Chapter 5 the fourth part

In 222 BC, the Qin Kingdom dispatched a large army to attack Liaodong (Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province) and captured alive the king (eighth) Ji Xi of the Yan Kingdom (the capital Xiangping [Liaoyang City]) (Yan Kingdom from 333 BC to 222 BC) Year, the 111th year of the founding of the Republic, and it has now perished). Sima Guang said: "Ji Dan, the crown prince of the Yan Kingdom, could not bear to offend the Qin Kingdom (capital Xianyang [Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province]) who was as fierce as a tiger and a wolf for a while. Sudden interruption of Zhao Gong's sacrifice is a serious crime. It is too much for some people to think that Ji Dan is a talented person. For a country's leader, the main job is to select talented people to take up official positions and put political Behavior is included in the scope of etiquette, treat the people with benevolence, and treat neighbors with faith. Only in this way can officials be talented, cadres can keep their own place, people are grateful, and neighbors are willing to be good. At this time, the country Nature is as safe as a rock, emitting fire. Those who touch it will be crushed, and those who collide with it will be burnt to death. Although there are violent enemies, there is no reason to be afraid. Ji Dan did not take this road, but instead used ten thousand chariots The country used thieves and thieves to vent his anger for him alone. In the end, he failed and died, and the country was destroyed. Isn’t there grief? Kneeling down on your knees and prostrating forward is not respectful. Fulfilling all promises to oneself is not faith Giving away gold, silver and treasures is not a favor. Cutting off one's head and disemboweling oneself is not bravery. Gai only cares about the present, regardless of its sequelae. Mi Qiji, the second king of Wang Ping, wanted to kill Mi Jian because he took over the wife of his son Mi Jian. Mi Jian fled to the state of Zheng [the capital Xinzheng? Killed. His son Mi Sheng, who was in his arms at the time, later returned to the Kingdom of Chu and demanded revenge. He failed to get permission, launched a coup, and died in failure.) Jing Ke only wanted to repay Ji Dan for a little affection, but he ignored his seven Wouldn't it be extremely stupid for the family members of the family to try to use a small dagger measuring one foot and eight inches to make the Kingdom of Yan strong and the Kingdom of Qin weak. So when Yang Xiong commented on him, he thought: "Yaoli is just a spider character (Yaoli, Wu Kingdom [capital Wucheng? Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province] warrior, in 514 BC, King Wu Guang sent Yaoli to assassinate former king Wu Liao’s son Wu Qingji), Nie Zheng was just a hero, and Jing Ke was just an assassin, neither of which could be considered Doing righteousness." He said: "Jing Ke, in the eyes of a gentleman, he is just a robber!" That's true."

Sima Qian said: "When people talk about Jing Ke, they always refer to the stories of Ji Dan, the prince of the Kingdom of Yan, who "rains in the sky" and "horses grow horns" (it is said that when Ji Dan was taken as a hostage in the Kingdom of Qin, he asked to return to the country, but his old friend Yingzheng refused. Zhun, declared: "Unless the crow's head is white, and the horse's head has horns." Ji Dan looked up to the sky and sighed, the crow turned out to be white, and the horse also grew horns), which is too exaggerated. He also mentioned that Jing Ke had cut Ying Zheng, It is not true either. At first, Gongsun Jigong and Dong Sheng, who were good friends with Xia Wuqie, told me what happened. From Cao Mo to Jing Ke, there were five people in total (Cao Mo, Zhuan Zhu, Yu Rang, Nie Zheng, Jing Ke) ), they did righteousness, or they accomplished it, or they failed, but their stand was open and upright, they did not hide their ambitions, and their reputation will last forever, but it is a real fact.”

Regarding Jing Ke's evaluation, Sima Guang and Sima Qian are exactly the opposite.Sima Qian was open-minded and full of anger.Sima Guang was just a country gentleman with tens of millions of wealth. He was conscientious and cautious. He would be shocked when he heard the sound of an iron pot falling to the ground, lest it be a nuclear bullet that would make him, a scholar-official class, lose his vested interests. The current situation has reached the 70s of the 3rd century BC. The power of the Qin Kingdom to annex the six kingdoms has reached its peak. The conditions for the demise of the six kingdoms are fully mature. Without Jing Ke's blow, would Yingzheng spare the Kingdom of Yan?If one insists that the Kingdom of Yan fell because of Jing Ke's blow, it is either an idiot or a frame-up.As for Jing Ke disregarding his family for personal reasons, Sima Guang was even talking nonsense there.One hit, the family glory, one miss, the country is destroyed, and the family suffers, why is it just Jing Ke?Moreover, the problem is not the family or not, but Jing Ke's behavior.The Confucian system has always taught people to use the interests of the family as the standard to calculate what is worthwhile or what is not worthwhile.As a result, some "gentlemen" performed very loyally to serve the country in the public, but once they returned home, they changed their appearance.

Jing Ke dedicated his life to the Kingdom of Yan, he didn't do it for his own benefit, if he did it for his own benefit, he would have written "Fa Yan" behind closed doors, just like Yang Xiong.Yang Xiong was a senior intellectual in the 1910s and 1920s. In his eyes, the New Dynasty was a rebellious group.But in the face of the rebellious group, not only did he not have the courage to stand up, but he accepted the official position of the rebellious group in order to protect his family.And in the official position of the rebel group, Jing Ke was slandered as a robber.I have no moral courage, but instead ridicule those who have moral courage. This kind of gentleman is full of officialdom and promotes the degeneration of Chinese culture day by day.

Sima Guang used one of the most vicious words to describe Jing Ke, saying that Ji Dan "raised" him, completely denying Jing Ke's personality, how can Jing Ke be bought by a beautiful woman with money?If the meaning of support is employment, Sima Guang is a cultural thug supported by the royal family surnamed Zhao in the Song Dynasty, and Yang Xiong is an accomplice supported by the royal family surnamed Wang in the new dynasty.Jing Ke represents the chivalrous sentiment of Chinese society that "a man dies for his confidant". Although he intends to repay his kindness, he is also loyal to the Kingdom of Yan. There will never be a return!" This is a suicidal rescue by heroes and heroes when the country is in crisis. Life is difficult and the only death is death, but Jing Ke calmly dies.Tragic and desolate, after thousands of years, it is still moving.Someone sat in front of Qingfeng Xulai's desk and said happily: "Isn't it extremely stupid!" It seems that there are too many smart people, which is the source of China's suffering.

On the eve of the fall of the Kingdom of Qi (the capital Linzi [East Linzi Town, Zibo City, Shandong Province]), the lord of Jimo (Pingdu City, Shandong Province) met King Tian Jian and said: "The land of the Kingdom of Qi has thousands of miles, and the number of soldiers is nearly one million. Now, three Jin (Wei, Zhao, Han) officials were unwilling to accept the rule of the Qin Kingdom, and there were hundreds of people who fled between Ayi (Dong'e County, Shandong Province) and Zhenyi (Juancheng County, Shandong Province). They gathered together and gave them 1 million soldiers, telling them to recover the territory of their homeland, even Linjin Pass (east of Dali County, Shaanxi Province), they can also attack. People from Yan and Ying, unwilling to accept the rule of the Qin Kingdom, fled to the capital Linzi There were also hundreds of people in the south of the city. The king gathered them together and handed them a million soldiers so that they could recover the homeland of the Chu Kingdom, even Wuguan (southeast of Shangnan County, Shaanxi Province). The prestige of the Qin Dynasty can be established, and the Qin Kingdom can be eliminated, not only to maintain national security." Tian Jian refused to accept.

