Chapter 2 Chapter 1 On the Periodic Civil Unrest in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Tragedy of Hong and Yang

From the point of view of traditional Chinese historiography (including "Twenty-five Histories" and "Tongjian"), the 268th year of the Manchu Qing Dynasty is indeed the most praiseworthy dynasty in Chinese history. In terms of martial arts, it has expanded its territory and expanded in all directions, and its vast territory is unprecedented in the history of the Chinese nation.During the Qianlong period, some small countries in the "Spice Islands" area of ​​Southeast Asia (the eastern end of Indonesia today), such as Sulu, etc., were frightened by pirates such as Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands. Lord Qianlong also issued an edict that "the danger is far away"!How does this compare with the imperialist style of the West and Japan?

In terms of governance, in the early Qing Dynasty, during the three dynasties of Kang, Yong, and Qiang for more than 130 years (1661-1795), the country was peaceful and the people were safe, the system was on track, and the politics were efficient. It is really "no prosperity under three generations"! ——The Manchu Qing Dynasty was also the only dynasty in the history of our country (including the government of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party) that did not have a national "corvee or forced labor" system. (See "Huang Qing Tong Kao").When it comes to the exploitation of the people by the government, the Qing Dynasty is the least!

【Notes】 (The notes in this [] format are added by me and are for reference only.) Corvée, also known as forced labor, is unpaid labor that the lord or the state forces the people to undertake.The performance of the corvee imposed by the lord is, for example, that serfs work on their own arable land with their own means of production for half of the time each month, and serve corvee on the master's farm for the other half of the time.The corvee imposed by the state includes palaces, mausoleums, mansions and military projects, etc. Typical examples are the construction of the Great Wall in the Qin Dynasty.For the corvee system that still exists in China, please refer to the appendix "When will the corvee end? ".

In terms of economy, during the three dynasties of Kang, Yong, and Qian, the population increased dramatically, and the people and wealth were not inferior to those in Europe at the same time. As late as the eve of the "Opium War" (1839-1842), one of our capitalists, Wu Dunren, (1769-1843, one of the owners of the Thirteen Banks in Guangzhou), his personal wealth is estimated to be richer than that of him at the same time according to American businessmen, and he is also the first American chaebol John? Astor (John Jacob Astor, 1763~1848), may be several times richer. [Note] The Astor Consortium is also the owner of the earliest, largest and most luxurious "Waldorf Astoria Hotel" (Hotel Astor Walldorf) in New York City.When Li Hongzhang visited New York in 1896, he stayed at the hotel.Astor himself also made his fortune in the fur trade with China.

[Note] The ancient foreign trade business district of Guangzhou City is located outside the west city of the old city of Guangzhou. It is located in today's Guangzhou City, where it reaches Renji Road in the east, Shanmulan Road in the west, Pearl River in the south, and Shisanhang Road in the north. , this area is also the ruins of the Guangzhou Foreign Trade Commercial Center District in the Qing Dynasty.Because there were thirteen foreign trade firms in the beginning, the folks called the foreign trade business district the Thirteen Banks.There is such a slogan on the poster of the movie "Gangs of New York": "America was born from a street." In a sense, this is somewhat similar to the relationship between Guangzhou and Thirteen.

Let's talk about academic culture!China was the only one in the world at that time.Emperor Qianlong opened a library in Beijing during the American Revolution to revise the "Siku Quanshu".This series of books was "destroyed" and then "destroyed" by His Majesty, and the remaining volumes are more important than the sum of the existing books in other countries in the world at that time!By analogy, there is no need to say more about other achievements. 【Notes】 Destroyed: Same as "destroyed". Therefore, the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of the imperial era in our country, cannot be underestimated.However, in the past hundred years, it has been ruined by Chinese and foreign historians, which is really unfair.The main reason is that in the late Qing Dynasty, the cycle of dynastic change had come to an end.The country is about to perish, and all laws and regulations are paralyzed to the end.It is beyond human power to save; because of internal and external troubles, they come all at once.The strong wind blows down the trees of the previous dynasty, and the last dynasty in our history will gradually sink into the ocean of history, and let others flog the corpse.

