Chapter 7 Chapter 6 "New Study of Apocrypha" and "Restructuring from Ancient Times"

The "Western learning" taught by Kang Youwei in the "Wanmu Thatched Cottage", including his pioneering physical education classes in the history of modern Chinese education, are all very primitive and enlightening things, which are not worth spending too much ink. After it was proposed, it was taken away in one stroke. The focus of the subjects in "Wanmu Caotang" is its Confucianism "modern literature", and the two textbooks "Confucius Reform" and "Xinxue Apocrypha" developed by Kang's view of modern literature.Therefore, modern literature is really the foundation of Kang's reform.

Kang Youwei was the first reformer in modern China who was challenged by Western learning to carry out political reform.His understanding of traditional Chinese academic thoughts and political and social systems is the master of Wei Cheng, although what he engages in is only a slant of Chinese thought.However, he was able to combine this highly developed middle school slant with the most childish cognition of Western learning to come up with his own set of Kang Youwei's thoughts, and draw his own political blueprint of the outline of "using the power of the monarchy to exercise the rights of the people" .Then come the Son of Heaven to implement it in the way of ordering the princes.As a result, people's heads were rolling and they were defeated.But the ups and downs of Kangzhi also marked an important stage in China's modernization movement.If we don't understand Kang Youwei clearly, it will be difficult for us to understand Sun Yat-sen, Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Mao Zedong, and today's Deng Xiaoping and "democracy activists" who succeeded Kang.Since the foundation of Kang Youwei's "consolidation of intentions" is "modern literature" in traditional Confucianism; but what is modern literature? What are these two great works of Kang Zi talking about? In the future, everyone will make an introduction; it will also be used as a reference for general readers, and it will make things difficult for those who do not learn a little.

When talking about "modern literature", we have to start with several major cultural events after Qin Shihuang unified China in 221 BC (the 26th year of the first emperor).The first is the "literature reform", the so-called "book with the same text".Before the unification of mainland China, the seven countries had different languages; Qi (Shandong) and Chu (Anhui, Hubei, Hunan) had different languages; and the Qin language and the six countries, the gap was particularly large.Before unification (also known as "before liberation" today), Qin people used big seal script, small seal script and their simplified official script.After the unification, the big and small seal scripts (including the ancient "籀wen" specially used by the Qin people) were abolished, and the official "official script" was used instead.Since the six countries were unified by it, the Qin government also abolished the ancient scripts of the six countries and switched to official script—this is an unprecedented "big reform of writing" in human history.It is also the most successful cultural reform in the history of human culture.

The oriental civilizations on the East Asian continent were originally consistent.However, from Zhou Ping Wang Dongdong (771 BC) to Qin Shihuang's unification of the countries (221 BC), the civilizations of the seven countries have developed separately for 550 years.Due to the different scripts and languages ​​of different countries, and the customs and living habits are also quite different: what Yan Zi said, "If you are born in Huainan, you will be orange, and if you are born in Huaibei, you will be orange".Therefore, although all countries share the "Poetry", "Guoyu" and the studies of hundreds of schools of thought, there is inherent "great unity" among them, and there are also many "small differences". (See Similarities and Differences among Modern Caucasian European Nations.)

It is worth noting that: "Small differences" are not only differences in words and calligraphy, but also serious distinctions between meanings and principles.Nowadays, the original "ancient script" of various countries is completely abolished, and the "Jinwen" (official script) specially used by the Qin people is rewritten and unified. The difference between the "modern" and "ancient" script versions is immediately exposed.Those who are yes are what they are, and those who are not are not.Therefore, after Qin Shihuang's "writing reform", the dispute between modern and ancient Chinese was already on the verge of coming out!This situation was also very troublesome in medieval Europe and in the "biblical studies" of Eastern and Western Rome.The most ridiculous thing is today's struggle between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.In addition to political disputes, they have gradually caused disputes between "traditional characters" and "simplified characters".Yu Yu once heard jokes about "representatives" in mainland China.If there is no clarification today, then five hundred and fifty years later, "Fanwenjia" will be interpreted as "representative of representatives"; "Jianwenjia" will be interpreted as "representative with watch".

