Chapter 7 Chapter 5 Research on the origin of Chinese prefectures and counties (postscript)——Also discussing the transformation of feudal society

Sven was sent to the "Literature and History Magazine" by Gu Shijiegang for publication.The heir left Yu in a hurry, so he humiliated his life.I will check the suitcases and get back the old manuscripts. I am afraid that the beacon smoke will be lost again. I will use the end of the journal, and I will cherish my broom. The county and county system of local politics in our country is actually a two-tier system.Since the implementation of the Qin Dynasty, the local political system is still in its category today.As for the establishment of the system of prefectures and counties, later generations said that Qin Shihuang abolished feudalism and set up prefectures and counties, or it may have been deduced from before the Warring States period, and it was said that those who had already seen its clues were all historically available, and the opinions of previous sages were judged.However, there is little discussion on how the county was formed.We dare to assert that the establishment of the system of prefectures and counties is definitely not due to one or two political theorists with foresight and foresight who made the creation in advance, and then there were prefectures and counties.In other words, the origin of prefectures and counties must be the result of the gradual evolution of human social life. Now I will try to discuss the process of its evolution.

Presuming that the formation of feudal society and the establishment of the Husband County system must have occurred after the concept of land private ownership, it can be asserted that since human beings have gradually moved away from nomadic life and evolved into an agricultural society, land has begun to be valued.However, at the beginning, the Yellow River Basin is fertile and wild for thousands of miles, and the population is sparse. If you need to cultivate it a little, all the places are fertile fields.Any tribal chief can choose the most fertile and widest land for his people to cultivate.As for the division into well fields, there is nothing wrong with it, and because the marginal value of land is too low, people will not have a private concept of land.There is no conflict of interest among the tribes in allocating land for farming.Although there are strong ones, there is no need to invade the land of the weak.Even if there are bullies, the oppressed can move away without having to fight them.Fortunately, there is no problem with the living space; as long as the people are not too lazy, they will be full for life in happy years, and they will be saved from death in bad years.

Let's look at "Gugong Danfu restored the career of Jigong and Liu, and everyone in the country wears it for his good deeds. Xun Yurong and Di attacked him and wanted to get his property, so he gave it to them. The people who have resumed attack want to get the land and the people, and the people are angry and want to fight. The ancient prince said: "There are people who set up a king to benefit them. Today Rong and Di are fighting against each other. My land and the people are different. What is the difference between the people in me and the people in the other? The people want to fight because of me; kill father and son and kill the king." , I can’t bear to do it.’ But with my private family, I went to Bin, passed the lacquer, and crossed Liangshan and stopped at Qixia.” ("Historical Records? Zhou Benji") Gu Gong is certainly an old man who is not meddlesome, but why he dared to do so For those who are generous, the main reason is that there are differences.If you don't seek to be famous and famous in the world, you can also farm and feed yourself without asking others.

There will be no problems with land, so the main object of competition among tribes at that time was not "land" but "people".Whoever can have a large number of people can rule the world; whoever can be rich in the world.The elder Gu Gong saw through "the difference between what people are in me and what they are in other people", while general ambitious chiefs have to work hard to capture a large number of people as their subordinates.However, at that time there were no restrictions on nationality, and the people had no heavy real estate, and cultivated land was everywhere, so they could move as they wished, and there was no restriction on the tribes they belonged to. They could go or stay.If a chief is not favored by the people, his subordinates can flee at the same rate.Therefore, the old man went to Qixia and "the people of Bin restored the whole country to help the old and the young, and all returned to the old man in Qixia." (see the same as above).What's more, "When the neighboring countries heard about the benevolence of the ancients, they also returned to them." (Ibid.) This can all be imagined, and it is not Shi Qian's conjecture.Because at that time, the tribal chief never dared to offend the people. On the contrary, he wanted to please the people in order to attract the people, so the so-called "benevolent government" flourished.Whoever can practice "benevolent government" and win the favor of the people will be able to spread his reputation far and wide, and he will become prosperous and strong.This legacy was not completely eliminated in the Warring States Period, and King Liang Hui's psychology was like this.He asked Mencius: "A widow is in the country, and he is devoted to his ears. Hanoi is fierce, and his people are moved to the east of the river, and his millet is moved to Hanoi. The same is true of the east of the river. The government of the neighboring countries is not as good as the widow. Why not increase the number of people in neighboring countries, or increase the number of people with few people?" ("Mencius? King Hui of Liang 1") He is using "benevolent government" as a means to win over the people!

