correct it. The above is the story of the eldest and second child in the Gang of Four.The youngest Zailan also worshiped as "Fuguogong" at that time.Among the fifth-class lords of "Gong Hou Bo Yu Nan", Zeng Guofan, who was not rewarded for his meritorious service, was only a "Marquis"; Li Hongzhang was only a "Count" before his death;As the "King" and "Governor", the Gang of Four's power and status are second to none, not to mention that they hold military power in their hands. When the Boxers entered Beijing, Zai Lan also served as the right-wing general of the Forbidden Army. As for Zaixun, although he is not a "close branch" of the royal family, he is an extremely noble and hereditary "Prince Zhuang".Prince Zhuang is one of the princes in the Kangxi period of the early Qing Dynasty in the "Great Nearly Zhixunchen, Hereditary Independence".At this time, Dai Xun was the ninth Prince Zhuang.His family status has been established in Beijing for more than two hundred years.At this moment, Zai Xun is the president of the embargo army, and he has mastered the infantry yamen. Generally speaking, this group of relatives and noble children of the first generation are a group of pampered, ambitious, poorly educated, ignorant of the world, and have no military and political experience.This kind of aristocratic dandy was everywhere in Beijing at that time.Their little Gang of Four is just the tip of the iceberg.But they are surrounded by the Queen Mother, forming a core of power that relies on the emperor to order the princes.They are not only decision makers, but also policy executors—serving military officers, ministers, and officials involved in actual diplomacy.In order to understand their role in the government, let me explain the power structure of the Qing government at that time. 1. The "two palaces" at the pinnacle of totalitarianism Empress Dowager Cixi Emperor Guangxu Zai Tian ※ According to the Qing Dynasty, the emperor should have the highest power.However, the fate of Emperor Guangxu at this time was comparable to that of "Young Marshal Zhang" who later lived in confinement; and the power of the Empress Dowager surpassed that of "Chairman Mao" who had the highest decision-making power and the final veto power. 2. "Junji Yu" and "Junlou Minister" of the highest decision-making body of the imperial court Prince Li Shiduo (an old Manchu nobleman who is gentle but not too assertive) Rong Lu (the leader of the most conservative bureaucracy during the Eighth Movement of 1898; the Manchu strongman who was behind the scenes of the Enlightened Faction during the Gengzi Fist) Resolute (conservatives who are dry and ignorant of current affairs, and old Manchu bureaucrats who advocate the reuse of Boxers) Wang Wenshao (a very old and well-informed scholar of the Han nationality) Qixiu (a Manchu favorite who is able to understand current affairs and external affairs) Zhao Shuqiao (a conservative old bureaucrat of the Han nationality who has no knowledge of current affairs and foreign affairs) Duanjun Wang Daiyi (the most trusted Manchu relative of the Western Empress, the father of "Big Brother", the conservative leader who was still promoted even though he was on the way to the West) Lu Chuanlin (Han Minister without much opinion) ※ See "Drafts of Qing History? Chronology of Military Ministers" and "Biographies" 