Culture is not meant to be a treat.You trouble yours, I trouble mine; river water does not interfere with well water, each has its own troubles.But if the troubles involve the issue of political power, the issue of rice bowls, and the issue of beheading, then the problem will be serious. It was a good thing that Qin Shihuang engaged in "books with text".However, eight years after the reunification (213 BC), His Majesty suddenly came to "burn books and bury Confucian scholars" and imposed a "ban on holding books".If common people collect books in private, depending on the seriousness of the plot, they will be "tattooed as Chengdan" (lettering on the face, sent to labor reform), beheaded, or even "clan punished".This will bring the East Asia continent back to the Stone Age.If the folks want to learn something, they have to rely on dictation.

The "ban on holding books", which is the highest crime of family punishment, will not be relaxed because of the death of Qin Dynasty.The Han Dynasty followed the Qin system, and the book ban was not released.It was not until the fourth year of Emperor Huidi (191 BC) that this death penalty law was abolished, and it was extended for 22 years.After the lifting of the ban, the "official script" in "simplified characters" has been commonly used in society.Before the book was banned, there were "traditional characters" in the ancient languages ​​of the Seven Kingdoms, and few people knew about "big seal script", "small seal script" and "ancient script".However, once the book ban was lifted, the "burnt books" (including those burned by the first emperor and Xiang Yu) and hidden books (such as the "books on the wall" secretly hidden in Fu Sheng's home and Confucius' former residence) were often unidentified. out.With the encouragement of the government, the National Central Library (Central Secretary) is also full of fragments.In order to sort out these residual scripts and oral manuscripts, everyone had to use simplified Chinese characters (official script), which is what is called reading ancient texts with modern texts. "Reading ancient texts (seal, seal) with modern texts (official script)" is actually a kind of translation work.Different translators make the same translation, and the results are often different.What's more, the ancient texts of the seven countries each have their own "different texts", and the dictators, such as Mr. Fu, can't speak the "standard Mandarin", so the problem becomes bigger. ——Your Majesty, see my friend Bo Yang uses "vernacular" to translate "Classical Chinese" (Tongjian)?Not to mention, "Tongjian Square" and many media, people with different opinions and wise people, are sticking to Mr. Bo's stick?This is the modern version of the "controversy between modern and ancient prose" that happened two thousand years ago.Knowing Bo Yang's annoyance in recent years, it is conceivable that more than half of the dispute between modern and ancient Chinese has been going on for two thousand years.

Over the past two thousand years, there have been hundreds of scholars who have discussed the dispute between the present and the past, and Wang Guowei's theory is rich and profound.Zhizhi is not to plunder beauty.This academic debate that took place more than 2,000 years ago is just like the debate about "Hai Rui's dismissal" that took place more than 20 years ago.For example, according to Jing Zhaoyin and Peng Zhen's method in the "February Outline", it is fine to limit it to the education and cultural departments.Helplessly, the vast majority of Chinese intellectuals are lilu beasts.Any small matter related to culture must be moved to politics.The reason is to join the party and become an official, and if you have the power, you have everything.To gain profits, one must first fight for power.This involves two key figures, Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xin.

Everyone knows that Dong Zhongshu is a big Confucian politician who engages in "removing a hundred schools of thought and advocating Confucianism alone".He persuaded Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to set up the "Five Classics Doctor" and the national central "Tai Xue", and being a "Tai Xue" (also known as a "doctoral student") was the shortest way to enter the court and become an official. Dong Zhongshu (179 BC-104 BC) specialized in "Spring and Autumn? Gongyang Zhuan", and can be said to be the originator of modern writers.The "Tai Xue" he suggested to be established is naturally a Jinwen University: what the doctor of the Five Classics teaches is also the Jinwen Five Classics.Dong Zhongshu's group of "Stalinists", since they controlled the party school, influenced the party's "firm will", and manipulated the "official career" of joining the party and becoming an official for decades, that's all.Unexpectedly, another "Trotskyite" appeared on the way.The leader of this Trotskyist faction was Liu Xin (53 B.C.-23 A.D.) who was ordered to sort out the burnt remains in the National Central Library.