Fortunately, Tian Jian did not adopt the opinion of the Jimo city lord, otherwise it would only cause the people to suffer more.When intellectuals talk about politics, they are often like Zhao Kuo talking about military affairs. It is easy to talk about all kinds of difficulties and problems.The Qin Kingdom devoted all its power to the whole country, but only 600,000 could be used on the battlefield.The Jimo city lord asked the king of Qi to hand over 1 million to the officials of the Jin Dynasty and 1 million to the people from the old Chu at once.The armed forces are not led by their own generals, but handed over to those exiles. This has never been possible in the world.However, once an army that has not undergone rigorous training for more than 40 years is put into the battlefield, facing the victorious Qin army, it may have to labor the opponent to bury alive.Even with a slight victory, if you want to hit Xianyang (Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) in one go, it is another beautiful homework on paper.The only way for the Qi Kingdom to survive is to support its neighbors against Qiang Qin.So far, there is only one orphan left in the Qi Kingdom, and even if the Jade Emperor descends to earth, he cannot be saved. For more than 40 years of shortsightedness, we must pay the price of more than 40 years of shortsightedness.

In 221 BC, General Wang Ben of Qin Kingdom (capital Xianyang [Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province]) marched to Qi Kingdom (capital Linzi [East Linzi Town, Zibo City, Shandong Province]) and raided Linzi.None of the soldiers and civilians of the Kingdom of Qi resisted.The Qin army promised to give Qi Wang Tianjian 500 li of land, and Tian Jian surrendered (from 359 BC to 221 BC, the 139th year of the founding of the Qi Kingdom, and it perished here). Of course, the Qin Kingdom did not fulfill its promise to the subjugated king. Instead, Tian Jian was exiled to Gongyi (Huixian City, Henan Province), where he was placed under house arrest in a pine and cypress forest.The people of the Kingdom of Qi once made a mourning song for him, expressing their dissatisfaction with his trust in foreigners: "My ears are full of the sound of pine trees / my eyes are full of cypress forests / I can't eat when I'm hungry / I can't drink when I'm thirsty / who makes the fields Jian ended up like this/Is it those/The guest ministers around him?"

Sima Guang said: "Although the grand strategy of combining the north and the south and the east and the west has been repeated a hundred times, it can be clearly seen that the north and the south are in line with the interests of the six countries. In the beginning, the kings of the Zhou Dynasty established tens of thousands of states. Let them commune, love each other, use banquets to enhance their feelings, and use alliances to strengthen unity. Nothing else, but they need to work together to defend the country. If the six countries can be good to each other with faith, how can the Qin Kingdom become stronger? Was it destroyed? The Three Jins (Wei, Zhao, and Han) were the barriers of the Qi Kingdom and the Chu Kingdom (the capital Yingcheng [Jiangling County, Hubei Province]), and the Qi Kingdom and the Chu Kingdom were the foundations of the Three Jins. Dependence, appearance and substance are inseparable. Three Jins attacked Qi Chu, they dug their own foundation, Qi Chu attacked San Jin, they dismantled the barrier by themselves, and the world actually used the means of demolishing the barriers to flatter the robbers, saying: "The robber loves me and will not Hit me!' It's homely absurd."

In this comment, Sima Guang praised Su Qin's grand strategy: "North and South are in line with the interests of the six countries." It seems to have revealed the bottom line.Because Sima Guang and Meng Ke, the two tycoons, always only talked about benevolence and justice, not interests, and now Sima Guang has to put the national interest first.But he also advocated that "if the six countries can be good to each other with faith", between the husband and the country, only interests can make them permanently united.The so-called faith must also be based on interests.The greatest faith is often the greatest interest, and the greatest interest is often the greatest faith.The standpoint of a group is not the same as that of an individual, and the Confucian school has always been confused in it, so it is always stretched and unable to justify itself.

In 221 BC, the Qin Kingdom (capital Xianyang [Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province]) had annexed the six kingdoms and unified the known world at that time. He was no longer called a king, but changed his name to "emperor" (this is the first combination of the two characters "emperor" and "emperor", and later became a fixed noun, which has been used continuously for two thousand years).The proclamations promulgated by the emperor are called "Zhi", the orders issued by the emperor are called "Zhao" (imperial decree), and the emperor calls himself "Zhen" (every commoner used to call himself "Zhen", after Yingzheng, only the emperor called himself "Zhen", the people I had no choice but to call myself "I"); respected my father Ying Yiren (the fifth King Zhuang Xiang) as the Supreme Emperor (in the future, only the living father will be called "the Supreme Emperor"), and ordered: "After the death of the head of state, the added The nickname (posthumous method) is that the son talks about his father, and the ministers talk about the king. It is boring. Starting today, the posthumous method is abolished. I am the first emperor. " Yingzheng has created a large set of personality cult stuff, such as "Zhi", "Zhao", "Zhen", "Emperor", etc., which shows that his IQ is mediocre, but the abolition of the posthumous posthumous law is a true insight.The posthumous posthumous method is the most boring word game in the Confucian system, which is dedicated to nicknames for dead nobles.It is a pity that after the collapse of the Qin Dynasty, posthumous titles were revived. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty in the 20th century, intellectuals still enjoyed it and made the names of people and people messy and smoky. In 210 BC, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (the First Emperor) Yingzheng toured the country in the east. Due to physical discomfort, he turned back to the capital (the capital Xianyang [Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province]), and died on the way. The youngest son Ying Huhai usurped the throne.Yingzheng was buried in Lishan Mountain (southeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province). The tomb was extremely deep, and copper juice was melted and poured into the ground to block the spring water. The interior was filled with strange treasures.He also ordered the craftsmen to install strong bows that can be fired automatically everywhere, and immediately shoot and kill anyone who approaches.Rivers and oceans were built in the tomb, and streams were filled with mercury, and machinery was set up to make it flow and run.The top of the tomb is like the sky, and the stars are arranged; the bottom of the tomb is completely in accordance with the Feng Shui pattern.All the concubines who did not have sons were all driven into the tomb for burial.After the coffin was buried, someone reminded that the craftsman who made the machine knew how to crack it, and if it was leaked, there was still a risk of being dug up and stolen.Therefore, all the craftsmen were driven into the tomb to be buried. After 2100, the tomb of Mr. Yingzheng began to be excavated from the outside. The mercury had dried up, and the strong bow had dried up.Although only a small part has been unearthed so far, the "terracotta warriors" who only served as the guards of Yingzheng have attracted worldwide attention.One day, when Ying Zheng's old bones are dug out, there will be another enlightenment.And so many beauties who were buried alive, as well as craftsmen who were murdered, it is conceivable that they struggled and wailed in the closed tombs, and finally fell to the ground with suffocation, their bodies criss-crossed, and eternal injustice.Human rights have been violated in such a way that it brings us a river of grief and indignation. When Yingzheng, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (the first emperor), died in Shaqiu, he ordered his crown prince Yingfusu to succeed him. However, the eunuch Zhao Gao colluded with Prime Minister Li Si to make Yingzheng’s youngest son Ying Huhai the crown prince and condemned Yingfu. Su Ying was incompetent and was bestowed with death. Instigated by Zhao Gao, Ying Huhai is determined to kill his father's favorite general, the Meng brothers.Ying Yingying, the son of Ying Fusu, dissuaded him and said: "King Zhao Qian killed Li Mu and used Yan Ju, and King Qi Tian Jian killed his loyal ministers for several generations and used them to win. Finally, the country finally perished. The Meng family has been our important minister and father for many generations. His Majesty intends to eradicate the think tanks at once. Killing Zhongliang and appointing traitors, the sequelae are: the officials lose confidence in the government internally, and the soldiers lose their fighting spirit externally." Ying Huhai couldn't listen, so he executed Meng Yi and Meng Tian. "Fa Yan" said: "Someone may ask: 'Meng Tian was loyal, but he still died unjustly. What's the use of being loyal?" Water (Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), there were many casualties. His loyalty cannot offset his crimes.'” Sima Guang said: "Ying Zheng is poisoning the world, and Meng Tian accepts his orders. His cruelty can be imagined. However, Meng Tian deeply understands the duty of being a subject. Although he was punished for his innocence, he is still loyal. , not having two minds, it is really commendable." The Great Wall of the Qin Dynasty started from Lintao in the west, passed through Gaoque (Urad Rear Banner in Inner Mongolia) in the middle, and ended in Liaodong in the east, with a total length of about 2,400 kilometers. It was a great and terrifying project.But it is formed by the "Great Wall of Qin Kingdom", "Great Wall of Zhao Kingdom" and "Great Wall of Yan Kingdom".Mr. Meng Tian was only engaged in continuous projects. According to the location of the Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms at that time, Meng Tian built only three to four hundred kilometers.After Yingzheng unified China, the high-level intellectuals in the kingdoms—such as the diners of the nobles and the royal relatives of the royal family—all lost their jobs, and Yingzheng paid special attention to the Legalist school, so that the lost Confucian system hated him to the bone and criticized him. Scolding, slander, and finally even more ignorance, framing and framing, insisting that Ying Zheng and his subordinate Meng Tian jointly built the Great Wall is an example. Yang Xiong, a poor and sour scholar, easily "started from Lintao in the west and connected to Liaoshui in the east" with a swipe of his pen, and deducted all the 2,400 kilometers from Meng Tian. This is an obscene means.However, the problem still lies in that even if the 2,400-kilometer Great Wall is really built, it is also for the country to resist foreign aggression, not to build a garden for the emperor to have fun alone!Even Sima Guang praised Meng Tian's loyalty, but Yang Xiong wantonly slandered him. He once surrendered to Wang Mang and sang meritorious deeds to Wang Mang. According to Confucian principles, this was a serious