3. The location of Jifu and Beiyang military power ◎ Gyeonggi Garrison Street System (Imperial Guard): Commander of the Infantry Battalion concurrently served as Prince Zhuang Zaixun (in charge of the nine gates of the capital, commander of the "Banner Infantry, Sujing Jingyi, Assistant General") Duanjun Wang Zaiyi, the commander-in-chief of the Hushen Battalion, concurrently served as the commander (in charge of the officers and soldiers of the camp to prepare for the retinue, and to drive and hunt the front line) The commander-in-chief of the Shenji Battalion assisted the Duke of the State Zailan concurrently (the same as above) ◎ Beiyang Defense Force System: Rong Lu, Minister of Military Aircraft Control of the Five Armies of the Wuwei Army Rong Lujian, President of the Wuwei Central Army (German-style elite troops, stationed in the southern suburbs of the Beijing Division) Nie Shicheng, former military guard (Japanese elite, stationed in Tianjin) Dong Fuxiang, the Rear Army of Wuwei (formerly adapted from the old Gansu local army, stationed in Beijing) Wuwei Zuojun Song Qing (adapted from the old Yijun, stationed in Shanhaiguan area) Yuan Shikai, the right army of Wuwei (German-style new army stationed in a small station, and later entered Lu) ※ See English "Biography of Celebrities in the Qing Dynasty", "Qing History? Bingzhi", "Boxer Archives and Historical Materials? Continuation", English "Zi Lin Xi Bao" and the biographies of the generals. 4. The "Prime Minister's Office of General Affairs" (referred to as "Prime Minister's Office" or "General Administration") and the "Minister of Affairs" that take over the administrative power of the Department of Foreign Affairs Duanjun Wang Zaiyi (became the Minister in charge on June 10, 1900) Yikuang, Prince Qing Qixiu (see the list of the Military Aircraft Department, on June 10th, he entered the General Administration with King Duan) Pu Xing (the Manchu clan, Sui Duan Wang came to the General Administration, no foreign affairs) Na Tong (former minister of various ministries, Sui Duan Wang joined the General Administration, Manchu, under the influence of foreign affairs) Guichun (Walking in the General Administration of Sanpin Letang, Manchu) Yu Geng (formerly Taipusi Shaoqing, Manchu) Chongli (official co-organized bachelor, Manchu) Liao Shouheng (former Minister of the Ministry of Rites, walking in the Military Aircraft Department, Minister of the Han nationality) Zhao Shuqiao (see the list of military aircraft in the previous section) Wu Tingfen (the right servant of the Ministry of government and household affairs, Han nationality) Lianyuan (Cabinet Bachelor, Manchu, Emperor Baobao, killed) Yuan Chang (Minister of Guanglu Temple, Han nationality, anti-declaration of war, advocated suppression of the Boxers, was killed) Xu Yongyi (Shangshu of the Ministry of War, Han nationality, anti-war, main suppression, killed) Xu Jingcheng (former ambassador to Russia, Germany, etc., anti-war, main suppression, killed) ※ Refer to the appendix of Guo Tingyi's (Modern Chinese Historical Events Journal), which includes the biography of the ministers in "History of the Qing Dynasty". 