Look at "Confucius passed by the side of Mount Tai, and there was a woman who cried at the tomb and mourned. Confucius listened to it, and Zilu asked him: "The cry of the son also seems to be worried." Said: "However, in the past My uncle died of a tiger, my husband died again, and now my son died again.' Said: 'Why not go?' Said: 'There is no tyranny.'" ("Book of Rites? Tan Gong") can be seen in the Spring and Autumn Period During the period, the issue of "going"—migration—was still very simple, and the main thing was shifted by politics.

Therefore, the only way for tribal chiefs in ancient times to develop their own power is to win over the people, and "benevolent governance" is the means to win over the people.The competition among tribes can only be achieved by competing for benevolent governance.Whoever is the most effective and has the most support can be the emperor.Looking at the descendants of the three generations, they can all tell a history of how their ancestors "carried out benevolent government".Later, the descendants got carried away with disgrace and lost the favor of the people. Because of this, their subordinates died one after another, and their power gradually declined. As a result, another chief who practiced the most benevolent government replaced him.Therefore, when King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou, when he met Mengjin for the first time, all the princes said: "Zhou can be defeated." King Wu said: "Women don't know the destiny, so it is impossible." The young master took his musical instrument and ran to Zhou." ("Historical Records? Zhou Benji") The rebels and their subordinates almost fled, so King Wu destroyed the Shang Kingdom in one fell swoop and replaced him as the emperor.

Therefore, benevolent governance is the characteristic of politics in the early agricultural society.That era is the real people-oriented society. The people have an absolutely free life and an absolutely free will. They work at sunrise and rest at sunset, each operating for his own happy life; they do not ask for others It is also harmless.One can imagine what kind of a free and happy world it was like when the dynasty was at the beginning of the dynasty, carrying hoes and singing folk songs. That is indeed a primitive society that is truly worthy of our nostalgia.As far as it has been spread, later Confucianism felt that the world was overwhelmed, and it was inevitable that it would increase the nostalgia for the past, so it started with Yao, Shun, and the three generations. characters, but want to revive the prosperity of the three generations.It can be seen that they failed to understand the process of the development of human economic life, and failed to grasp the times.Could it be that the later king is inherently worse than the previous king?Just look at how Meng Ke, the most powerful advocate of benevolent government in China, was not warmly welcomed by the princes; but his benevolent government did not work after all.To be honest, by the time of the Warring States Period, the era of "benevolent government" had long since passed. As a result, "everyone in the world will agree with it", or it was invaded and destroyed by neighboring countries because of this, but it is necessary to doubt it.

However, as the number of reproduction increased, the farming technology also improved, from the superficial natural sowing to the invention; from human plowing to cattle plowing.A large amount of land is being used, and wasteland is decreasing day by day.Therefore, the use of land gradually feels less free.The people choose their own fertile soil to live in. In the end, although the barren mountains and great swamps are gradually being used, whoever can occupy a piece of fertile soil first is simply the pride of heaven.In the end, it was not easy to find a thin piece of barren land.Because of this, the people relocated according to the land as one of the real estates.Gradually, the land felt that it was not enough to be distributed, and due to the constraints of the terrain, it was expected that the well field system could no longer be implemented.

As long as there is land, there is no need to worry about no one to cultivate it, so what the ambitious chiefs worry about is not the lack of people but the smallness of the country.The object of competition between each other is transferred to the land.The country has changed from taking the people as the main body to taking the land as the main body.The monarch, that is, the tribal chief, in order to expand the country, does not hesitate to deprive the people of their freedom to match his ambition to expand the territory; the tyrannical and unscrupulous ones do not hesitate to enslave the people for their own lust.Gai no longer cares about pleasing the people, and although the people feel a little abused by the tyrannical government, they dare not speak of migrating lightly.Since then, there will be no more benevolent government.