betrayal.He was treacherous, but slandered Zhongliang instead.When he wrote "Fayan" at his desk, he wondered if his face was burning?Does your heart beat?Why did Sima Guang insist on putting him on the table, making him lose face! Sima Guang criticized Meng Tian because he was the general of Yingzheng, which shows how strong the reactionary remnants of the Six Kingdoms are.Yingzheng is no worse than other kings in the Warring States Period, not to mention that he established the great cause of unifying China.If the great cause of unification is a crime, then Sima Guang must be in favor of fragmentation and separatism.The Song Dynasty used troops to the Xixia Empire and the Liao Empire, wouldn't it also "poison the world"?Why don't you dare to criticize the Zhao family emperor with a single word. In the Confucian system, the Qin Dynasty and Yingzheng became the targets of evil. Whenever there is a chance, they will shoot an arrow without going through the brain. Zhao Gao was afraid that Shaqiu's plot to correct the imperial edict would be exposed, so he suggested to the second emperor Ying Huhai to create terror, use the most stringent laws and cruelest methods, and expand the case of those who are suspected of crimes, and ask them to testify in their confessions. Tell the names of their relatives and friends as much as possible. After arresting those relatives and friends, follow the same pattern, and then catch them all, so that all important ministers and important royal families can be killed.Ying Huhai fully agreed, so, under the cloak of law, the massacre began.Any minister or prince, as long as it involves a trivial matter, will be arrested and interrogated immediately, and the scope of attack will be expanded during the interrogation.Soon, 12 princes were executed on the streets of Xianyang, and 10 princesses were torn apart by cars (divided by five horses) in Duyou (Xijing Town, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, where Baiqi died), and all their property was confiscated. Countless people have been arrested because their names appeared in their statements.Prince Ying Jianglu and his mother and brother were imprisoned in the inner courtyard of the palace before being convicted.The three of them drew their swords and killed themselves.Another prince, Ying Gao, wanted to flee, but he was afraid that his family would be slaughtered, so he had to submit a memorial to ask for death, and Ying Huhai approved all of them. Political injustice is the most extreme method in the politics of terror, pushing terror to the end of life. In the operation of traditional Chinese power, injustice can play a more suppressive function than massacres.However, the planned large-scale promotion was started by Ying Huhai.We do not believe that Ying Huhai has no humanity at all, but that his unlimited power has dehumanized him.This kind of person will not respect Meng Tian's loyalty, but will only laugh at Meng Tian's stupidity.Ying Jianglu obviously has a deep relationship with Ying Huhai, that's why he was imprisoned in the inner palace.In the end, the trial was decided. Ying Jianglu appealed that he did not commit a crime. Of course, it would not have any effect. The biggest feature of politically wronged prisons is: innocence cannot be punished.However, any wrong decision and any man-made evil has an end and a price.It's just that no one has come so quickly as the day of the end of Ying Hu Hai and the day of paying the price. In 208 BC, the earliest and largest unjust prison case in history was staged in the government of the Qin Dynasty.The eunuch Zhao Gao relied on the favor of the emperor Ying Huhai for him, and his power was rampant. There were many troubles in various places, and Prime Minister Li Si was quite anxious.Zhao Gao then decided to destroy Li Si, so he made a small report to Ying Huhai, saying: "Li Si was an important player in the Shaqiu conspiracy. Now His Majesty has ascended the throne, and the Prime Minister is still the Prime Minister. His wish is obvious, and he wants His Majesty to give him the land. Make him king. In addition, his eldest son Li You served as the governor of Sanchuan County. Therefore, the bandits on the territory of the Kingdom of Chu, like Chen Shengzhi, are all the children of the prime minister’s hometown and neighboring counties. Passing by the city of Sanchuan, Li You did not attack." Coincidentally, Li Si, right chancellor Feng Quji, and General Feng Jie jointly signed a letter, requesting the suspension of the Afang Palace project, reducing the number of rotations of the frontier guards, and reducing all kinds of exorbitant taxes and hard labor. .After Ying Huhai read it, he was furious and ordered the arrest of three people.Feng Quji and Feng Jie committed suicide after hearing the news. Li Si refused to commit suicide and reported to the prison alone. Ying Huhai appointed Zhao Gao for trial.Zhao Gao tried Li Si and tortured Li Si more than a thousand times. Li Si couldn't bear the torture, so he had to admit his guilt (that is, "automatic confession" such as "breaking through the heart defense" and "confessing" in modern times). Li Si falsely accused himself because he was confident that he His contribution to the country and his eloquence can finally restore his innocence and be exonerated.After being falsely convicted, I will play a memorial, hoping that Ying Huhai will wake up and forgive him.When the memorial was submitted, of course it went to Zhao Gao first. Zhao Gao threw it into the garbage dump and said with a sneer, "What qualifications do prisoners have to express their opinions!" However, it also made him more vigilant and decided to plug the last loophole.So he sent more than a dozen of his subordinates to pretend to be royal prosecutors (censors), court concierges (visitors), court attendants (servants) and the like, claiming to be ordered by the emperor to review Li Si's case.Li Si thought that his memorial was effective, so he answered truthfully.After the counterfeit officials reported back, Zhao Gao accused Li Si of refusing to cooperate, and then tortured him harder.After several times, Li Si was afraid of suffering, and had no choice but to continue slandering himself when someone came to ask him again.Later, one day, Ying Huhai really sent his cronies to come to review. Li Si couldn't tell the truth from the fake, and dared not change his statement.Ying Huhai received the report, thanked God and said: "If it weren't for Zhao Gao, he would have been betrayed by Li Si." So Li Si was sentenced to five punishments (1, tattooing on the face first. 