5. Ministers of the North and South Oceans and the main governors and generals of the North and South Yulu, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang (Manchu, of relatives and nobles, a successful young man, waited and accepted the order in his later years, first suppressed the Boxer Regiment, then took care of him, and committed suicide after defeat) Governor of Shanxi Baxian (borrowing the flag, governing the regiment, destroying foreigners, hating religions, not understanding foreign affairs, being defeated and punished) Duanfang, governor of Shaanxi General Shoushan of Heilongjiang (Manchu, killed himself after defeating the Russian army) Shengjing General Zeng Qiyi (Manchu, stationed in Fengtian, which is now Shenyang, once recruited Zhang Zuolin) Yuan Shikai, governor of Shandong (Han nationality, he was the Boxer Regiment, driving boxers from Lu to Zhizhi) Liu Kunyi, Governor-General of Liangjiang and Minister of Nanyang (Han nationality, stationed in Nanjing, strongly advocated the elimination of the Boxer Regiment, anti-declaration of war, signing contracts with foreign powers, mutual protection in the southeast) Zhang Zhidong, governor of Huguang (Han nationality, stationed in Wuchang, suppressing regiments, anti-war, mutual protection in the southeast) Li Hongzhang, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi (Han nationality, stationed in Guangzhou, advocated peace first, then negotiated peace) Xu Yingkai, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang (Han nationality, stationed in Fuzhou, master of Southeast Mutual Insurance) Governor of Anhui Wang Zhichun (Han nationality, stationed in Anqing, in charge of Southeast Mutual Protection) Yu Lianyi Shen, governor of Zhejiang Province (acting, Han nationality, stationed in Hangzhou, in charge of Southeast Mutual Insurance) Governor of Jiangsu Songshou (Manchu, stationed in Suzhou, with Liu Kun as the leader of Southeast Mutual Protection) ※ See "History of the Qing Dynasty? Jiang Chen Biao" and "Biographies". If the reader scans the above five tables for a while, he can immediately see the characteristics of Qing Dynasty politics during the Gengzi period: The first is the political situation in which the central government was conservative and enlightened, and the Northern Manchu and Southern Han were divided and ruled without confrontation. The highest decision-making and veto power of the central government is in the hands of Cixi alone.The power of life and death she has in the court far exceeds that of Jiang Zhongzheng and Mao Zedong later.But the Emperor Guangxu who was in her hands at that time, although his fate was not as good as that of Shaoshuai Zhang, but his political ghost was the overseas Chinese under the influence of Kang Liang, the high-ranking southern Han border officials, and the countries stationed in China under the chariot. An object of sympathy or even admiration.Therefore, Guangxu after the Reform Movement of 1898 was the thorn in Cixi's back and the thorn in her eyes.If she doesn't abolish this emperor, she won't eat well, and she won't sleep well.Therefore, the phrase "he (referring to Guangxu) is going to murder me" became her mantra after the Reform Movement of 1898, and this sense of terror also caused her psychological "paranoia" (paranoia).So her first priority in politics at that time was "abolishing the issue of legislation." In the Qing Dynasty, only the empress dowager could "listen to politics", but the empress dowager did not have this privilege.Therefore, the