Liu Xin and his father Liu Xiang (77-6 BC) were originally editors and administrators in the Central Library.Both of them have written many volumes of famous works on "bibliography" - which is also the earliest bibliography in the history of human culture.Liu Xin is obviously more knowledgeable and mischievous than his father.Among these remnants, he took a fancy to a shocking "ancient prose" masterpiece "Spring and Autumn? Zuo Shi Zhuan". There were only two "biography" in the "Spring and Autumn Classics" in the early Han Dynasty and "Guliang" ("biography" is called commentaries in Occidental "Bible Studies").Liu Xiangyuan is also a "modern writer" who specializes in "Guliang".Now his son suddenly highlighted the ancient text "Spring and Autumn? Zuo Shi Zhuan" out of thin air; and the historical content, literary brilliance and philosophical meaning of this "Zuo Shi Zhuan" are all better than the sour "Gong" and "Gu" second biographies many.Liu Xinnai, the original discoverer, asked the emperor (Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty) to award "Zuo Zhuan" and its similar ancient texts "Zhou Li", "Mao Shi", "Gu Wen Shang Shu" to Taixue, establish a formal department, set up Specialist "doctorate" recruits "doctoral students", which is on an equal footing with modern liberal arts departments.At that time, Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty had a fairly fair view of the "Three Legends of the Spring and Autumn Period" and the dispute between modern and ancient times, but even the emperor was nothing more than a bureaucrat of the Jinwen faction who controlled the party school and controlled the government.They resolutely opposed the inclusion of the ancient scriptures in official studies, and said that the ancient scriptures, especially "Zuo Zhuan", were forged by Liu Xin.Therefore, in the end of the Han Dynasty, official studies were always controlled by "modern writers"; "ancient writers" could only run private universities in the mountains and forests, and could not join the party or become officials. ——Who knows that Liu Xin, the originator of ancient writers, also has his bad luck.The Western Han Dynasty was usurped by Wang Mang in AD 9.After Wang Mang usurped the Han, he established his own Daxin Empire.Wang Mang and Liu Xin were good friends when they were teenagers, and they are the new emperor of the "new dynasty" who is obsessed with ancient times. He wants to change all the cultural relics systems of the old dynasty, including the academic system in Taixue.Therefore, he appointed Yong Xin as the "National Teacher" and made a big turnaround in Confucian classics.Get rid of all the "modern classics teachers" and replace them with "ancient text classics teachers".Needless to say, "Spring and Autumn? Zuo's Biography", "Mao Poems", "Zhou Li", "Gu Wen Shang Shu", etc., have all become official schools of the new dynasty.The rest of the departments naturally juxtapose the ancient and the modern, and the ancient prose is the main one.These ancient texts, especially "Zuo Zhuan", are also the "New Learning Apocrypha" that Kang Youwei called "Using Confucius with the Duke of Zhou". (Kang's "Xinxue Apocrypha" is trying his best to explain that "Zuo Zhuan" is a "false scripture" cobbled together by Liu Xin.」

It's a pity that the good times don't last long. Wang Mang's "New Dynasty" only lasted for more than ten years before the country collapsed.In the twenty-fourth year of AD, after Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty, all the old rituals of the Han Palace were restored.All constructions of Xinmang are banned.Therefore, during the two hundred years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, government-run cultural education was still dominated by "Jin Wen Jing". But the reason why "modern literature" was able to dominate the world for four hundred years in the Han Dynasty is because "politics is in command".Since it has become the bread and butter of politicians and party sticks, and a tool for profit and wealth, "modern literature" will be the same as the current "Mao Xuan" and "legacy teaching" and so on, and it will become farther and farther away from academics.And it is a private university run by "ancient literature" scholars such as Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan who devote themselves to learning and are committed to learning.On the contrary, it has become an academic center of gravity and a democrat who has a clear hope, a national style, and a thriving.As time went by, they finally monopolized the name of "Sinology".The so-called "Han studies" and "Song studies" that people of later generations engaged in classical studies actually refer to the studies of Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan, Fu Qian, Jia Kui, and Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty.The "modern literature" that the officials of the Han Dynasty insisted on was different.Therefore, in the academic world, those who insist on becoming party members without knowing the importance should read my book and think twice.Ancient history has not begun and cannot be used today. In the contest between modern and ancient