As a result, the land gradually became privately owned.In a small way, it is privately owned by the people, and in a big way, it is privately owned by the monarch.Once the concept of private land ownership was established, the real feudal system followed.Domineering careerists want to invade other people's land to enrich their own private pockets; or allocate land to seal the relatives of meritorious officials and enslave the people in the land as serfs.At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, when it was a mature period, King Wu of Zhou gathered the feudal achievements. "Gouzi? Confucian Xiaopian" said: "Zhou concurrently ruled the world, established seventy-one countries, and fifty-three people surnamed Ji lived alone." Tai Shigong estimated that there were fifty-five princes surnamed Ji ("Historical Records? Princes Since Han Xing" "Chronology"), the test of the location of its land, mostly in the fertile soil near Wang Ji.Most of the feudal feudal lords with different surnames are unavoidable. Among them, there are ancient sages and kings who were later named Shennong in Jiao; Huangdi in Zhu; Emperor Yao in Ji; Emperor Shun in Chen; Yu in Qi; Yin in Song ……Wait.The history says that "Wu Wang chased after the sage kings", but in fact it is just a means of slander.In addition, the heroes who have made great contributions to the same world have to be named.However, feudal lords with different surnames are mostly entrusted to the border, or even designate a certain piece of unconquered land, and write a bad check to seal it, so that they can manage it themselves. "The Book of Songs? Qi Feng") let it develop on its own.The same is true for the seal of Zhao Gongshi in Yan.As for the later Qin, let alone.The Zhou people were chased by the dog army. When King Ping moved to the east, he said to Qin Xianggong: "The army has no way to invade my land of Qifeng. If Qin can attack the army, he will have the land." He swore to be a knight. ("Historical Records? Qin Benji") Later, Qin Wengong chased the army, and then he took over the remaining people of Zhou Dynasty.The land reaches Qi, and the week of offering to the east of Qi.They all developed independently and became great powers.

The other kind of princes with different surnames, even if they have their own country, are also quite powerful, and the Zhou people can't reach it, so they have no choice but to seal them on their own places, such as Chu Ruyue.The Son of Heaven bestowed upon Hou Xun of Chu, saying: "The rebellion of barbarians and Yue in the south of Zhener did not invade China." ("Historical Records? The Family of Chu") Chu was thousands of miles away, and King Wu of Zhou had nothing to do with him. Before the Zhou Dynasty, it was conceivable that all the tribes were independent, but Dai, who was more powerful in the Shang Kingdom, was the co-lord.The rest are still their own kingdoms. King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou and was still called the Kingdom of Shang. "Is it the land of the king under the sky" ("Poetry? Xiaoya? Beishan") is the aftermath of King Wu's pacification of the world.King Wu of Zhou conquered all the land in the world, and then redistributed his descendants and a few relatives of meritorious officials. Needless to say, the eight hundred princes who would share righteousness with Mengjin were all punished by lackeys.He pacified the princes of the world before he began to feudalize on a large scale.The evolution of feudalism has reached a mature stage, and King Wu of Zhou is just the domineering hero who came into being.The implementation of large-scale feudalism in his bottom-setting world is an epoch-making move similar to the large-scale implementation of the prefecture and county system in Qin Shihuang's unification of the world.He and Qin Shihuang can be said to be two careerists who are comparable back and forth. They are equally selfish and domineering.But his descendants have benefited a lot after all.They will sing praises to their ancestors endlessly.Among the seven temples, the second Chinese and Wu temples are sacred forever.He was flattered as an ideal standard saint, so Confucianism hundreds of years later was also deceived by his propaganda, and he was listed as civil and military with Yao and Shun.In fact, measured by Confucian morality, he is the same sinner as Qin Shihuang.Although they have made indelible achievements in the history of national development. Since King Wu of Zhou flattened the princes and took all the land in the world as his own, of course he could slaughter it at will, so he set aside a part of the best land as the king's base; The fiefdom should not be too large, and it is unwilling to confer more different surnames.Furthermore, in order to prevent the dispute of "not being able to rank with veterans", those with insufficient qualifications cannot be indiscriminately sealed.As a result, there are many lands that can be sealed but few people who are eligible to be sealed. Therefore, there are many places that are neither royal nor suitable.These lands to be sealed are temporarily pending.Let's look at the Hedong hilly land at that time—Tang