The first volume briefly described the whole story of the foreign invasion in the late Qing Dynasty.In this article, we will talk about the internal worries that were deeply cyclical in the late Qing Dynasty. In the long history of our country, "foreign aggression" is often accidental, while "internal strife" is mostly "inevitable" of history.Most of the traditional foreign aggressions in our country come from the frontier ethnic minorities.Whether the frontier ethnic minorities can win the Central Plains depends on two factors: the first depends on whether they have the ability to invade, and the second depends on whether the upper states of the Central Plains give them a chance to win.The combination of the two is rare and accidental.This rare and accidental fact also applies to the invasion of modern Western imperialism.As for civil unrest?Then it often has its repeated inevitability; and this inevitability is often predictable and unforeseen by far-sighted politicians, historians, even yin and yang experts and magicians.

[Note] Yin-yang and Shuma are not exclusive "superstitions" in China and India.It occupies a very important position in civilizations such as Judaism, ancient Greece and Islam.Its believers in the world today obviously include the vast majority of capitalists in Taiwan and Hong Kong and those on the mainland who work together.All the warlords and politicians in the modern history of our country, it can be said that no one does not believe it.Even Jiang Zhongzheng and Mao Zedong are its devout believers.Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy are especially famous for their sincerity.Today, Hillary Clinton, the first lady of the United States, can actually "psychic".The depth of superstition is beyond our imagination.

"Mathematics" is called numerology in Western civilization.This science originated in China, and was advocated by the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras (Pythagoras, 580-507 BC) in the West. It is a kind of "non-scientific science".Actually "science".From Aristotle to Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao, what they have done is only a part of the knowledge unearthed from human wisdom.It has now become an "over-developed" knowledge, and in "Modern Civilization" (Modern Civilization), it is simply a tyrant that deposes a hundred schools of thought and only respects Lao Tzu.But in the future "Post-Western" and "The Post-Modern Era", those "underdeveloped learnings" and "unscientific sciences" Whether there will be a day of "breakthrough" (breakthrough), we do not know.But you should not be too self-imposed when you engage in learning.

In fact, our explanation of the state affairs in the late Qing Dynasty is still the most accurate with the four characters of "the qi is exhausted" of the Yin-Yang family. "Qi" refers to youthful qi, twilight qi, and dead qi...the so-called "essence, qi, and spirit" in Chinese medicine.At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it can be said that all three died. "Number" means data. Data also.Aside from the "non-scientific" Jiazi and Yichou, other "scientific data" such as overpopulation, people's depletion of wealth, and people's fear of death are all destined to perish the Qing Dynasty.

Let's even take the exclusive data of the current ruler looking for a "successor"!Emperor Kangxi ruled for sixty-one years, and after his death there were eighteen princes—eighteen legal successors.But by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the three emperors of Tongguangxuan (or the fourth emperor of Xianfeng Cheng), could not even have a son.Emperor Xianfeng has a group of concubines, and there is only one of the most cunning Cixi, who gave birth to a son for him, which is thought-provoking. Friends may want to ask: Does the emperor have to trouble "modern" historians to talk about whether the emperor will have a son?The answer: yes.Whether the emperor has a son is too important!During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in our country, international treaties between the great powers must include "don't change the tree" (that is, the younger son, especially the son born to the younger wife, is not allowed to replace the eldest son born to the older wife as the successor), "don't use Concubine as wife", "Don't let women and state affairs" and other small family matters are written into international public law to maintain world peace. Because in that era when "one family ruled one country" and "the country was stronger than the society", in a key family, a fight between the older and younger wives would affect international peace and cause a world war.Is this not the case in contemporary China? ! At this point in writing, the author can't help thinking of Mr. Liang Qichao, a great thinker in modern my country.In his "Xinmin Congbao", Liang slandered our unparalleled "Twenty-Four Histories", saying that the histories of our country are not history, but also "the genealogy of emperors".Liang's book was written when "Western Learning" first came.Japanese translations of Western books are limited; he himself doesn't know how to read