first object of her abolition was Prince Qing's 14-year-old eldest son Zai Zhen to replace the 30-year-old Guangxu Emperor Zai Tian.As soon as this tentative news came out, not only Liu Kunyi and other Han governors objected, but also the Manchu military minister Rong Lu (King Qing was Rong's political enemy), and even King Qing and his son were unwilling to serve him, and the most important thing was the British minister. He also publicly expressed his disapproval, which eventually made this conspiracy go awry. After another year of preparation, Xi retreated to the next best thing, and would not abolish the establishment.She selected Pu Jun, the son of Duanjun Wang Zaiyi, and was canonized as "Big Brother" (Crown Prince) on December 24, 26th year of Guangxu (January 24, 1900). Successor to Emperor Muzong (Tongzhi).If there is not much resistance from all parties, she obviously still wants to abolish Guangxu.This time she really won the unanimous support of the Manchu relatives and dignitaries "Including Ronglu". Among the Han nationality, except for a few gentry merchants in Shanghai (such as Jing Yuanshan, the head of the Telegraph Bureau), most of the border officials were silent.But the fly in the ointment is such a major event of "canonizing the crown prince", but the ministers of various countries in China refused to congratulate.What the Empress Dowager is most afraid of at this time is not the overseas Chinese or Han governors led by Kang Liang, and of course it is not Sun Wen, the leader of the Revolutionary Party.What she is most afraid of is the ministers of the great powers in China.She believes that only they have the power to force her to "return to politics" and "retire"; they even engage in conspiracy and tricks, secretly assisting Guangxu in "bitter beatings" (as planned by Tan Sitong), confine her, or even confine her. behead her. Under the control of this "paranoid" psychology, what the old lady thinks about day by day and dreams about at night is how to get rid of the threat posed to her by the most terrifying foreigners (especially the ministers of foreign powers stationed in China) .The same psychological state also prompted her behavior to go to the other extreme (forgive me to use behavioral science to explain history)-she began to believe that only the small circle of her close blood relatives was the most loyal to her.Only living in this small circle can she feel safe: she can sleep well every night and avoid nightmares. Friend, do you think the old lady Yehenara is mentally ill?No.That is the state of mind that all lonely dictators share!Next letter, you go to analyze the "behavior" of Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and even Lee Kuan Yew and Lee Teng-hui, and you will know that scientific demonstrations are not deceiving.Needless to say, there is no need to talk about the similar behaviors of Western leaders from which the theory is derived. In her later years, Cixi fell into this psychological trap and couldn't extricate herself.Not only did she appear paranoia to all foreigners, she even distrusted Li Hongzhang and Rong Lu, who had been the most loyal eagle dogs for her all her life.She sent Li Hongzhang to Guangzhou to "act" as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi; in Beijing, she also supported a gang of four organized by relatives