prose in the Han Dynasty of our country, the modern prose had been rampant for four hundred years, but the ancient prose had the upper hand instead.In a word, this is the relationship between "academic" and "politics".The glory of politics is temporary; the achievements of academics are eternal.The problem with the Eastern Han Dynasty was that it separated academics from politics.Those who engage in "intelligent knots" are only uneducated people. The study of ancient Chinese classics has been kicked out of the political field and cut off from Lilu. After more than three hundred years of evolution, it has finally become a "pure academic" research.The old scholars who were poor and poor, one after another, became "poor" and created the mainstream knowledge of commentaries and exegetical textual research in Chinese classical academia.If it is true, then it is true; if it is false, it is false; Hu Shizhi, who has both Chinese and Western knowledge, was later recruited into the ranks of "ancient writers". And the "Pu scholars" in the early Qing Dynasty and the "Sinologists" in Qianjia are naturally the direct descendants of the ancient writers.They themselves are realistic and meticulous.If it is sour, it will be there, but if it is sloppy, it will never be allowed.They themselves are like this, so they believe that their teacher who founded the mountain, the sage Kong Qiu who deleted poems and books and set rituals and music, is also like this. Therefore, in their "ancient writers" school, Confucius is revered as the "father" of pure scholars. teacher". This is not the case with the Jinwen family.They started their careers as "leading the party", "talking with one word", and "removing a hundred schools of thought"."Politics is in command" and "academics must serve politics" in everything.So why do you engage in politics?Said: Doing politics is to maintain "the leadership of the party", "govern the country with the party", "serve the people", and "its purpose is to seek freedom and equality in China". "Knowing that in order to achieve this goal, the people must be aroused" to support the revolution, participate in the revolution and complete the revolution.There are three stages in the process of completing the revolution. The father of the country said: "military administration", "training administration" and "constitutional administration".In fact, all the language that advocates centralized politics is similar with minor differences.There are also three major stages of modern writers in governing the country and pacifying the world (at that time, "the world" was the headquarters of China), saying: "the era of chaos", "the era of peace", and "the era of peace".Therefore, in their view, doing learning and writing history should not be "study for the sake of learning".They should be "doing what they do".Therefore, "exegesis and rhetoric, textual research and commentary" and "bold assumptions and careful verification" are all "useless studies for hundreds of years" (Kang Youwei's words).Didn’t Chairman Mao also say, “This is a matter of principle”; “This is a question of ‘serve for whom!’” (see “Speech at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art”), so it is important to understand the classics, make history, and engage in literature and art "Yi Li".Since the principle is clear, writing history should "bring history with theory", or even "substitute history with theory".As for historical facts, how hurtful is it to write "seven truths and three falsehoods" (the dogma of the Gang of Four)?Didn't Confucius also say: "A grown-up must believe what he says, and only what is righteous"? Modern writers themselves have this idea, and their ancestor Confucius is such a politician who saved the world and helped the people and applied what he learned, but he is the "first teacher" who engages in "pure academics".In the cognition of modern writers, Confucius is not just a big editor who "deletes" poems and books and "fixes" the Five Classics.His old man is the author of the Six Classics. The "Six Classics" ("Yi", "Poetry", "Li", "Music", "Spring and Autumn") are Confucius' own "anthology", "strategy for founding a country" and "outline for founding a country".Confucius wanted to reform the law and the system according to this set of blueprints, to revive the declining Eastern Zhou Dynasty that "Wang Gang untied the knot".But didn't his grandson say that his grandfather "recounted Yao and Shun, chartered civil and military affairs" (see "The Doctrine of the Mean")?Didn't he himself say: "Yin is based on Xiali... Zhou is based on Yinli" (see "The Analects of Confucius? Weizheng"), and all cultural relics systems are "inherited" before and after? "Peaceful evolution"!What bird reform?Master Jinwen said: Confucius is also a commoner.It is not easy for the commoner to change the royal system.So he was afraid that his contemporaries would not believe his new system, so he pretended to "entrust" the "ancient" sages and kings to "change" the "system" system!The master is "the one who is holy".How can we limit the great politicians with the "false trust" section? Therefore, modern writers believe that Confucius is