Dynasty, which is one of the undecided ones.The situation in Gai Tang was almost approaching Wang Ji.At that time, since there was no suitable candidate to seal the Tang Dynasty, it would be better to suspend it. When King Cheng ascended the throne, he and his younger brother Shuyu were sealed.However, before the little weak brother was granted the title, Tang could not be in anarchy.Someone must be temporarily in charge of governing the land.It is still undecided who will entrust this conquered land, so it is called "hanging".It is the origin of the immediate "hanging".At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, there was no suitable candidate for the title, and it was a temporary expedient to suspend it temporarily, and it would eventually be sealed. It evolved into later generations, and it became a custom, and "suspension" became an abstract noun in politics. . ◎Interpretation of the word "county" Consider the abstract nouns used for local political divisions in our country, and their characters are all from Yi.Such as "state", "county", "capital", "township", "village", "suburb", "Guo", "neighborhood"...all are phonetic characters from the city.The ancients called the city a city, and the oracle bone inscriptions recorded "Wang Zuoyi, Emperor Ruo" ("Qixu Shuqi Chapter 2 Volume 16").It is also called "Dayi Merchants." "Poetry? Daya" said: "Since cutting down in Chong, building a city in Feng." They are all named cities and towns, and later they are generally named places. "Zuo Zhuan" calls people a big country, Claiming to be a poor city; and where there is a ancestral temple, the master of the ancestors is called the capital, and there is no city.All are indeterminate.Despicable people refer to our country or despicable land in general. "Shuowen": "Yi, country" is actually a place that is generally named.Therefore, all the abstract nouns of local political divisions are from Yi. Only "county" is not the case. "Shuowen": "County, department. Congxi holds county." County is the ancient word "hanging".This is a knowing word.Duan Yucai's "Shuowen" notes: "Since the county is used as the prefecture and county, don't make the suspension from the heart, don't let the county go to Xuanping, there is no two sounds in ancient times." Therefore, it has nothing to do with the counties of counties and counties. Nothing involved, its use as a prefecture or county is purely a borrowed word, and it is not used as a political abstract noun.In the Yin Ruins inscriptions from Pan Geng to Zhou Dynasty for more than 200 years, it was not seen that the word county was used as a political noun.Therefore, it can be concluded that "county" began in the Western Zhou Dynasty, meaning "hanging", not custom-made.The ancients also interpreted the meaning of "county" as "hanging".Duan Annotation "Shuowen" quoted "Shiming" and said: "County, county (hanging) also; county (hanging) is also in county."It is after Qin Shihuang that counties and counties are in the county, and the county system was first seen in the Spring and Autumn Period, so it is absolutely impossible for the county to be called the county.There may be Shixian as the humble one; with the capital of the ancient country as the head, the outside of the capital is called humble or the county, and the county is above the mainland.That is to say it is too far-fetched.Such as Chu's "Shi County Shenxi" ("Zuo Zhuan? Ai Gong Seventeen Years"), "Yin County Chen" ("Zuo Zhuan? Xuan Gong Eleven Years"), such as Qin's "Fighting Ji Rong Chu County" and "Chu "Xian Du Zheng" ("Historical Records? Qin Benji"), etc., all the characters for county are used as verbs, and it would be far-fetched to interpret them in the same way as the characters. ◎Counties in the Spring and Autumn Period In the Spring and Autumn Period, the strong and weak princes merged, and the country expanded day by day.It destroyed people and small countries, punished Wang Zhou, and feudalism was unwilling to divide it into vassals.However, as the territory gradually expanded, the old control institutions gradually felt inconvenient.Because of this, it is also based on the legacy of the royal family, and it is also the county that destroys people and small countries.Let people temporarily govern their land, and each official is called "County Yin" or "County Magistrate" or "County Duke" or "County Doctor".The end of the suspension is undecided, the county magistrates have been replaced one after another and the county remains the same, and the county has been customized for a long time.Therefore, counties in the Spring and Autumn Period were only owned by big countries.Most of the counties were destroyed for the purpose of destroying people and the country. For example, in the eighteenth year of Lu Zhuanggong, "King Wu of Chu restrained power and made Dou Min Yinzhi." "In the eighth year of Duke Zhao, the son of Chu, Qi Ji, Shuai Shi destroyed Chen; he made Chuanxu the title of Duke Chen." ; (Chu) King Wen thought Lingyin, and the real county Shenxi." ("Zuo Zhuan") is the fact that the king of Chu destroyed the people's community and the county; the family members or captives were the county