and nobles to seize the power of Ronglu and squeeze Ronglu to the sidelines.At the same time, she also distrusted Rong Lu's elite unit "Wuwei Zhongjun", and Dong Fuxiang's "Gan Army", a miscellaneous army that Rong Lu also controlled, was relegated to the capital to fight with Dai Xun, Zai Yi, and Zai Yi. The "Imperial Guard Army" led by Lan cooperated in the defense of Jifu, and used it to contain Ronglu's direct troops.When necessary, the old lady herself can also directly command the various armies to help the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreign countries. As for the rapid rise of the Zizi Gang of Four, it is naturally the masterpiece of the old lady.Needless to say, the tens of thousands of "banner troops" who served as the garrison of the capital are in their hands-according to the news obtained from the residence of Marquis Zeng (Zeng Jize, son of Duke Wenzheng) by the English "Zi Lin Xi Bao", Zai Yi was directly commanded at that time. There are 10,000 spearmen in the Tiger God Camp.There were as many as 50,000 people under the command of Prince Qing Yikuang.King Qing was a well-known political enemy of Ronglu at that time.The force he restrained may include Zaixun's nine admirals and the entire Gan army.Even the fortitude who is in charge of wealth and power can control 12,000 spearmen. (See the newspaper's May 16, 1900, column.) This garrison system belonged to the capital garrison commander in the Kuomintang era.In Mao Zedong's era, it was the "March 41" unit.Whoever masters this force has the power of life and death in the capital.That's why Xihou and her gang of four, in a fit of anger, took the five ministers who spoke disobediently to the vegetable market and beheaded them.German Minister Klind was also beaten to death by Zaiyi's Tiger Camp Zhang Jing Enhai on the street (see the next article for details).As for the thousands of "religious people" and "White Lotus Sect" (including women and children) who were beheaded in the square in front of Zhuangwang's mansion, there is no need to talk about it. With military power, political power can emerge from the barrel of a gun.From the dark to the bright, the emperor was coerced to order the princes, and the military aircraft department of the highest decision-making organ has always been in their hands-the former most powerful military minister Rong Lu has been on "sick leave" and stayed at home to bide his time. ) See (Rong Lu's Letter to Sichuan Governor Kui Jun), "Yaolu" has excerpts, pages 13. ) On June 10th, 1900 (Gengzi), Prince Duan Zaiyi was also sent to the "Prime Minister's Office" as the Minister in charge of affairs, and even Prince Qing had to stand aside. (See Shangyu dated June 10, 1900), contained in "Sequel to Historical Materials", page 596. ) The military, political, financial, and diplomatic powers were all concentrated in the hands of a small group of Manchu relatives headed by Xihou, and how the rest of the policy of the "Boxer Movement" was controlled by others was even more impossible for others to say. Generally speaking, the Empress Dowager's support of the "Boxers" is exactly the same as Chairman Mao's playing with the "Red Guards" sixty years later.The two of them thought that they had mastered the military power and political power, and they could send and receive a mass movement among the