2, nose cutting. 3, cutting off the toes of both feet. 4. Beat to death with a whip. 5. Beheaded, chopped into meat sauce), cut in half on Xianyang Street (maybe instead of whipping to death).After Li Si's death, the three clans were slaughtered. The execution of Li Si was not the first unjust imprisonment in Chinese history, but it was the earliest and largest unjust imprisonment in Chinese history.The male protagonist is actually the giant who created the Qin Empire. He has served as prime minister for 30 years and is also a giant of the Legalist school.This unjust prison set an example for China's political unjust prison policy, which was carefully followed by tyrants and officials for the next two thousand years.The most important method is "framing treason". For some people, if they do not falsely accuse them of treason, it is impossible to eradicate them.Even the prime minister is unable to bear this iron hat.As a result, in the end, there were even strange cases where strong ministers accused the king of treason. It is a sharp killing weapon, which can be used against the prime minister, and it can be used against the king. It is even more effective against unarmed cultural people and civilians. like a god. The secondary method is "torture torture", which destroys not only the resistance of the body, but also the dignity of the opponent.As a result, technical terms such as "breaking the heart's defense", "self-confession", and "confession" came into being, and the iron hat became the golden hoop on Monkey King's head, which he couldn't take off no matter what.Li Si relied on his loyalty and eloquence, so why didn't Zhao Gao know that Li Si was loyal!As for eloquence, even if Li Si's memorial came before Ying Huhai, it could not save his life.Judging from the memorial, the establishment of the Qin Dynasty seems to have been done by Li Si, so where is the Yingzheng?Under the autocratic feudal regime, there is only one person in the world, and that is the "leader".If you give credit to the above, you may be able to protect yourself; if you credit to yourself, you will cause disaster even in normal times, let alone in prison?Li Si is so unfamiliar with the officialdom, he has been prime minister for 30 years, but he is nothing.Even if it doesn't arouse resentment, Ying Huhai has already had deep prejudices, how can he accept a prisoner's one-sided words?Which prisoner does not cry out for injustice?Who dares to overturn the "conclusive" evidence obtained from the investigation in the case files?Ying Huhai really wants to know the truth, why send someone to review?It's enough to face Li Si in person, but is Ying Huhai the one who is willing to face it? The most vicious trick in the unjust prison policy is to use deceit to make Li Si dare not retract his confession.The tricks are changing with each passing day. In the 20th century, it was: "As long as you express your repentance, we will send you home." No matter how wise a person is, it is difficult to resist; so that Li Si's first-class elite fell into the hands of third-rate wardens.But Ying Huhai knew that Zhao Gao was Li Si's mortal enemy, but he handed Li Si over to him for interrogation. Of course, the result can be predicted.But this point gave a great inspiration to the tyrants and officials of later generations. The quality of a regime can be measured from the number of unjust prisons.Understand this cause and effect, and you will gain a deep feeling for the suffering of the Chinese people. Sima Qian commented on Zhang Er and Chen Yu and said: "Zhang Er and Chen Yu are known as talented people all over the world. Their followers and servants are all outstanding men in the world. When Zhang Er and Chen Yu were poor and humble, they swore to each other to die for each other. It was not a lie. Hate so harshly? Isn’t it still a snob?” In interpersonal relationships, intimacy is easy, trust is difficult, and understanding is especially difficult.The friendship between Zhang Er and Chen Yu is not false, but they have not developed to the level of absolute trust and understanding.Therefore, the day when Julu was besieged was also when the friendship between Zhang and Chen collapsed.Zhang Er is guarding the dangerous city every day, the city will be destroyed at any time, and people will die at any time. The only hope is Chen Yu's army, but Chen Yu does not move. Isn't Zhang Er angry?But Chen Yu understood that as long as he attacked, the army would be defeated and his body would die, which would not help the situation.From the examples of Zhang [Upper Tired of Lower Hei] and Chen Ze, it can be shown that his mob was indeed vulnerable to a blow from the Qin army.Zhang Er only blamed Chen Yu for not dying, and his son Zhang Ao also led the army outside, and also did not dare to move, disregarding his father's life or death, why didn't Zhang Er say a word to his son?If Chen Yu betrayed his old friend, wouldn't Zhang Ao betray his father?The situation is like a landslide, the incidents of Zhang and Chen Ze are just adding