magistrates.Ying Qin is also like this: "(Qin Wugong) conquered Ji Rongchu County in ten years." "Du Zheng in the county at the beginning of the eleventh year." It's decided.As for the state of Jin, the overlord of the Central Plains, who seized the fields of Dafu as counties, "Wei Xianzi became the government, and the fields of the Qi family were divided into seven counties, and the fields of the Yangtong family were counted as two counties." ("Zuo Zhuan? "Year") Although Jin is a county, it can still reward people; Jin Xianggong once "ordered the first Mao's field to reward Xuchen." The county." ("Zuo Zhuan? Xuan Gong Fifteen Years") Later, Jiaoju went to Jin, and the Marquis of Jin (Ping Gong) also "will give the county to his hometown." ("Zuo Zhuan? Xiang Gong Twenty-six Years" ) Jin counties still retain the ancient relics.Then came Liuqing to sit at the top, and finally divided into the Jin Kingdom, which has its own relationship with this. Qi also has counties, but their divisions are extremely small, so the counties they entrust to people are frequently counted.The inscription of "Qi Hou Zhong" (Shu Yi Zhong) that can be tested today says: "The Duke said, Yi... the female Zhaomin Yu Ronggong, Yu Xi's female Lidu □ Maiju, and her county is three hundred."Another example is that Duke Jing of Qi said to Yanzi: "In the past, my predecessor, Duke Huan, gave Guan Zhong and Gu a county of seventeen, and thought that his descendants would be entrusted with it." ("Yanzi Spring and Autumn Annals").Confucius also said that Guan Zhong "people also took three hundred Pianyi from Bo's family, and the food was sparse and there was no tooth or complaint." ("The Analects of Confucius? Xianwen"). Uncle also became prosperous in the state of Qi. Hou Shixi’s euphemism is two hundred and ninety and nine.” The so-called eunuchs should all refer to counties.The county system of Guanqi is different from the above three. When the state of Wu was established and planned to go north to compete with the princes of the Central Plains for hegemony, there was already a county system. "For the third year of Wang Yuji's sacrifice, Qi Xiangqing granted the guilty party to come to Wu. Wu Yuqing granted the county of Zhu Fang as Fengyi, and the rich were in Qi." ("Historical Records? Wu Family") From this point of view, Wu's county can also be sealed. Looking at the counties in the Spring and Autumn Period, only Jin, Chu, Qin, Qi, Wu and other big countries had them, and most of them invaded and destroyed the neighboring small countries and counties.As for small countries, although they have merged with their neighbors, they have never heard of any counties.The main reason is that the land of the princes is getting larger and more invaded and destroyed. They are unwilling to divide it into vassals. However, the land is expanding day by day, and the old institutions directly controlled by the central government are becoming more and more inconvenient, so they have to set up another local governor to rule it.Therefore, there are county governors, county magistrates, county officials, and county officials, making it an independent local political unit directly under the central government.Therefore, the establishment of Chunqiu County can be regarded as the beginning of local politics with independent institutions in China.As for a small country with a narrow land base, it will not be inconvenient in terms of control if it merges with other towns and expands a little. In addition, the system of counties existed in the Spring and Autumn and early dynasties. However, counties in various countries have the same name but different systems. It can be seen that it is not unique to one country but imitated by other countries. Therefore, the establishment of the county system has its own origin.Therefore, it can be deduced to the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is judged to be the dregs of feudalism.After a hundred years of evolution, Hunan and Guangxi diverged and each country has its own system. Shek-gun County and county were obviously two different things before the first emperor unified China.Each becomes a political unit without any connection. The evolution of "county" from hanging has been discussed in detail before.Not so with the county. "Shuowen": "Jun Cong Yi Jun Sheng." It is a phonetic character.It seems that those who specially created this word to name political divisions may be established for timely needs. The prefectures before the first emperor seem to be related to national defense and military affairs. "Qin had a county in the north of Longxi, and built a Great Wall to resist the Hu." ("Historical Records? Biography of the Huns") "Wei had a county in the west of Hexi, to border the Rong." (Ibid.) The Great Wall has merged with the Yin Mountains since the ancient times, and the high tower was built as a fortress, and Yanmen in the cloud was placed on behalf of the county." (Ibid.) "Yan also built the Great Wall from Zaoyang to Xiangping, and placed Shanggu Yuyang Youbeiping Liaodong County in Western Liaoning." (Ibid.) Looking at this, the counties of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Yan