crabs, so he grabs new ones after learning a little bit of Western learning, and scolds his ancestors.As everyone knows, in that era, the importance of "emperor genealogy" was far greater than "history"!The content of the so-called "official history" is that the "Genealogy of Emperors" is the most important one!Things have their origins and ends, and things have their beginnings and ends. Knowing the sequence is the shortest way.Didn't the sages and sages have clear instructions? ! To be an emperor and a great dictator, one has to deal with all kinds of situations every day and be aware of every detail.Could it be that a person like Mr. Puyi, who is weak in energy and spirit and can't even give birth to a son, can do that heavy work? All in all, by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the cycle of regime change in our country had come to an end. The world is not benevolent, and treats everything as a straw dog.In the history of our country, once this cycle comes, evil stars like Huang Chao and Zhang Xianzhong will appear.As a result, thousands of miles of red land, mountains of corpses, rivers of blood, Chinese cultural heritage, jade and stone are all burned... In the end, the sea and rivers can be cleared, and a new dynasty will be born. The pain of this kind of regime change in Chinese history is already great enough.By the twentieth century, we will transform the medieval China into a Western-style modern country, and this periodic event will drag on longer and worse. Roughly speaking, the cycle of Manchu decline began at the end of Qianlong and the beginning of Jiaqing.In ancient my country, the symptoms at the beginning of this cycle were local unrest and rampant banditry—to use a modern term, it was called "peasant uprising." At the beginning of the peasant uprising, most of them were sporadic bandits, who robbed houses in the countryside.Until the corrupt government could not stop them, they gradually annexed and threatened each other and became gangsters.At this point in development, some frustrated and ambitious literati and intellectuals will take advantage of it.Among them, the famous ones such as Liu Bang, Zhang Jiao, Huang Chao, Song Jiang, Zhu Yuanzhang, Li Zicheng, Zhang Mozhong, Hong Xiuquan, Zhang Zuolin, Mao Zedong... are all outstanding leaders of peasant riots.Although their methods of using peasants are different, their aspirations of "conquering the world", "building a court" and "being emperor" are basically the same. ——This is also a unique phenomenon of political metabolism within the tradition of our Chinese agricultural empire, which is not found in other civilizations. Many Chinese who grew up in the countryside in the author's generation have witnessed or even participated in such traditional peasant riots.This kind of experience will not be repeated in China in the future, because it is a unique phenomenon of the centralized "agricultural empire".Great agricultural empires will reappear throughout Chinese history, and this phenomenon of peasant riots will no longer occur. Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping did not understand this point.Mao's "Great Leap Forward" starved to death more than 20 million peasants, and they ate each other, but the peasants did not have Chen Sheng or Wu Guang to "raise the pole."Mao felt very strange.Not knowing why, he had no choice but to say that "Chinese farmers are so kind."Mao Shihuang didn't know that when Qin Shihuang "received the world's weapons and cast them as twelve golden men", these "golden men" masters could not kill people with knives.Peasants had no "weapons". In that era, they "cut bamboo into guns", and they could still rebel! Chairman Mao collected all the weapons in the world and cast them into tens of millions of machine guns and tanks, and it was impossible for the peasants to "rise up".Are Chinese peasants in the imperial age just that bad?Rebel at every turn?In the era of People's China, were farmers so "good"?Starve to death without rebelling?They respected Chairman Mao! Liu Bang, the peasant leader, the first chapter of the "Three Chapters of the Covenant" when he "entered the customs" was "Killer, die."During the "Great Leap Forward", Mao Zedong starved to death 25 million farmers. This is the largest murder or manslaughter case in human history. The farmers should sentence him to 25 million death sentences!Brother Run, you still want to be reborn in the hell of history! Mr. Deng Xiaoping has done a great favor to the Chinese peasants - he liberated the peasants from Mao Zedong's "serfdom" (serfdom).In this way, he thought that the 80 million peasants in China were the foundation of his Deng family regime. "There are 80 million peasants supporting me, so what are you afraid of?" Mr. Deng did not know. Even today, even in France in the eighteenth century, the hub of "dynasty change" is no longer in the countryside.Its focus is outside the walls of the Bastille!What kind of peasant leader is General Napoleon? Digression, too long, stop here. Serious rebellion occurred in the countryside in the late Qing Dynasty, which was caused by the "White Lotus Sect" rebellion