people. In the end, they were arrogant and arrogant, and the power fell to the side. Empress Dowager Cixi was the queen who ruled the Qing Empire for forty-eight years.In the history of the Chinese Empire in the past two thousand years, apart from Kangxi, Qianlong and Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, no male protagonist has ruled longer than her.So she has mastered the art of domination.The set of maneuvering skills she demonstrated in the central government may still be superior to that of Jiang and Mao later, and the time she ruled the mainland was also the sum of Chiang and Mao.But she has the same shortcoming as Jiang and Mao Ergong-she doesn't understand diplomacy;This cannot be blamed on her, because the central government she presides over is also the first central government with a "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" in China's history.In the early days, it was called the "Prime Minister's Office of State Affairs", which was established after the British and French allied forces burned down the Old Summer Palace (1860).After the Xin Chou Treaty (1901), it was renamed the "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" and became the "First Ministry of the Cabinet" under the coercion of foreigners.This first Rongjie did not give way to the "Ministry of the Interior" (called the "Ministry of Officials" in the Qing Dynasty) until the establishment of the National Government. Our matriarch knew everything by heart in her early years—probably all repertoires from Peking Opera.It is said that when Dorgon entered the customs, his political science textbook was also a "Qing Wen" translation (Romance of the Three Kingdoms).But you can't learn nineteenth-century international diplomacy here.Therefore, Cixi's early diplomatic decisions depended entirely on her brother-in-law, Prince Gong Yixin; in the later period, she relied on Beiyang Minister Li Hongzhang. ——Both Yixin and Li Hongzhang were born in the diplomatic service, but both of them were the first-class international diplomats in the 19th century.After Yi Xin died of old age in 1898, Hong Zhang became Empress Xi's first diplomatic adviser.At the beginning of the Gengzi year, when the Fist Rebellion first broke out, the old queen mother should not have listened to the slander of relatives and nobles and sent Hongzhang to Guangzhou. Li Hongzhang is also Zhou Enlai of Empress Dowager Cixi.At this critical juncture, Zhou Enlai was sent to Guangzhou as the "Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee", and the military, political and diplomatic power in Beijing fell into the hands of "Lin Si" (Lin Biao and the Gang of Four).The Queen Mother's "Lin Si" (the four brothers Gangyi and Zaiyi) are powerful but ignorant, absurd and tyrannical, and they are not inferior to Chairman Mao's "Lin Si".Her "Boxer" skills in burning, killing and looting are exactly the same as Mao's "Red Guards" in attacking Wu Street. ——In a word, Cixi used extremely clever political methods to "settle the inside"; but used the most stupid diplomatic mind to "resist foreign affairs".Not only is she ignorant of the international situation, she can't even grasp the most basic information.In the end, he was frightened by a piece of false information (see the next article), and went to Guangzhou to find Zhou Enlai, who won 12 gold