not a pedantic master or a "first teacher" who engages in "useless learning".He is a living politician who saves the country and saves the people, and lives and does nothing all day long.It's a pity that he is not in power, but just as his disciple Zixia said, he is a "vegetarian king"! "The Uncrowned King" (journalist)! However, this kind of "modern literature" that only pays attention to the "righteousness" of philosophy and despises the "authenticity" of historiography has lost power after the Han Dynasty because it lost its political backing.During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, poetry and prose were the fashion, and Confucian classics were in decline.Today's literature is especially bleak.However, the academic nature of modern literature itself still has its objective value.During the Song and Ming Dynasties, its spiritual connotation of emphasizing righteousness and ignoring historical facts.It was inherited by Song Confucianism again.It's just that the "Taoism" of the Song Dynasty was formed under the influence of Indian thought. The "Masters of Daoism" who "turned from Buddhism to Confucianism" especially praised "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" (two short stories in "Book of Rites"), focusing on individual "self-cultivation" and "understanding of the mind."Regarding the "Zunsu Wang, Zhang Sanshi" set of "Jinwenjia", neither the heart nor the mouth.Their views on Confucius are still relatively close to the views of "ancient writers" and "the most holy teacher"!Although the Wang (Yangming) School of the Ming Dynasty followed Lu (Jiuyuan) instead of Song (Xi), in terms of the major schools of Chinese philosophy, Cheng Zhu and Lu Wang basically belonged to the broad category of "Confucianism". With the development of the times to the early Qing Dynasty, due to the entry of foreign races into the dominion, the Confucianism in the early Qing Dynasty no longer dared to touch the principle of the distinction between Hua and Barbarians and the distinction between monarch and minister.In addition, there was no prosperity under three generations, and the "kings of Xia" in the past dynasties were far inferior to the current "Yi Di Jin Shang", so their rule over the Manchus was quite peaceful.There is no need to risk beheading if you continue to engage in studies such as "Ming Yi Dai Fang Lu" (written by Huang Zongxi, a relic of the Ming Dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty).When the thinking was cleared up, the Confucians in the early Qing Dynasty abandoned the "Confucianism" and plunged into the pile of old papers to engage in their "Sinology" (they called it "Pu Xue").This trend flourished between Qianlong (1736-1795) and Jiaqing (1796-1820), and talents emerged in large numbers, and the style of study flourished.When Jiang Yong (1681-1762) in Wuyuan and Dai Zhen (1723-1777) in Xiuning were both leading the coquettish times, the "School of Ganjia" that was very popular for a while has simply changed. It has become the "Huiology" of "our Anhui" (Hu Shi's colloquial phrase).Under the great influence of fellow villager Dai Zhen, the young ancient writer Hu Shi (1891-1962), who was "three parts foreign, seven parts traditional", wanted to use Dai Zhen's "method" during the May Fourth era, It's time to "sort out the country's heritage and recreate civilization". Because of this, Mr. Hu became "smelly" and "notorious" in the ideological circles in the 1930s-this is what his senior disciple and Professor Qian Jiaju, who is currently the leader of socialist economics, commented on him.The most important thing is that Hu Shi got into the wastebasket of ancient writers.It is because of the "selection" of "new ideas" (also modern Jinwenjia). In the era of regime change in the 1940s and 1950s, hundreds of millions of people were ruined for their families.Young Chinese are killing each other, and blood flows like rivers.Some educated youths are either sad or happy.Most of the educated youth do not know what to do.They have thrown away the inherent morality and inherent culture, and they can't find the answer in the "new thinking" about the survival of the nation.But at the same time, they found that the "Master of Enlightenment" they looked up to, the first-generation ancestor who engaged in new ideas and principles, was digging into his "Shui Jing Zhu".And his understanding of "democracy, the rule of law, human rights and freedom" and so on, is not so much a "scientific cognition" as a "religious belief." ——"Shui Jing Zhu" What is it? "Hundreds of years of useless learning", is it worth doing so much?This feeling also helps us understand why Liang Qichao became a follower of Kang Youwei overnight.It also helps us understand why the "Jinwen Confucianism" in Guoguxue suddenly revived in the late Qing Dynasty after being dead for two thousand years?Why did Hu Shi's "reorganize the country's heritage and rebuild civilization" still fail to make a difference?But Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought can reverse the youth and control the state affairs! The revival of Jinwen Confucianism in the late Qing Dynasty actually started with Liu