during the Qianjia period.The so-called "religious bandits" in Qing history were frustrated intellectuals using religious superstition to incite poor and desperate peasants to rebel. It is a standard "peasant uprising". "White Lotus Sect" is the most appealing secret "folk religion" lurking among the people in the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties of our country.The "Tiandihui" in the late Qing Dynasty and the "Yihequan" that were "invulnerable to swords and guns", the "Tongshan Society", "Erguandao", "Red Spear Club", and "Big Sword Club" in the Republic of China era are all the rage on both sides of the Taiwan Strait today. His "qigong" inheritance and "supernatural powers", etc., are all direct descendants or offshoots of his old man. The Yu couple recently spent one hundred dollars in New York to attend the "Lecture on Qigong with Gong" given by Yan Xin, a qigong master visiting the United States from mainland China.I was extended to sit on the podium by the host, beside Yan Xin, facing hundreds of audience members.When Dr. Yan gave a lecture, there was a sudden commotion among the audience—cryers, laughers, trembling, trembling, blind walkers, dancers, clapping hands, and even somersaults, rolling, girls standing on their heads against the wall... no All in one.A young girl sitting next to me also left her seat and danced beautifully.I was sitting in her "magnetic field", and she "failed" to me (she told me afterwards), and I also inadvertently twisted several times, which was witnessed by my wife who was sitting in the distance.Professor Li Youning, who was sitting in the audience, also danced in his seat, and the dance was quite impressive. Dr. Yan, who lectured on the podium for hours without any setbacks and without drinking water, frequently called photographers to "take pictures of these wonderful postures."Although I didn't bring a camera, I sat high on the podium and had a panoramic view of the entire venue.Seeing those bearded and extremely stout foreigners also lost control and shook their heads, dancing, and contrasted with the Oriental lady who was sitting next to them. It was really a big magic show, believe it or not. According to Yan Xin, his largest "Gong Gong Lecture" on the mainland had an audience of 190,000 people, so it was a grand occasion.My qigong apprentice who "learned without a teacher" also told him that I wanted to ask him to be my teacher. ——My friend, he is really capable!It's not nonsense! I thought: If I am a landless peasant in the late Qing Dynasty, if Yan Xin is an "old man" of the White Lotus Sect, then I will definitely "rebel" with him.If he is "recruited" and wants to help the old lady Yehenala to "support the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreigners", then I will follow to the end. Shun is also a Jew!Readers and authors are also "people".As a "person", our social behaviors all have something in common.Whether it is a rebellion or a royalist, neither of them is worth making a fuss about.After watching Yan Xin, it inevitably reminds me of the "youngest son of God", "the younger brother of Jesus", and "the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan". The era in which Hong Xiuquan was born was the era in traditional Chinese history that produced Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Zhang Jiao, Huang Chao, Song Jiang, Zhu Yuanzhang, Li Zicheng, and Zhang Xianzhong.In that era, the ruling machine of the government above has been completely rotted and unusable.The society below is also full of diseases-the Black Death and AIDS all come at once.When the disease is dying, the medicine is ineffective, and the root of the disease is eliminated, then the dynasty must be changed. Under the traditional Chinese agricultural economic system, more than 80% of the population are farmers; and the vast majority of farmers are poor and lower-middle peasants who rarely get enough to eat all year round.When they are unable to survive or die in this cruel environment of "conquest from top to bottom", they will take risks and riot collectively.When the peasant riots were about to start, God suddenly sent his youngest son down to earth to "exorcise demons". This little God: "Mr. Hong", the "brother of the heavenly brother Jesus", and these peasants naturally hit it off . ——Mr. Hong's ability to conduct "lectures with meritorious service" may be several times greater than Mr. Yan's, and it is unknown. Hong Xiuquan led tens of thousands of peasants to rebel in the way of "lectures with meritorious service".Hong Xiuquan was originally from Hua County, Guangdong. Why did he go to the neighboring province of Guangxi to rebel? This is because the conditions for rebellion in Guangxi are far better than those in Guangdong under the reasonable requirements of the rebel. Guangxi is no longer a "province" in today's mainland political divisions, it is classified as a "Zhuang Autonomous Region".The Zhuang nationality is the largest ethnic group in my country, with a population of more than six million.Among them, there are many ethnic groups such as Miao, Yao, Yi and Li.In fact, these ethnic minorities