and other countries seem to be dedicated to defending against Hu. As for Wuhu is a country of defense, its counties are also specially set up to prevent the invasion of strong neighbors. "Mr. Chunshen said to the king of Chu: "The frontier Qin in Huaibei is urgent. Please consider it as a county. "" And "Return to the west to take Qin's place and pull out the fifteen towns beside my river, thinking that the county will reject Qin." ("Historical Records? The Family of Chu") The Chu county was specially set up to defend against Qin. As for Wu Fuchai's rescue of Lu, he also "sent nine counties to attack Qi." ("Historical Records: Biography of Zhongni's Disciples"), we can see that all the counties before the first emperor were related to military affairs.Gaijun is mostly located on the border, and in order to prevent the invasion of neighboring countries, it is necessary to always have border defenses and order generals to guard them.For the sake of military convenience, the generals guarding the frontier must gather the military, political and financial power of the frontier in one person, and they can use it flexibly to adapt to the current situation.The monarch will set aside an area along the frontier land and hand it over to the officers on the frontier.Make it have an independent agency and not be subject to any restraint except to obey the orders of the central government.In modern terminology, it may be said to be a "special military zone".This special military zone is the origin of the county.The governor of the county is the general who guards the border. Although the land is not granted to him directly, he can gather great power in one person, just like a local emperor in the border area.In the era when there was no local administrative system with independent institutions, this is indeed a system worthy of people's attention.If I take the meaning out of the text, the word "Jun" can be regarded as a word with both phonetic and ambiguous meanings. To supplement Xu's saying, it can be said: "Jun, follow the city, follow the king, and the king also sounds." county-to-county relationship Counties are two distinct things, but they are equally independent political units.However, the county is always on the border, far away from the center, and often suffers from bandits.And what about the county?Then either reduce the number of counties in neighboring countries, or seize the land of doctors, let alone counties are better than counties. Who would want to find a "county" where they can sleep peacefully and eat well?The "county" with volatile beacons is naturally second-class, so Zhao Yang swore to his teacher and said: "Those who conquer the enemy will go up to the doctor and accept the county, and the next doctor will accept the county." And set the standard. In addition, the county is set up for border defense, and non-military generals cannot serve as county guards; and if there are constant battles, the county guards have more military power.Leaving aside the consideration of good official food and rich salary, the county magistrate is naturally more prominent and powerful than the county magistrate Yin.Furthermore, to open up the frontiers and expand the land is not only the county's enemy country, but the county magistrate Yin is not set up, but the beacon is still alive.The newly established county was relocated to the border area. For the sake of military convenience, sometimes the county magistrate Yin also had to be controlled by the county magistrate, and the scholar of the dust could lead the county magistrate Yin, but the county magistrate was not an important minister.There are many kinds of meritorious deeds, and maybe the new county is the result of his merits. The newly released county magistrate, Yin, can't be higher than the county guard in terms of qualifications and strength, and the comparison between the two is naturally equal. . As time went on to the Warring States period, the battles became more and more frequent, and the status of generals naturally increased accordingly. Gradually, the status of the county was higher than that of the county.Until the first emperor unified the world, it was the Ming Dynasty who decided the counties and counties in the counties, and then the two-tiered system of local politics later became the result of natural evolution. Briefly speaking, during the heyday of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Marquis of Mi was not a minister, so the Mi State was destroyed, and the King of Yi was angry enough to beat the Marquis of Ai of Qi.The power of the Son of Heaven is also flourishing.When King Ping moved to the east, half of Wang Ji, who was thousands of miles away, fell to the enemy; rushing eastward in a hurry, relying on the auxiliary wings of Jin and Zheng, lingering in Chengzhou.However, a long time ago, when Zhou Zheng cross-talked and Chu Zhuang came to the top, the royal family declined and the feudal system collapsed.The dignity of the king of heaven depends on the protection of the big country, and the domineering princes also rely on the emperor for self-respect.Because of the failure of the king's