Fenglu (1776-1828), Gong Zizhen (1792-1841) and Wei Yuan (1794-1857) Everyone.Both Gong and Wei experienced the pain of the Opium War.Ding'an (zizhen word) emphasizes that "from ancient times to the present, all laws have been changed".Wei Yuan believed that "knowledge" comes from "doing", and advocated "learning from the barbarians' skills to control the barbarians".their philosophy.These are the backgrounds of Kang Youwei's thoughts.Kang Yuan was in charge of "Confucianism".He switched from Confucianism to "Gongyang" because he was directly influenced by Liao Ping (1852-1932), a Sichuanese; 1916) students.The Liao family has nothing to do, but learns the six changes.However, his "Zhisheng" and "Bi Liu" chapters are the basis of Kang Youwei's two theoretical works.Liang Qichao said: "The center of the literary movement is called Nanhai Kang Youwei, but he is the integrator of Gaissology, not its creator. Youwei was very fond of "Zhou Li" in his early years, tasted it, and wrote "Political Science General Discussion" ". Later, I saw the book written by Liao Ping, but I completely abandoned his old theory." (See Liang's "Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics") Originally!Any theoretical thought does not fall from the sky.It is inherited from generation to generation, successive thinkers, and slowly developed.Although the source of Youwei's thoughts comes from Liao Ping, his knowledge is greater than Liao Ping's; his comprehension power is also superior to Liao Ping's, and even Gong and Wei Zhushi.Its influence is also far greater than that of Shangjin scholars.Therefore, if we want to affirm a master of modern and contemporary literature in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, it must be Nanhai. ——This is the status of Kang Youwei in modern Chinese academic circles. Since Jinwen Confucianism is the core of Kang Youwei’s reform, before enumerating the actual actions of Youwei’s reform, it is best to briefly outline the essence of Kang’s modern literature infiltrated by naive Western learning.Liang Qichao said it well: "Although the Reform Movement of 1898 was extremely short-lived and had few immediate effects, it was the first chapter of the history of New China in the 20th century." ) Really, if we don’t first understand the “consolidation of meaning” of the “Reform of 1898” that “opens up the righteousness”, the “1911 Revolution”, the “May 4th Movement”, “Alliance with Russia and the Communist Party”, “ Fascist Movement", "Liberation Movement", "Anti-Rightist Great Leap Forward", "Cultural Revolution" and even today's "Openness and Democracy Movement" are not easy to explain clearly.Because they all happened in the same Three Gorges, but each has its own different stages. ——We should regard the Three Gorges as a whole geographical unit.The chain reaction of each stage (let me use a fashionable term) is just an inseparable "dialectical development". The first essence of Kang's Jinwen Jing is his self-proclaimed succession of the past sages.Kang believes that the orthodoxy of Eastern civilization is Confucianism; the orthodoxy of Confucianism is modern literature, and modern literature has been usurped by "pseudo-classic" for two thousand years since the Eastern Han Dynasty.Fortunately, Heaven will not perish China, and now there is another Kang sage to restore the true meaning of the holy religion, and to use the barbarians to control the barbarians.Kang's self-confidence in his continuation of learning has developed to the point of becoming a demon.In the era of Wanmu Thatched Cottage, Youwei called himself "Kang Changsu". "Long Su" people are "longer" than "Su" kings.How can the sage of Confucius compare with the "sage of Kang"? Kang Youwei not only proclaimed himself today's prince, but his five disciples also had the title of "Ten Sages" surpassing Confucianism.Try as follows: Chen Ziqiu's name is "Super Hui" - beyond Yan Hui. Liang Qichao was named "Yici" - Yiyi means Chaozhuo.Qichao surpassed Zigong. Mai Menghua's name is "Jiameng" - riding on the head of Mencius. Cao Tai's name is "Yue Ji" - how can Kong Ji (Zi Si) compare with Cao Mou. The Korean name is "Chengshen" - riding Zeng Zi as a horse. If the name of the Five Philosophers of Kangmen (see Feng Ziyou's "Revolutionary History") was really chosen by Kang Sheng himself, his arrogance can also be imagined.So Liang Qichao said that "Mr. Kang is the most self-confident person. No matter who he insists on, no one can shake it. It is the same in academics; it is also the same in governance. He refuses to accommodate the doctrine in favor of things, but always takes things. It is based on Zoqi doctrine. It is often the case that the six classics are all my footnotes, and the mountains are all my servants." (see ibid.) At first glance, we would feel that Kang Youwei has harmed megalomaniacs.Actually no.This is a common problem of traditional intellectuals in our country.When traditional Confucian scholars have self-confidence in their studies, they often have the arrogance of "taking the world as their own responsibility"-a kind of personal heroism.Almost all of our Chinese intellectuals are "self-employed" and "self-employed" who are individual heroes.They really want to "reign", win the first prize, become a "president", "chairman", "generalissimo", "supreme leader", etc., and there is no one who is not a "single husband".Those who can't win the prize and die with ambition are not willing to die with the grass and trees.They still want to call themselves the "Emperor's Teacher".Everyone has the ambition of "give me nothing"; no one would think of "taking the world as a 'public' duty".Gu Yanwu said that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world"; Sun Wen said "the world is for the public"; Mao Zedong said "serve the people".In fact, these words are also a kind of famous sayings of "whom I can give up".Mr. Liang Shuming, who passed away recently and was known as the "backbone of China", was a standard traditional Confucian student who "takes the world as his own responsibility".Unfortunately, his backbone of "no one but me" met a head of "only me alone", so Mr. Shu was scolded all over the world.Looking back at the past forty years, the so-called "three sages and seven sages" masters who avoided Qin overseas, and the disciples of the masters, which one of them didn't surpass Jiameng and take the "backbone" as their own?It's just that without this heaven-sent marriage, it's enough to be scolded in the Golden Palace.In fact, these masters and their disciples do have the talent of "governing the country and the world", but the times are different.If they and even the presidents and chairmen were born two hundred years earlier, they would be wise emperors and virtuous ministers.Because in that period, being a wise king and being a virtuous minister had its own fixed framework to follow.This framework is the slow accumulation of wisdom and experience of hundreds of millions of people who have worked hard for thousands of years, and countless sages and wise men.Mingjun sages, as long as they stick to the rules, play their cards according to reason, and then read his "half", they can govern the country carelessly and peacefully.Unfortunately, they were born in an era of Western "cultural invasion" (Zhongshan language) and "cultural pollution" (Xiaoping language) in our generation, and they want to learn Zhang Wenxiang's "five knowledges" (see "Encouraging Learning") , but it is not so simple. "Five Knows": 1. Knowing shame - shame is not as good as Japan... 2. Know fear—fear of India, fear of Egypt... 3. Knowing to change - not changing one's habits, not changing the law... 4. Know the essentials——Western art must be important, Western politics must be important... (Xiaoping should repeat this statement three times!) 5. Knowing the foundation - not forgetting the country when overseas, not forgetting relatives when seeing strange customs, not forgetting the sage when you are smart... Zhang Zhidong's high-level theory of "Chinese learning as the body and Western learning as application" is called "acculturation" in the current new term, that is, the truncation of different cultures to make up for their shortcomings. .But Princess Tie Jing said it well, "My son-in-law, how do you want me to be 'long' or 'short'?" To "know" the "length" between Chinese and Western cultures, not only the son-in-law is not qualified, but Kang Youwei, Zhang Zhi Dong does not have the conditions to "know"; Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun are also dumbfounded.Even Hu Shi, who is "excellent in both Chinese and Western learning", knows its strengths and weaknesses, and does not know how to "integrate", because acculturation is not just a matter of "wisdom" (wisdom); it involves "experimentation" (experimentation), The confluence of various conditions such as "timing" (timing) and even "chances" (chances).This is a long-term operation of the entire society; the so-called "double cultivation of blessings and wisdom" in Buddhist language cannot be achieved overnight.So stop talking big words and engage in "black cats and white cats". Starting from the beginning is not the solution. In this way, what Kang Youwei is doing is not acculturation, but a kind of cultural division.He brought out those academic issues that were not a problem, the so-called "modern and ancient prose" dogmatism (dogmatism), and quarreled with others, making it a stumbling block to reform and reform, which is putting the cart before the horse. History does not repeat itself, but the past can serve as a lesson.Now China is finally immortal on the mainland, and a big dogmatic expert has been put into a glass coffin.And the following little dogmas are still engaging in the short-termism of "surname society, surname capital" that they don't know anything about, I cover up and sigh for it. When Kang Youwei launched his "Bus Letter" and "Strong Society" in 1895, the whole country followed, even Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong, Yuan Shikai, etc. were willing to follow suit. What kind of momentum was it? !Those who do not come and die are also empty talk, and they win by short.If the reader is not afraid of trouble, the next part will be concluded. *Originally published in Taipei "Biographical Literature", Volume 60, Issue 5