medals, but Zhou did not return.In a hysterical state of mind, the old woman used the wild behavior of a village woman who scolded a chicken, and joined forces with the Gang of Four to indulge the Boxer Regiment to compete with the foreigners.... Declaring war... so nonsense, her old man can be moved into the memorial hall with her whole body in the end, which can be regarded as "fate".This is a later story. Now look at how her Gang of Four messed up the government; how her Red Guards spread. As mentioned in the previous section, the Boxers were driven to Zhili (now Hebei Province) by Yuan Shikai.At the beginning of the Boxer Rebellion spreading northward, Xihou was hesitant to deal with the boxers.她一面听信毓贤的“民可用、团应抚”的忠告，想利用拳民来驱逐洋人；另一面她又心虚怕洋人干涉，不敢公开庇护拳民，因此朝廷政策就弄成个阳剿阴抚的局面。在一连串的上谕里，朝廷都不断告诫疆臣说拳会有“良莠之分”。对“不逞之徒”固应剿办，但是对一般“安分良民或习技艺以自卫身家，或联村众以互保闾里，是乃守望相肋之义”。所以官方剿匪，只能问其“为匪与否，肇衅与否。不论其会不会、教不教也。”（见一九〇〇年一月十一日，光绪二十五年阴历十二月十一日《上谕》，载《义和团档案史料》上册，页五六。）这一来，朝廷便公开表示民间组团是合法的了。 但是在一九〇〇年六月之前，那两位首当其冲的地方官：山东巡抚袁世凯和直隶总督裕禄，都是一意主剿的。二人之中以袁世凯尤为坚决。朝廷当权派对袁不敢轻动。为着杀鸡儆猴，乃把世凯之兄袁世教加个“纵勇扰民”的罪名革职，并驱逐回籍。 但是袁世凯并没有被朝廷吓阻。他抗疏力辩说拳会“每于数百里外劫取财物，不得谓之为保证身家。焚毁掳赎，抗官拒兵，不得谓之非作奸犯科。掠害平民、骚扰地方，不得谓之为专仇洋教”。他认为莠民习练邪术，不论是会是团，必酿巨患。私团官练（如毓贤所条陈的办法），断下可行。所以他主张彻底剿办。（见前书页九五） 袁世凯有何胆量敢如此忤旨抗命，盖义和团当时已闹到十一国驻华公便联合抗议的程度。死掉两个德国传教士已弄到胶澳不保，举国惶惶。一八九九年除夕，又有一个英国传教士卜克斯（Rev.SMBrooks）在山东为拳民所杀,岂不是火上加油？所以袁氏不敢怠慢。乃对义和团全面镇压。加以他手握重兵，将在外君命有所不受。最重要的还是他与力主剿匪的华南三督声气相通。他不受命，朝廷亦奈何他不得。当然在剿拳行动中，他也给予朝中富权派足够的面子，说他所剿者均是盗匪冒充的“伪义和团”，非真正爱国反教的“真义和团”也。 在袁的督饬之下。他的部将张勋、曹锟等则日以诛戮为能事。张勋那位在民国初年曾拥溥仪复辟的“辫帅”，即有在一日之内杀掉“黄巾红兜”的“拳匪”五百余人而受袁巡抚重赏的纪录。（见《阳信县令禀》，载《山东义和团案卷》，北京社会科学院编辑，济南齐鲁书社一九八〇年出版，下册，页六五九、六六一。） 山东的义和团是被袁世凯赶尽杀绝了。可是拳众北窜进入直隶，直隶总督裕禄却随了手脚。裕禄原与袁氏约好对“拳匪”南北夹击的。庚子春初他的确也曾命令驻津聂士成的“前军”出剿，杀掉不少“拳匪”。可是渐渐地他就看出朝中四人帮崛起、太后护团转趋积极、他的老靠山荣禄已逐渐靠边站，他的“剿匪”政策也就开始动摇了——由剿办到纵容，到包庇，最后他就干脆投靠了。既靠之后，他的总督衙门就变成义和团的招待站。两位草莽出身的大师兄张德成、曹福田亦啸聚徒众三万人，建起“天下第一坛”，祭起关公、周仓，诸葛孔明；烧香念咒，表演刀枪不入。裕禄为讨好朝廷，竟拨饷银二十万两（其后西太后亦加赏十万两），教请众师兄率团来津，扶清灭洋。张、曹二酋竟亦由裕禄保荐，挂一品衔，分乘一品高官的“绿呢大轿”，堂哉皇哉的直入节署，与直隶总督北洋大臣杯酒交欢，分庭抗礼。裕禄并打开军械库，一任此乌合之众，自新式器械中自择所喜。在张、曹二师兄佑护之下，天津市民亦沿街设坛，头裹黄巾、腰系红带，相率皈依。入夜家家均悬挂红灯，奉迎仙姑下凡，诛教灭洋。烧教堂、杀教民、搜捕“二毛子”，攻打租界，一时俱来。 裕禄这一转变乃导致山东拳民大量涌入直隶。东入天津、西据涿州、南占保定。焚香念咒、烧教堂杀洋鬼、毁铁路拔电杆，乃至搞“均粮”、“吃大户”，乱成一片。山东之团既来，直隶之团亦起。入团群众除工农兵之外，绅商官吏亦均相率参加——其中尤以十来岁的青少年最为积极。各州各县、各村各镇，均纷起组团，设坛练技。义和团小将们更是四处串连，“闹教”、“打教”了。——这在后来的红卫兵小将口中叫做“造反”、“闹革命”！ 就在天津地区和保定涿州一带已闹成红旗一片之时，那些住在北京使馆区“东交民巷”（义和团后来把它改名为“割鸡巷”）之内和天津租界之中的被悬赏捉拿的“洋人”，当然也紧张起来。他们十一国之间的使领侨民和教士当然更是函电交驰。协商会议，调兵遣将，忙成一片。他们既要自保，也想浑水摸鱼，则“八国联军”也就呼之欲出了。下篇再细论之。 在此混乱期间，身居“相位”的荣禄，虽在开刀养病（据说是足疾，由西医开刀），当然对太后意旨、朝中空气，更看得清楚。因此当义和团迅速向保定、涿州一带蔓延，北京城内的响应者，亦正蠢蠢欲动之时，他也将原在各该地驻防的武卫中军的主力，以保护铁路为名，一一调开，以免与拳民冲突。 当时的各路清军（包括董福祥的“甘军”），由于历史性的对立，与职业性的嫉妒，他们与义和团、大刀会等教门都是势不两立的。如今防军主力一撤，团教乃如雨后春笋，一时俱起。少数防军剩余部队反而成为他们追杀的对象了。五月二十四日武南中军的一位分统（旅长）杨福同率步骑兵百余人往涞水县一带巡逻，义和团师兄满立和尚乃率众千人，设伏围攻。福同逃避不及，竟被拳众乱枪刺死，“脏腑皆出”。（见《史事要录》页一一〇，引抄本《闲见录》及《畿南济变纪略）。）于此亦可见当时拳民猖獗的隋况了。 即在杨分统被杀的同时，另支拳民万余人则侵入保定。这时“卢汉铁路”（自卢沟桥至汉口，亦即今日京广铁路的北段）正在施工。当地有外籍专家相传教士暨家属数十人。义和团一旦串连到此，官方不加阻遏，当地青少年乃群起响应。一时黄巾红带满天飞，秩序大乱。这批洋专家和妇孺闻风落瞻。中国地方官不愿也无力保护，原造护送兵丁又半途加入义和团，倒戈相向。他们走投无路，四散逃命。这群洋专家连家属妇孺原有四十一人。最后逃入天津租界幸存者九人：轻重伤二十三人；余九人则终无下落。据幸存者追忆，其逃难之惨状，有不忍卒述者。（见《字林西报》一九〇〇年六月六日暨十三日专栏报导。） 官方对拳运既失去控制，拳民的群众行为也就越轨了。五月二十七日拳民三万人乃冲入涿州府。知府衙门被霸占之后，涿州知府龚荫培守城无力、弃城不敢、殉城不甘，因而他想出个聪明办法——绝食对抗。在那个专制时代，地方官守土有责。城池失守，不论陷敌陷匪，守土者都例当殉职。失土而不死节，其结果也是正法欢头。如今朝廷政策既剿抚不明，殉城而死或正法而死都嫌寃枉。龚大人来他个半死不活，可死可活的绝食抗议，对朝廷、对拳匪，都不失为装蒜自保之道也。——做官搞政治，要有点鬼聪明啰！ 涿州是当时京师的门户。乾隆爷下江南时曾许为“天下第一州”。