fuel to the flames.Sima Qian said that the two were snobbish friends, so are Zhang Er and Zhang Ao snobbish father and son? Even if Zhang Er believed that Chen Yu would never betray (just like he believed that his son Zhang Ao would never betray), even if no one provoked him, even if he didn't take back the seal, the friendship between the two could not be restored.The deeper the love, the stronger the condemnation when there is no trust or forgiveness.If Zhang Er refuses to accept the letter at this time, there is still a possibility of reconciliation on the surface.However, the two were just two bachelors at the beginning, and now they each have their own tail wagging system. The tail wagging system is "loyalty" to the extreme, and it will definitely incite the masters to hate each other, and even fight each other, in order to get some small profits from it.The so-called master and son, under the wagging system, can't help themselves, father and son can be turned against each other, let alone friends who have become suspicious of each other? Chuhuai King Mixin appointed general Liu Bang, and captured Wuguan in 207 BC. The war was close to the heart of the Qin Dynasty. The eunuch Zhao Gao was afraid that the second emperor Ying Huhai would turn his back on him, so he executed Ying Huhai and replaced Ying Fusu's son Ying Ying as the pole ( Emperor III).In 206 BC, Ying Ying sat in a white horse-drawn funeral car, with a rope around his neck, and put various seals used by the emperor, including "xi", "fu", and "jie" (Yuxi, the emperor's seal. Fu letter, Either use metal or jade, engrave characters on it, and divide it into two, one stays in the center, and the other is handed over to officials outside. The talisman, shaped like a bamboo pole, has a hairy tassel on the top of the pole, and the envoy holds it to indicate the king's presence. ), at the roadside of Zhidao (northeast of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), get off the car to welcome the landing, and Qin died. Jia Yi said: "With such a small piece of land, the Qin Kingdom seized the highest power in the world and coerced the eight states (the ancient China was divided into nine states, the Qin Kingdom was located in Yongzhou, one of the nine states, and the Six Kingdoms were located in the eight states) to worship it, a country of equal status. , It lasted more than a hundred years. Then unified the world, turned the world into one family, Xiaoshan and Hanguguan became palaces, and the momentum was overwhelming. Unexpectedly, one person took risks and made troubles. The seven ancestors of the huge empire To the great-grandfather’s grandfather, each built a temple. Including the ancestor’s temple that founded the political power, there are seven temples in total. They are collectively referred to as "Tai Temple"). I don't know how to promote benevolence and righteousness. At the same time, the offensive and defensive situation is just the opposite." Du Mu's "A Fang Gong Fu" tells the truth about the fall of the six kingdoms: "Those who perished in the six kingdoms belong to the six kingdoms, not Qin." Jia Yi emphasized benevolence and righteousness. Renyi is of course important, but it is not the only ruler.Where is Ying Zheng's benevolence?It is not about destroying the six countries and establishing an unprecedented unified country.As for the opposite situation of offense and defense, during the Warring States period, the Qin Kingdom was in the position of being beaten several times during the North-South alliance. Why didn't it collapse under the well-trained regular armies of various countries at that time, but collapsed after the mob?Liu Bang's army will not be stronger than Zhao Kuo. Why can't Zhao Kuo attack the Qin army's camp, but Liu Bang defeated the defense line at once? This is not a purely military issue. Even if Bai Qi is resurrected, his ending will not be better than that of Zhang Han.Military is an extension of politics. If the leader of the Qin government was not Ying Huhai, but Ying Fusu; instead of Zhao Gao, but Li Si, why did Zhang Han rebel?Why did the gatekeeper accept bribes and stop fighting before the battle?Politics is the constant adjustment of interpersonal relationships, and governance and chaos, rebellion and loyalty are often determined by whether this adjustment is appropriate and fair.The biggest blind spot of the sharks like Zhao Gao is that they can't see the steel knife that comes down from the head. They overestimate the ability of the regime that feeds them, thinking that no matter how much they hurt, that regime can still protect them, so it is very dangerous for anyone. do not cherish.The three princes including Li Si were wiped out overnight.Zhang Han, the only pillar of the country, must also be culled.In the end, he even thought that even his patron saint, Ying Huhai, could be eradicated and replaced with a new one. The death of the Qin government was due to the fact that the supreme leader was surprisingly faint and violent, the officials in power were surprisingly stubborn, and the fighting in the nest was surprisingly brutal and ferocious. In 206 BC, Liu Bang captured Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty, and took nothing from gold, silver and beauties. After "three chapters" with the people (the murderer died, the wounded and the thief was punished), he still returned to the Bashang military camp.Soon, Xiang Yu led his army to Xianyang and slaughtered the city.Yingying (the third emperor of the Qin Dynasty) who was imprisoned in the prison was executed, and the palace was burned. The fire lasted for three months.Looting gold, silver, treasures and beauties wantonly, retreat eastward.Mr. Han (unknown name) suggested to Xiang Yu: "The Guanzhong (central part of Shaanxi Province) area has dangerous mountains