government, the struggle for hegemony began; the disparity between the strong and the weak, and the trend of mergers flourished.Small countries are weak, so they abandon the emperor and look up to the overlord; when the princes are powerful, it is customary to destroy people, clans and societies. However, the princes looked back on their own position, punished the feudal losses of the Zhou family, won the land, and no longer divided it into vassals.The colonization was spreading day by day, so the system of Wang Zhou was inherited from the king, so the county was made, and the county was not determined, so it was customized.And those who established the system of counties through long-term battles have already been discussed; therefore, counties are transformed from feudalism; and counties are the result of years of battles.In the Han Dynasty, all concubines were exhausted, and Chen and Cai were counties; and the people of Chu went north;As a result of the evolution of the first military era for hundreds of years, the status of the county has surpassed that of the county.The first emperor unified the world and completely abolished feudalism. Because of the old names of counties and counties, he clearly established the two-level system of local politics. After a thousand years, it became a custom. The article on the right, "A Study of the Origin of Chinese Counties and Counties", was originally written by the author in the autumn of the 30th year of the Republic of China (1941), when he was a third-year student in the History Department of National Central University, and he was electing to take the "History of Shang and Zhou Dynasties" taught by Mr. Gu Jiegang. Homework too.When Master Gu sent it back, he used a Chinese ink pen to write a review, and attached a long letter, pointing out that there are many things that can be discussed in the article, and he will be rewarded. .However, at that time, the author was busy writing a long article about the social history of ancient my country, and I planned to use this article as the first volume, so I was in a hurry to publish it.I wish the final draft was finished and I had already graduated from university, so I sent the accumulated manuscript to a friend, and hurriedly packed up and returned to my hometown to visit my relatives.Originally, he returned to the capital in the next year and continued his studies at the Institute of History at his alma mater.Unexpectedly, after returning to Anhui, the enemy invaded the Central Plains, and the Dabie Mountains suddenly became the enemy's rear.There is no hope of returning to Chongqing to continue studying. Guo Bingyoujun, a classmate of CUHK, sent the old manuscript of about 100,000 words to Lihuang in separate volumes. Most of the manuscript was lost when the mail passed through the enemy area, but this article survived.He taught at Lihuang Anhui College, and the editor of the journal of the college asked for manuscripts, so he used this article to fill in the blame, and it was compiled into the first issue of the journal.Therefore, there is a phrase "fear of losing it again" in the preface of the chapter.This is also the winter event in the 33rd year of the Republic of China (1944). After the discoloration of the mainland, the author is desperate for food in the United States.I applied to the "Han History Research Project" attached to Columbia University for compiling work in order to confuse myself. The host hoped to hand over one or two old articles as a reference, in order to prove that the applicant "can read ancient Chinese books well. Presented to my loving mother in the hometown of Hefei, begging to cut and post one or two articles from the old works in order to apply for a job. At first, I only tried to submit a letter from the family, without extravagant expectations. Unexpectedly, my loving relatives were able to cut and mail this article in the ashes of the CCP’s land reform. Xuantang's handwriting seems to have fallen from the sky. This article was originally printed in the guerrilla area behind enemy lines during the war. The printing and proofreading are extremely poor, and the publication has no circulation at all.The author once tried to check the "National Chinese Periodicals United Catalog 1833-1949" published in mainland China.Although the "World Monthly" published by the Compilation Committee of the Wanyuan Academy is also included (see page 299), the first issue of this journal is missing in all libraries.Mosa's old bamboo slips, recalling the family and country's situation in the past 30 years, can't help but feel a wave of emotion.Mrs. Wu Zhangquan was asked to copy the Qing manuscript again and send it to Brother Song Xuxuan for re-printing. In the original text, two English characters that did not understand were deleted, and the words "Shuyi Bell" and "Suming Bo" were mistakenly planted by the original hand people. In addition to correcting the inscriptions, Yu led them to let them go. Although he was busy with other things and had no time to rewrite them, it is also sad to see that he has lived in a foreign country for thirty years and has not made any progress in his studies.