are actually just the part of "The Chinese Melting Pot" (The Chinese Melting Pot) that has not been fully melted.According to the degree of melting, they are divided into "raw" and "cooked".During the Anti-Japanese War, the author moved to this southwestern minority area with the school when he was in middle school.At that time, the Miao compatriots we came into contact with were divided into "ripe seedlings" and "raw seedlings".The most mature mature seedlings are no different from what we call "Han nationality".Their children also enter our school to study.But if we are dealing with "Shengmiao", we have to bring "Tongshi" (translation). Guangxi in the late Qing Dynasty was of course more complicated than the Great Southwest during the Anti-Japanese War.There are many Han Fan in the whole province, both raw and cooked.Among the Han people, there is also a difference between the native Han people (those who migrated to the south in the early years) and the "Hakka" (the later immigrants from the north).The situation is also similar to the "provinces" and "outsiders" in Taiwan today!This is probably due to the inferiority of our nation. The friction between these two groups of "Han people" is endless.As for the struggle between Han and Fan, and even the struggle among the ethnic minorities themselves, there is no need to talk about it.Coupled with the geographical conditions - the whole province is barren and poor, and it is not easy to make a living.Therefore, falling into the grass and becoming bandits is really a shortcut to the survival of the fittest.Even as late as the time of my friend General Li Zongren, the Guangxi he was familiar with was still "nowhere, no mountains, no mountains, no caves, no caves, no bandits". Guangxi has another interesting feature in terms of humanities and natural environment.That is, going back from Wuzhou, all the people living in the Xijiang River Basin speak "Cantonese" (Cantonese); while those living on both sides of the Guijiang River speak "Guilin Mandarin".It is inevitable that those who speak these two different languages ​​have different regional concepts. All of the above also provide conditions for capable and courageous careerists, so that they can master their characteristics according to the time and place, organize the masses, and rise up. Hong Xiuquan was a Hakka who was frustrated in the examination and could speak Cantonese.He is a minority in the Han nationality who is discriminated against in Hua County.So he won't have too many people in Hua County.Jiahua County is adjacent to Guangzhou, and the cultural and economic level of the residents are quite high.It is also not easy for Mr. Hong to engage in "bewitching rumors to confuse the public" and "lectures with merit".However, if he went to Guixian County, Zijing Mountain in Guiping, and Jintian Village on both sides of the Xijiang River in Guangxi, where the Hakkas live in a poor land and poor people, then Mr. Hong would be called a sage, a king, and hegemony, just like a fish in water. Hong Xiuquan's rebellion also had an economic background unique to that era. Hong's uprising in Jintian was eight years after the end of the "Opium War".Before the conclusion of the "Nanjing Treaty" that ended the Opium War, China's "foreign trade" system was originally "one-port trade".Goods from across the country—such as silk from Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Ningxia, porcelain from Jiangxi, black tea and lacquerware from Fujian, green tea from Anhui, cotton textiles from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, etc.—are sold in Europe, America, and overseas, and they all have to travel through the mountains and ridges to go through Guangzhou. Across the ocean.European, American and South Sea commodities—such as gold and silver from America, British woolen fabrics, clocks (see also the "Clock Hall" in the Forbidden City in Beijing) and later opium, sandalwood and ginseng imported by American merchants (the so-called "American ginseng" is different from "Korean ginseng" produced in the Northeast), leather goods, etc., and even rare birds and animals produced in Southeast Asia, rhinoceros horn and ivory... are all sold in the inland through Guangzhou.Chinese and foreign businessmen who want to engage in "foreign trade" must go to Guangzhou to participate in the "Canton Fair" in disguise.China's export trade is monopolized by the "public bank" (roughly 12 or 3 independent firms, such as the above-mentioned Haoguan) that specializes in export: this is also the so-called "money piled up with thirteen lines" in Panyu's "Zhu Zhi Ci". Foreign businessmen who come to China for trade have their own "barbarian pavilions" and demarcate their residence for a long time, each seeking its own profit.China controls foreign trade checkpoints, and there is the so-called "Guangdong Customs".Guangdong Customs does not belong to the "Ministry of Households" (now the Ministry of Finance), but directly under the "Internet Affairs Office", which is the private property of the emperor.The tariff revenue is used as the "maintenance fee" of the Forbidden City in Beijing. [Note] The emperor