and rivers, under the protection of four fortresses (four forts are four passes: Xiaoguan in the north, Wuguan in the south, and Hangu Pass in the east. , Western Sanguan), the land is fertile. If you build a capital here, you can dominate the world." Xiang Yu saw that the palace of the Qin Dynasty had been burned to a piece of scorched earth, and the other was eager to return to the east, so he replied: "Wealth and honor do not return to our hometown. It seems to be wearing beautiful clothes, but walking in the dark, how can you show your glory?" After Mr. Han withdrew, he said sadly: "People say that Chu people are superficial and violent. Although they wear human hats, they are still macaques. , It’s really good.” Xiang Yu heard this, arrested Mr. Han, threw him into a cauldron and boiled him to death. The excavation of the tunnel, the front of the mountain and the back of the mountain are started at the same time. Under accurate measurement, the height is the same, and the direction is targeted, and then the two sides can be connected.If one side is high and the other is low, and one side is to the left and the other is to the right, it will never be completed. Not only will there be no benefit, but it will cause losses.The same is true for interpersonal relationships. The value standard and judgment of interests, as well as the level of wisdom and knowledge, must be almost the same to be easy to fit.If the disparity is too large, it will become the "chicken and duck talking" described in Hokkien. Although the world is colorful because of this, it also brings tragedy. Xiang Yu is just a simple-minded, muscular burly man who has the fighting power on the battlefield, but has no political thinking ability.Mr. Han's analysis, which Xiang Yu could neither see nor understand, far surpassed his IQ.So he can only do one thing: stand up and prove to the world that he is indeed a macaque wearing a human hat.Mr. Han's criticism of him, some people believe it, some people don't believe it, but after Xiang Yu himself testified, people can't believe it.After Xiang Yu started, there have been endless scenes of such self-proving scenes in history.Extending to modern times, there have been macaques in the world, and there have been cooking tortures, which makes people sad. If you suggest to a donkey that only a dragon colt can understand, you will definitely hit a wall; if you point out that it is really a donkey, the consequences will be serious.Mr. Han is a role model. In 204 BC, generals Han Xin and Zhang Er of the Kingdom of Han led their troops eastward. Zhao Wang, Zhao Xie, and Chen Yu gathered heavy troops to defend at Jingxingkou (Jingxing Pass? West of Jingxing County, Hebei Province). Guangwu Lord Li Zuoche sent Chen Yu Said: "Han Xin and Zhang Er took advantage of the victory, left their homeland, and fought in a foreign country far away. If you advance, you will live, and if you retreat, you will die. It is unstoppable. However, the transportation of food and fodder has to go through thousands of miles. Soldiers must show their faces. Hunger. Every time you go to a place, you have to cut firewood and grab food before you can cook. It shows that the army has no food for the night. Jingxingguan cannot pass two vehicles and two horses at the same time. After the army. You give me 30,000 people to attack from the small trails and cut off their supplies. You stick to the fortress and refuse to fight. They can't fight forward, they can't retreat backward, and they can't grab things. It will take less than ten days The two heads of Han Xin and Zhang Er can be placed under our military flag." Chen Yu always called his army "a division of benevolence and righteousness" and refused to use tricks.He replied: "Han Xin's army is small and very tired. If we don't give him a head-on blow to such an enemy, all countries will look down on us." Han Xin was overjoyed to learn that Chen Yu refused to adopt Li Zuojun's suggestion.So he went straight to the dangerous road of Jingxing, and the battle began soon. The Zhao army was terrified, not only could not fight anymore, but also could not form a line.In an instant, everyone ran wildly and scattered for their lives.Zhao Jun's generals intercepted and killed them, but they could no longer stop them.The Han army took advantage of the situation to attack, and the Zhao army collapsed.On the waterfront of Sishui (that is, Jingxing water, injected into Mianmanshui), Chen Yu was beheaded, and Zhao Wang Zhaoxie was captured alive. 再精密的作战计划，都不能保证胜利，还需要另一个因素的介入才能成功，那就是敌人必须犯下致命的错误：错误的决策，或错误的判断。对这种不能控制的因素，我们称之为“运气”。韩信的军事能力，举世无双，可是，如果他的运气不佳，碰上的对手不是迂腐的陈馀，而是天才李左车，千万汉军，势将在井陉丧生，所谓登台拜将，徒留笑柄。 纪元前7世纪，出了一个子滋甫(宋国二十任国君襄公)；纪元前3世纪，出了一个陈馀，使我们又多了一份研究儒家学说的资料。荀况在跟临武君那场洋洋洒洒的辩论中，特别强调仁义之师。而儒家心目中的仁义之师，据说只有三次：姒文命建立夏王朝、子天乙建立商王朝，以及姬发建立周王朝。而三次灭国兴邦的大战，却无一不靠诡诈的战略和战术。保卫国家的战斗，跟侵略掠夺的战斗，性质上虽然不同，但短兵相接，血肉相搏的时候，可不管你是圣贤还是禽兽，是正义还是邪恶，一旦进入战场，冲锋号响，便只有智慧之师、勇敢之师，没有仁义之师。拿破仑就曾说过：“上帝永远站在大炮最多的一边！” 纪元前204年，困守成皋(河南省荥阳县西北汜水镇)的刘邦，被项羽强大凌厉的战力慑住，知道不能久守，就放弃成皋，再度逃亡。跟夏侯婴同乘一辆小车，悄悄溜出北门，北渡黄河，到达韩信、张耳统帅部所在的小修武(河南省获嘉县有东西二城，东城称小修武，西城称大修武)，不声不响，投宿一家客栈。凌晨，自称是汉王的使节，驰入统帅部。韩信和张耳还没有起床，刘邦即直接闯到卧室，夺取韩信、张耳的印信(在中国，印信占极重要的角色，主管官如果没有了印信，就等于孙悟空没有了金箍棒。甚至以君王之尊，也必须像保护性命一样地保护他的印信。而罢黜一个君王时，第一件事就是夺取他的印信)，用该项印信，召集紧急军事会议，调动他们的职务或工作。韩信、张耳起床，才知道来的不是汉王的使节，而是汉王本人，吓了一跳。刘邦既取得两人的部队，即命张耳巡行各地，加强故赵王国土地的战备。擢升韩信当宰相(相国)，率领没有随着张耳出发的赵国部队，向东攻击齐王国。 刘邦是中国历史上最伟大、最传奇的君王之一，他出身于地痞流氓阶层，可能还不识字(即令识字，教育程度也不会高)。世界上有很多头目，其蠢如驴，却自捧或被捧为天纵英明，实在使人背皮发紧。刘邦阁下确实先天地就有超越普通庸才之处。他所有的重要决策，都来自部属们的建议，自己几乎完全没有主见。但他大多数时候，对部属的建议，都有正确判断，而在发现判断错误时，会立刻认错、马上改正。刘邦身上，找不到予智予雄的镜头，这要归功于他恢宏的胸襟，和对新事物吸收消化的强大能力。 荥阳(河南省荥阳县)陷落，成皋出奔，刘邦不回关中(陕西省中部)，却直投韩信张耳大营。像小偷一样，悄悄溜进小修武，提心吊胆过了一夜。史书虽没有记载，我们可推想，他跟夏侯婴一定有一种忧虑和恐惧：万一韩信和张耳不肯买账，紧握军权不放，他们可是死路一条。魏无忌先生手拿国王兵符，带有随从宾客，晋鄙还拒绝交出军队。刘邦和夏侯婴，不过落荒而逃的两个光棍，韩信张耳把他们宰掉，而自己称王，跟宰掉两条丧家之犬没有分别。即令不宰，把两位软禁大营，假传刘邦命令，还可控制关中(陕西省中部)。刘邦出生入死得来的江山，将全部滑入韩信张耳之手。 