上溯往古，它是“桃园三结义”的故乡；下及民国，它也是傅作义将军死守、张学且少帅猛攻的历史名城。此时也是足与北京城共存亡的咽喉要塞。如今既被三万黄巾所窃据。官军旅长被杀；守土之官也在绝食待命。事实上他们现在都在向朝廷的当权派摊牌；你大清王朝对洋人，究竟要和要战，对扶清灭洋的义民，究竟要剿要抚？总得有个抉择，有个交代！朝廷年来的混沌水政策，总得有个句号！ 其实事到如今，关于和战、抚剿的抉择，地方与中央，满族与汉族之间，早已泾渭分明。南方的汉族督抚袁世凯、刘坤一、张之洞、李鸿章；朝中有嘴无权的汉族大臣兵部尚书徐用仪、光禄寺卿（主祭祀谯饷之官）袁昶、吏部侍郎（前驻俄德公使）许景澄——后三人均兼总理衙门事务大臣——皆坚决反战主剿。后来此三大臣也均为主战派所杀。 此时朝中满族亲贵（除荣禄称病不愿表态之外）在载字辈四人帮，尤其是端王载漪，和协办大学士刚毅的领导之下，连八二高龄的大学士徐桐（汉军旗）父子皆坚决主张抚团开战。其中尤以少年亲贵贝勒者流，呼嚣抚团灭洋，已至疯狂程度。 笔者此处所言汉满、和战之分。并不是说主战派中无汉人。李秉街、赵舒翘皆汉族大臣也。主和派中亦有满人。主和被杀之五大臣中，内阁学士联元即是进士出身的镶红（汉军）旗人。在和战争论中，联元坚持“民气可用，匪气不可用”。又说“甲午之役，一日本且不能胜，况八强国乎”？遂为端王所杀。另一主和派户部尚书立山（蒙族），因在太后之前驳载漪“民可用”之论，说“拳民虽无他，然其术多不验”，也以言祸被杀。（以上均见《清史》本传）这些都是多数中无权的少数，其言行无足重轻也。 因此在涿州知府龚大人的绝食待命期间，对和战两策还在踟蹰之间者，唯慈禧老太后一人而已。她个人的一念之间顷刻便可决定这架和战天秤的轻重。 慈禧不是个笨人。在理智上，她未尝没有想到联元的名言。一国且不能敌，况八国乎。事实上南华四督的电报，和被诛三臣生前的忠谏，说得都比联元之言更彻底、更可怕。但是她毕竟是个知识有限的老女人。她怕洋的理性，始终敌不过地恨洋的感性。加以她始终对义和团的“刀枪不入”，存有幻想。在涿州被拳寒所据时她就派军机大巨赵舒翘、顺天府尹（今北京市长）何乃莹与刚毅于六月初相继去涿州视察，一探究竟。赵到底是个进士出身的高知，他与何市长因此都对众师兄的带功讲座能否“灭洋”存疑。可是继至的刚毅则对刀枪不入的气功表演大为折服，认为是神术可用。（见《清史?刚毅传》，及其它杂著。） 刚毅是太后的红人，也曾是舒翘的恩人。赵氏回朝怎敢顶撞刚相。聪明的何市长自然更会顺风驶舵。太后一旦对调查所得的结果如说“拳民忠贞、神术可甩”，如予以“上等军械，奸为操演”，就可以化为劲旅，抗御洋兵一类的报告，稍加默认色许，义和团运动就进入北京了。 北京城内发现义和团是庚子四月的事（非另有注，本篇都用阳历）。但那是城内居民响应外界的组织。闲亦有少数来自外府州县入京串连者，然为数有限。城防军警亦曾奉命严缉。可是自刚毅于六月中旬回朝复命之后，外州县的义和团就大举入京了。一股都认为团众之来是朝廷导之。义和团本身也认为是“奉旨”入京“闹教”的。因太后颁发奖金，他们要进京领奖！ 义和团开始大举进入北京的日期大致是一九〇〇年六月十日（阴历五月十四日）。这个日期很下平凡。此日端郡王戴漪也奉旨出任“管理总理各国事务衙门”大臣。他的死党启秀、溥兴、那桐也同时受委（见是日《上论》，载《义和团档案史料续编》上册，页五九六）这就说明了四人帮夺权已完全占领了大清帝国的外交部。主和派在外交政策上，已无转圆余地（详见下篇）。 第二，驻天津各国领事和海军将领也组织一支拥有二千零六十六人的“联军”——这是后来“八国联军”的先头部队，由英国海军陆战队队长西摩（Admiral Sir Edward H. Seymour，或译薛慕尔）率领，也在这天自天津乘火车开往北京。声言加强东交民巷的防卫，保护十一国公使。他们车行至杨村，由于铁路为义和团所破坏，进退不得，乃被奉命前往阻遏的聂士成军，连同当地团民所包围。这是中外武装接触的第一次。这一冲突不论何方胜败，皆无退路可走。清兵若败，则联军便长驱直入北京，就不得了也；洋兵若败，则援军必至，就更不得了也。事实上最后便是这个更不得了的结局（见摩尔斯前书，卷三，页二二二、二一四），下篇再慢慢交代。在北京方面，四郊的义和团，便是在这一天大队涌入北京的。 义和团好汉是何等样人？我们不妨伫立街头，看看热闹。《庚子纪事》的作者仲芳氏有一段生动的描述。抄与读者共赏如下： ……团民自外来者，一日数十起，或二三十人一群，四五十人一群,未及岁童子尤多，俱是乡间囊襄粗笨之人。均以大红粗布包头，正中掖藏关帝神马。大红粗衣兜肚，穿于汗衫之外。黄裹腿、红布腿带。乎执大刀长矛，腰刀宝剑等械不一，各随所用，装束却都一般…… 朋友，你看过大陆上文革时代的电影吗？毛主席的义和团，和西太后的红卫兵，有何下同？其实仲芳先生所看到的只是武清团、水清团、香河团、固安团、红旗、井冈山、奸派、屁派……的一支。这一支是红巾红旗的“坎字拳”。那支被张辫帅杀掉的黄巾黄兜的“乾字拳”，另外还有黑的白的，他还未见到呢！（参阅《拳匪纪事》）仲芳先生也笑他们是粗衣粗布粗笨之人。但是他还未见过蒯大富、聂元梓等头头所领导的北京本地的“义和团”呢！他们是遍身罗绮、眉清目秀的高干子弟。你笑他粗笨？ 红卫兵不是有文革小组、司令部和各级造反领导头头吗？……他们造反的对象不是“赫鲁晓夫”、刘邓走资派吗？他们各派文攻武街，不是也曾和解放军武斗过吗？义和团照本宣科，样样齐备。 六月初有“义和团”万人整队入城。九门提督着了慌，闭门不纳。双方正相持不下时，怱有差官持来“辅国公”载澜的“令箭”，责令开门，守城者不敢违，拳众乃一拥而入。辅国公不也是文革小组的首长吗？自此九门大开。拳众自四方涌入北京，日夜不绝。经旬而入者多至十万余人。家家念咒、处处设坛。最后是“上自王公卿相，下至倡优隶卒，几乎无人不团。”（参阅《中国近代史资料丛刊?义和团》第一册，页三〇六及《要录》页一四四。） 此时端王庄王都有大师兄随侍，随时表演特异功能。据说李莲英曾引拳师去颐和园表演，并于六月九日护驾还宫。太后对拳艺大为折服，并亲自习画“灵符”云云。（散见阿英编《义和团文艺选辑》中，诗文随笔等杂著。） 奉太后懿旨，所有入城的十万义和团，都由庄王载勋、大学士刚毅统一指挥；由载漪、载澜等三兄弟从中协助。义和团入城第一步便是去庄王府中“报到”、“挂号”。关于战防的地点和时间，要听候上级“转牌调遣”（见《庚子纪事》）。当时“坎字拳大师兄”便住在庄王府内，上听庄王调遣指挥，下对徒聚发号施令（见“军机处杂件”坎字老团大师兄德，六月二十五日《通知》，载《史料续编》上册，页六一八）。那时众师兄用以杀人的那种形状奇特的“大刀”，其图案后来被洋人摆成ABC字母，用为污辱华人的象征。谁知用久了竟变成一种“东方艺术字”。在今日海外华人小区的招牌上、广告上、名片上，仍随处可见。然使用者已不知其历史根源矣。 试问义和团小将十万人，如今摩拳擦掌，挤在北京城内，意欲何为呢，曰：他们来此为的是“闹教”；为的是“扶清灭洋”。 六十年后，十万红卫兵小将也挤在原处，为的是“造反”，为的是“兴无减资”。红卫兵把革命对象大致分成十等。地、富、反、坏、右之下，笔者这类教书匠名列“臭老九”。七、八百年前，蒙古统治阶级也把我们的社会级别，列为乞丐之上，妓女之下——八娼九儒十丐，也是第九等。 义和团把他们镇压的对象，据说分为“十毛”。老毛子、大毛于是遏体黄毛的洋人，杀无赦。二毛子是教民。教民允许退教，不退教亦杀无赦。三毛以下则是用洋货，行洋礼，崇洋、让洋……等而推之。 红卫兵当年要打倒国家主席“赫鲁晓夫”（指刘少奇），揪斗刘邓“走资派”等等。义和团也要杀掉他们的“一龙二虎”。一龙者光绪爷也；二虎者搞洋务的李鸿章、奕劻也。所以迅速窃政的端王，就要自己掌握外交系统，使奕劻老叔靠边站了。据传闻则庄王载勋的阴谋更大，他计划率领众师兄入宫去把一龙干掉。 这还是比较文明的上层。那些设坛长街，十万人摩肩接踵，歹徒再乘间闹事，一呼百应，群众兽性大发，烧杀奸掳，一时俱来，北京城就秩序大乱了。 义和团在北京之烧也，始则逢“洋”必烧。六月十六日拳众在大栅栏焚烧“老德记