of the Qing Dynasty could not spend money indiscriminately.He is an "institution".The state has a certain budget to maintain this institution.The emperor of China is the most senior "bureaucrat" in the "centralized civil service system".He is not an "oligarchic dictator".At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the heroine was in power, and the Ye He family destroyed the system.Because of this, she lost her husband's family and avenged her natal family's feud, so she became a descendant of the country. The trade volume of the "Canton Fair" in my country that year was staggering.Before the rise of modern ports such as London and New York, Guangzhou may have been a world-leading metropolis, comparable to Quanzhou in the Middle Ages. Quanzhou was known as the "Zayton City" (Zayton) in medieval European and Islamic history, because there are four giant tung trees around it.More than a year ago, I visited the ancient Sitong, paid homage to the relics of Zheng He’s incense, climbed the ancient pagoda of the Tang Dynasty, looked for Sitong but did not see it, but the situation of the sea and the sky is compelling, and there is no difference between the past and the present. His descendants went to Panyu and stayed in the "White Swan Hotel" with his wife. At the highest level, overlooking the Xiangjiang River, you can see the victory of the Guangdong Sea; think about how many heroes in modern Chinese history: Lin Zexu, Wu Dunren, Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Li Zongren, Mao Zedong, Zhao Ziyang...all died under one step.Seeing him building a tall building, seeing him entertaining guests.I saw him collapse.Can you feel it. Among them, the bankruptcy and decline of Haoguan Wu's family in the 1940s is related to the main purpose of this article.After the "Nanjing Treaty" (1842), trade expanded to five ports, and Shanghai skyrocketed to become the king of the five ports.The national foreign trade import and export center was moved to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The monopoly of the Thirteen Banks in Guangzhou ended, the business plummeted, and there was no way to change the business, so it fell into bankruptcy. It doesn't matter if Thirteen Bank goes bankrupt.The important thing is the decline of Guangzhou; the decline of Guangzhou does not matter, what matters is the tens of thousands of boatmen who rely on its business to support their families, crossing mountains and ridges and ferrying boats.They lost their jobs due to the decline of Canton.Then what should be done if the wife and children are crying? Residents in the "hinterland" of Guangzhou, especially the Hakka compatriots living in the deep mountains of the Nanling Mountains, and the boat people in the East and West Rivers.Due to the serious unemployment caused by the decline of Guangzhou, modern Chinese economic historians and professional historians who specialize in the "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" have not yet compiled accurate data (data).But no historian can deny the seriousness of the unemployment problem at that time, because the unemployment problem can be inferred from the rise and fall of the trade volume of the relevant cities.Let us imagine: if the stock market in Taipei, which is bustling with people today, collapses and the "bubble" disappears in an instant, what will happen to the people in this city who rely on taxis and left-handed (restaurant waiters) for a living.By analogy, it can be roughly estimated.That's how the "bubble economy" in Guangzhou declined.Once the decline continues, everyone will complain and complain, and they will create a basic rebellion team for us "Mr. Hong".In fact, the six founding fathers of the Hong family during the Jintian Uprising on the 10th day of December in the 30th year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty (January 11, 1851). Although they come from different backgrounds, they are unemployed peasant leaders. They are a group of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang who "remain rich and honor each other and never forget each other".Some (such as Hong Ruyang) may even have "supernatural powers", such as Zhang Jiao and Yan Xinzheliu, local religious organizers who can communicate with "God".Once the believers became attached, the law was strict, and facing a paralyzed and incompetent government and a society full of crimes, they conspired to rebel.This is the specific background of the "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" movement.Its precedents in Chinese history are endless.As for their "storage of hair and easy clothes" called "long hair", it is just a traditional form.At the beginning of Gai Manqing's entry into the customs, he issued an order to change clothing, which was met with fierce resistance from the Han people.However, under the strict order of "keep your hair but not your hair", we have been suppressing counter-revolutionaries for two hundred years, and we just said, "men and women will not be demoted". Those who are "male descendants" keep their heads but not hair; those who "female do not surrender", even though you have big