刘邦不敢把他的生命寄托在韩信张耳的效忠上，假使当天晚上就投入大营，一夜之间，足够酿成背叛密谋。所以必须一直等到夺取元帅印信，重新调整军官职务之后，才敢确信自己的安全，这是一种别人教导不出来的应变能力，反应疾如闪电。接着仍授权张耳负责赵军，并擢升韩信当宰相，使他们虽然军权被夺，却不以为意，而仍死心塌地。无疑的，刘邦是一个政治天才。 纪元前203年，西楚总参谋长(大司马)曹咎镇守成皋(河南省荥阳县西北汜水镇)，汉军屡次挑战，曹咎都不作反应。汉军使用心战，在城外对项羽以及西楚官员百般诟骂，肆意侮辱。几天下来，曹咎气得发抖，忘了项羽“不准攻击”的吩咐，大开东门，渡汜水(汜水流经汜水镇东门)出战，大军刚渡过一半，汉军迎头痛击，西楚军首尾不能相顾，立刻崩溃，成皋陷落。西楚储存的金银财宝，全到汉军之手。曹咎跟司马欣，在汜水河畔，双双自刎。刘邦遂从小修武(河南省获嘉县东城)南下，渡过黄河，再入成皋，把重兵进驻广武(河南省荥阳县北)，接近敖仓粮库。 西楚王国(项羽)跟汉王国(刘邦)血战五年，西楚一直居于主动，占尽优势。前203年的成皋战役，是一个转捩点。成皋一失，敖仓不保，敖仓不保，西楚开始缺粮。即令钢铁部队，一旦“乏食”，便只有破败。长平战役(参考前260年)，秦王国所用的秘密武器，就是饥饿。现在，饥饿抓住项羽。 成皋陷落，由于曹咎这个蠢货之不能忍。心胆俱裂，由衷屈服，是瘫痪了的奴才。跳高之前，先曲双膝，则是英雄豪杰。上介绍过一只螃蟹，当钓竿敲打它时，它立刻愤怒地把它钳住，死也不放。这种刚愎暴戾人物，当一个码头小流氓，已到顶端，当一个领袖——无论是政治的或军事的，曹咎就是榜样。 忍是一种艺术，韩信提供了另一个榜样。奴才的忍和英雄的忍，表现在外的形态是一样的，内涵却大大不同。螃蟹型人物不忍一时之愤所造成的严重后果，使人深思。 纪元前203年，西楚霸王项羽，在垓下(安徽省灵璧县东南)，被汉王刘邦的军队击溃。项羽向南逃亡，抵达乌江(安徽省和县东北20公里乌江镇)，自刎而死。 项羽是一员名将，他的致命伤是不懂政治，却在打了几场胜仗之后，忽然间自以为很懂政治。政治比军事复杂得多，绝不是一个习惯于发号施令、资质平凡的军事将领所能胜任。项羽不但自认为他能够胜任，而且还游刃有余，他就注定的要付出代价，并连累千万无辜的人，跟着付出代价。 纪元前202年，汉王刘邦消灭项羽后，各封国国王，一齐上书刘邦，拥护他当皇帝。刘邦遂在汜水(发源嵩山，曲折北流，注入黄河)北岸，筑坛登极(一任高祖)，妻吕雉本称王后，改称皇后，子刘盈本称太子，改称皇太子。追尊娘亲刘老太婆当昭灵夫人。 明明自己想干，却装腔作势，硬说不想干，然后教唆摇尾系统发动誓死拥护的闹剧，自己才作勉强状，扭扭捏捏，登台亮相。这种无聊的小动作，在政坛上不断演出，一直演到20世纪，仍然有人乐此不疲。刘邦写下的这个剧本，遂永远被奉为经典。 秦王朝皇帝嬴政，在儒家学派刻意的丑化之下，被当做一个有百非而无一是的暴君。可是，他所建立的政治制度，包括“皇帝”的位置和排场，以及全部有利于专制行为的法令规章，却被刘邦所建立的西汉王朝，滴水不漏地一古脑继承，受到儒家学派的肯定，没有任何抵制。儒家学派攻击的只是嬴政本人，不是攻击嬴政所做出来的摧毁人权的专制制度。 西楚王国(项羽)将领季布，战场上曾经数度追逐刘邦，使刘邦受到很大的惊恐和羞辱。项羽死后，刘邦下令特赦季布，任命他担任宫廷禁卫官(郎中)。季布的同母老弟丁公(名不详)也是项羽的将领，彭城(江苏省徐州市)之战时(参考前205年)，他追捕刘邦，马蹄到处，短兵器已可刺及，刘邦情急，向丁公乞怜说：“我们两个，都是一代贤才，为什么不能相容？”丁公遂手下留情。等到项羽覆亡，丁公晋谒。刘邦下令把丁公带到军营，巡回示众，宣布他的罪状：“丁公当项羽的部下，却不忠于项羽，使项羽丧失天下的，就是他。”然后诛杀。刘邦说：“使后世做人家部下的，再不要效法丁公。” 司马光曰：“刘邦从丰沛起兵，网罗豪杰，招降纳叛，数都数不完，等到登极称帝，却只有丁公受到惩罚，什么原因？因为进取跟守成，形势不同。当群雄转战疆场的时候，人民并没有固定的领袖。只要前来投奔，就一律接受，理所当然。等到已成了皇帝，四海之内，都是臣民。假如不强调礼教仁义，臣民们仍心怀二志，谋取政治暴利，国家岂能长久安定？是以用大义作为标准，向天下人显示：只要你是叛徒，连新领袖都不能容你。用背叛领袖的手段，去结私人恩德，虽然饶了自己一命，仍然以不义相待。杀一个人使千万人恐惧，刘邦的谋略，岂不深远？子孙们享受天子权位400余年，理应如此。” 刘邦杀丁公，是一种最卑鄙的“引蛇出洞”型的严重忘恩负义，不过三流权术，目的只在阻吓“后世”的人起而效法丁公！然而，没有多久，陈NB572就向丁公看齐，接着英布也向丁公看齐！而刘邦反而巴不得陈NB572和英布手下的将领个个都是丁公。数千年来，丁公这类人物，多到动用电脑都数不完，司马光太高估了杀丁公的效果。刘邦的子孙当皇帝400余年，另有原因，任何专制帝王或任何独裁头目，都没有能力控制他死后政治情势的发展。刘邦刚翘了辫子，便出现了吕家班局面，杀丁公的效应哪里去了？ 张良健康不佳，一直多病，自从跟随刘邦从洛阳迁都长安(陕西省西安市)之后，就沉迷在玄虚的巫术里，每天静坐，使全身气息运转，不再吃饭，而只吃一种据说可以延年益寿的药物。在家幽居，很少出门。他说：“我们张家，几代都是韩王国的宰相，韩王国亡后，我变卖价值黄金24万两的家产，向秦王国报仇，曾引起天下震动(指博浪沙行刺嬴政，参考前218年)。今天，以口舌的功劳，被尊为帝王的师傅，封一万户侯爵，这是一个平民最高的极限，对我而言，已十分满足。目前唯一的愿望，是离开这个烦扰世界，追随赤松子先生，遨游世界之外。”(赤松子，太古时代的神仙。神农氏时，曾担任水利官，可以造雨。) 司马光曰：“有生就有死，犹如有白天就有黑夜。从古到今，还没有一个人能够例外，以张良的真知灼见，足可以了解神仙之事，不过虚话。然而他仍宣称要追随赤松子，一定有他的原因，说明他具备高度智慧。功名——功勋和名位，是人生最难处理的关节。诚如刘邦所称道的，西汉王朝开创基业的英雄，不过'三杰'。然而，韩信全族屠灭(参考前196年)，萧何投入监牢(参考前195年)，岂不都因为他们已经达到巅峰，而仍不知道停止？所以张良才假托神仙，放弃现实世界，把功名看成身外之物，把荣耀抛到脑后，所谓'明哲保身'，张良正是一个榜样。” 司马光对张良晚年的怪诞行为，所作分析的原因，我们同意，以张良的聪明智慧，当然了解神仙并不存在。只不过为了保命，不得不言不由衷，信口开河。但司马光认为韩信和萧何的受到迫害，是因为他们已经达到巅峰，而仍“不知道停止”，却远离事实。什么叫巅峰？侯爵是不是巅峰？王爵是不是巅峰？刘邦已经封王，还不满足，喋血上爬，为什么没有杀头坐牢？不但没有杀头坐牢，反而当上皇帝，好不威风。这已足够说明达到巅峰而仍不知道停止，并不是招祸的原因，至少不是主要原因。主要原因另有所在，那就是威权政治本质上是一种极不稳定的政体，钢铁般坚固的外貌，强有力的野心家随时都可能把它摧毁，不像民主政治那么有丰富的弹性。掌握权柄的人，不得不把全副精力用来防止叛变。每一个有能力或每一个有影响力、受到人民爱戴，以及有大功劳，军权、政权在手的人，都是潜在的仇敌。无论你知道不知道停止，都会被排除。最简单也是最迅速的手段，莫过于制造冤狱。韩信和萧何所受到的，不过一场大冤狱和一场小冤狱而已。韩信可能还有不收敛之处。萧何自始至终，都战战兢兢、俯首帖耳，根本没有“不知道停止”的行为，也难逃此劫。 司马光没有一句话触及到专制制度和当权分子的邪恶，反而千错万错，都是被迫害的人错，谁叫你不停止进取？谁叫你激起主子的疑心？因而大肆赞扬“明哲保身”。儒家系统对于不能明哲保身的人，总是冷嘲热讽，讥笑备至。数千年以降，遂使中国文化越来越缺乏正义和道德勇气。在明哲保身哲学引导下，中国人都有一种神经质的恐惧，连自己应有的权利，都不敢挺身保护，唯恐惹祸招灾。 嬴稷诛杀白起(参考前257年)不过是一个孤立的个案，刘邦一连串屠戮，却是专制政治必不可免的一项作业，成为中国历史发展的特征，几乎所有新兴的政权，都要通过这个窄门，血迹斑斑。 纪元前200年，长乐宫落成，各亲王和封国国君，以及高级官员，都来朝贺。天色未明，皇家礼宾官(谒者)到现场主持仪式，依照顺序，引导大家进入殿门，分别站立两厢，东西相对。侍卫武官沿着台阶布岗，并在庭院中戒备，手拿武器，旗帜招展，一切就绪后，前面传出警告：皇上就要驾到。不久，西汉帝(一任高祖)刘邦(本年57岁)坐着御辇(君王皇后专用的人力拉的小车)，缓缓而至。皇家礼宾官引导亲王封王以下，直到年薪六百石(音dan【但】，十升一斗，十斗一石)的中央政府科长级官员，依照爵位及官位高低，顺序向前，向刘邦敬礼。气氛庄重肃穆，一个个心颤胆惊、紧张恐惧。朝拜礼毕，摆下向刘邦祝福的酒宴，大家端坐殿上，弯腰低头，不敢仰视，仍依照爵位跟官位高低，起身给刘邦献上祝福酒，九次之后，皇家礼宾官宣布朝会礼成。这时，监察官(御史)提出弹劾，指控若干举动不合规定的官员，立即逐出金殿。自开始到结束，没有一个人敢大声喧哗、动作粗鲁。于是刘邦乐不可支，拍着大腿说：“到今天我才知道当皇帝可真他妈的过瘾！”擢升叔孙通当祭祀部长(奉常)，赏赐黄金500斤。 任何一个国家的君王，都有朝见仪式，但都没有中国的怪诞。最突出的一点是“跪”。而跪，是一种对人最尊敬、对己最屈辱的古礼。春秋战国时代，以及叔孙通先生“制朝仪”时代，跪还是一项简单动作，大家的屁股坐在小腿肚上，只要稍稍挺身，便算完成。3世纪之后，蛮族部落的“床”，引进中国，中国人虽不再席地而坐，可是“跪”却不废，遂变作一项难堪的负担，成为中国文化中的一个瘤疣，这瘤疣一方面阻碍血液正常运行，一方面培养奴性成长，直到20世纪。 叔孙通搞的这一套，是儒家的拿手本领。“儒”的原始意义，就是“典礼专家”，所以胜任愉快。在君尊臣卑原则下，君王遂远离人群，春秋战国那种君臣促膝谈心——像嬴稷跟范雎交头接耳的美好时代，一去不返。皇帝和臣属之间，隔着一条“礼教”鸿沟，这鸿沟随着时代进展，而越来越深、越来越宽、越来越无法逾越。最初，特殊的几个官员，还可以坐在皇帝身旁。但到了11世纪，司马光先生编撰时，宰相已没有座位，只好站在那里。而最后，到了明王朝、清王朝，宰相连站也不可能，跟平民一样，也得跪到皇帝面前(而且还得准备随时被揪翻在地，苦刑拷打)。中国人所陷入的，就是这种畸形的，官越小，尊严越少，平民根本就更没有尊严的传统。 对专制政体而言，叔孙通先生制定的朝仪，是一种屈辱剂，严重地使人权、民主，受到践踏。 秦王朝统一全国，综合六个王国的礼仪，选择其中使君王尊贵、使臣属卑下的部分，特别保存。叔孙通制定朝仪，大体上承袭秦王朝的规矩，上自皇帝绰号，下至官位名称、宫殿名称，都没有什么更改。后来所制定的礼仪规章，跟法律书籍，合并装订，由司法机关保管，法官们又不肯外传，其他官员跟平民，遂不知道它的内容。 司马光曰：“礼教的功能太大了，用到个人上：无论动态的或静态的，都有一定法则，可以遵循；所有行为，都可达到尽善尽美之境。用到家族上：能够分别内外，敦睦九族。用到地方上：长幼的辈分，划分清楚，风俗习惯，都会由丑变美。用到国家上：君王和臣属就有一定的序列，可以顺利推动行政，治理人民。用到天下：则封国顺服，纪律严明；岂只使桌面上和门户内的小动作，不陷于混乱而已。以刘邦的聪明通达，听到陆贾的建议，立即接纳(陆贾著《新语》，指出穷兵黩武一定灭亡，崇尚礼教一定兴盛。每呈阅一篇，刘邦都要夸奖一次。参考前196年)；看到叔孙通的礼仪，叹息欣赏。然而，刘邦却不能跟三代君王并列(三代君王：夏王朝一任帝姒文命、商王朝一任帝子天乙、周王朝一任王姬发)，由于他学问贫乏。当开国之初，如果能得到儒家学派巨子(大儒)作为助理，他的勋业就不仅仅到此为止。可惜，叔孙通的抱负太小，只偷窃了一点礼教的渣滓，为了因应世俗的要求，谋求君王的恩宠，遂使先王(姒、子、姬)的礼教，永远沉沦，不能复兴；直到今天，使人痛心。所以扬雄讥讽叔孙通说：从前，鲁国(首府曲阜【山东省曲阜市】)有位大臣，史书上不记载他的姓名。有人问：怎么才算是'大'？回答说：叔孙通准备制定政府礼仪，到鲁国去请教师，只有两位请不到。那人说：孔丘周游列国的本意在此，难道不是？回答说：孔丘周游列国，是传授他的学问，贡献社会。如果放弃自己的立场，去屈从别人，随俗邀宠，怎能跟孔丘相比？即令有礼教、有法则，怎能使用？扬雄的话中肯扼要。儒家学派巨子，岂肯摧毁礼教法则，而只追求一时的表现？” 司马光的评论，把人引到五里雾端，不知道他说些什么，更不知道旨在何方。他责备叔孙通的话，尤其使人眼如铜铃。司马光说，当时如果有“大儒”就好了，就可帮助刘邦建立万世不朽的勋业。咦，三王(姒、子、姬)时代，“大儒”如云，万世勋业何在？即以政权存在长短而论，夏王朝440年，还包括被后羿、寒浞所谓“篡夺”的67年。商王朝662年，首都不断迁移，好像难民营。周王朝879年，最后两三百年，连封国都不如。而刘邦建立的西汉王朝，加上后来延续的东汉王朝，虽没有“大儒”，也有411年，不比“三王”逊色。在儒家系统看来，“大儒”真是活宝，只要他出现，准益寿延年。 事实上“大儒”不在人间，而只在儒家的书本之上。看情形备受扬雄赞扬的那两位不肯同行的家伙，恐怕就非是“大儒”不可。果真如此，“大儒”的形象实在使人作呕。他们认为，音乐礼教，必须高贵品德累积百年，然后才可制定。礼教既如此重要，这百年之间，岂不成了真空？没有礼教，如何能有高贵品德？如果说没有礼教，照样可以培养高贵品德，那礼教岂不是聋子的耳朵，成了多余之物，还要它干什么？ 叔孙通曾批评那两个家伙：“腐儒，不知道时代不断在变！”司马光和扬雄在听了这两句话之后，仍要对号入座，为什么如此冥顽不灵，难以理解。 白登解围后，刘邦回到长安(陕西省西安市)。萧何兴建的未央宫落成(未央宫在长乐宫之西，相距半公里，方圆四公里)，壮丽豪华。刘邦大发脾气，对萧何说：“天下纷扰，还没有平定，我东征西讨这么多年，仍不知道结局是成是败，你却盖这么奢侈的宫殿？”(刘邦一直