feet, I still love their "three-inch golden lotus". But China is too big after all.Even your "Ten Days in Yangzhou" and "Three Massacres in Jiading" can't frighten our "Hakka" compatriots hiding in the deep mountains of Nanling.They did the opposite, and wanted to make a woman surrender to a man but not surrender.Female descendants, Hakka women identify with Manchurian sisters, and they all retain their "heavenly feet" (Hakkas do not bind their feet); men who do not descend, retain the clothes of the Ming Dynasty - the Taoist robe with long hair.When called by the grace of God, there is no need to "arrogate your pigtails" like ordinary Han brothers who "live and die". This is the reason why our "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" monarchs and ministers, "Long Hair" are well-known; it is also the source of the costumes of the "Manchu Dynasty Nobles" in the Taiping Palace. The Zeng Guofan brothers defeated "Long Mao", and they also destroyed "Shangguo Clothes".The poet Ma Junwu said: "I never get tired of ancient fashions."After the Taiping, this kind of "ancient fashion" can only be worn by some Beijing opera actors and fancier ladies to enjoy themselves on the stage. "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" is a big topic, and it is not easy to tailor it.But Hong Xiuquan was the emperor after all.If Tai Shigong is resurrected today, Hong Chuan should also publish it with "Benji".My book only intends to outline it.Before commenting on its gains and losses, this article will list a simple chronology to mark its rise and fall as follows: January 1, 1814 (Guiyou, the eighteenth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, the tenth day of December): Hong Xiuquan was born in Hua County, Guangdong.The zodiac is a chicken.The family is poor. 1829 (the ninth year of Daoguang's reign): Xiuquan was sixteen years old and went to Guangzhou to take the exam and failed. 1832: Xiuquan was nineteen years old, and Guangzhou lost again.On the street, I received a pamphlet promoting Christianity, Liang Yafa's "Good Words to Encourage the World", which I did not read and kept. 1843: Xiuquan was thirty years old.Old Tongsheng Hong failed three times in Guangzhou.Going home frustrated.Bed sick, "ascension" to see "God" and "Jesus".Start reading Good Words. 1844: Xiuquan was thirty-one years old.He and Feng Yunshan went to Guixian County, Guangxi to preach Christianity. 1847: At the age of thirty-four, Xiuquan went to Guangzhou to join the American missionary Luo Xiaoquan (IJ Roberts) to receive teachings, but was rejected by his fellow believers, and returned without being baptized.Then he went to Guangxi Guiping and Zijing Mountain to preach.Organized the "God Worship Association", with 3,000 believers.Started to clash with the Qing army. 1851: Xiuquan was thirty-seven years old.On January 11, an uprising was organized in Jintian Village, Guiping County.In September, Yong'an Prefecture was conquered and the "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" was built.Xiuquan claimed to be the king of heaven.December seal: Yang Xiuqing East King, Xiao Chaogui West King, Feng Yunshan South King, Wei Changhui North King, Shi Da Kaiyi King.The Eastern King always succeeds. 1852 (the second year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty): The Taiping Army conquered Quanzhou.Nan Wang died in battle.Entering Hunan to conquer Chenzhou, it was not good to attack Changsha, and the king of the West died in battle.Ke Yueyang is a water trainer. 1853: Wuchang was conquered in January.In February, Wuchang was abandoned, and Anqing and Wuhu were conquered downstream.On March 20, it fell into Nanjing and changed its name to Tianjing.It is not good to send Lin Fengxiang and Li Kaifang to the Northern Expedition.The Qing army built the "Jiangnan Camp" and "Jiangbei Camp" to confront the Taiping Army. 1854: Zeng Guofan began to practice the "Xiang Army" with success."A Call to Discuss Bandits in Guangdong" was issued.The whole army attacked, forming a tug-of-war with the Taiping Army. 1856: Autumn, the kings of Taiping became corrupt and had internal strife.The king of the north killed the king of the east, and the king of heaven killed the king of the north. 1857: King Yi escaped from disaster and died in Shu.The founding fathers of Taiping were all gone at once, and the government fell into the hands of the Gang of Four of the Hong family. It was only four years since the founding of the country. 1858-1864: The government of the Taiping Dynasty was extremely poor, and more than two thousand people were named "kings".Under the leadership of the British King Chen Yucheng and the Zhongwang Li Xiucheng, they fought a desperate battle with the Hunan Army of the Qing Dynasty, the Xinjian Army, and the British and American mercenaries (Ever-Victorious Army), but they were finally defeated. 1864: On June 1st, Xiuquan committed suicide, at the beginning of fifty years.On July 19, Tianjing was broken by the Qing army. The "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" died fourteen years ago.How to live so short?I will discuss it in detail in the next article.