Chapter 18 Chapter Fourteen The First Century

○○Year 01～09 Ten years 10-19 20-29 in the 1920s 1930s from 30 to 39 40-49 in the 1940s 50-59 in the 1950s 1960s from 1960 to 1969 1970s from 1970 to 1979 1980s from 1980 to 1989 Nineties ninety ~ ninety-nine Since this century, history has entered the era, which is good news for those who study and read history.Because we are used to counting numbers from less to more, but the time before the Epoch must be counted backwards.For example, "three years to seven years" after the era, it must be said to be "the first seven years to the first three years" before the era.After entering the era, the concept of time returned to normal.As for the age, it is easier to calculate, and we specially list the above table to strengthen the impression.However, in this century (one), only ninety-nine years are included, unlike other centuries.We believe that by adopting this division method for chronology, the comparison can more quickly show the relative position of time.

The Western Han Dynasty, which ruled the Chinese Empire, perished in the 2000s, and his relative Wang Mang established a new dynasty—the word "new" is not an adjective, but a proper noun for this dynasty.But the new dynasty was a short-lived regime, replaced by the Xuanhan Dynasty established by Liu Xuan, a member of the royal family surnamed Liu, and this Han Dynasty only had a lifespan of three years (two years less than Xiang Yu's Western Chu Kingdom). Finally, Liu Xiu, a more distant member of the royal family surnamed Liu, was actually a commoner. He established the Eastern Han Dynasty, and China once again presented a majestic grandeur of great unity.

A new dynasty and new social policies Liu Jizi, the fourteenth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, became emperor at the age of nine. At the age of fourteen, he was poisoned to death by Wang Mang, his father-in-law and great Sima (prime minister level).Then there was Liu Ying, the last emperor, who was only two years old.When Liu Ying was five years old, that is, in the ninth year of the 1900s (1) of this century, Wang Mang's arrangements were mature, and he launched a palace coup. Liu Ying, a five-year-old urchin who was not yet literate, issued a certificate written in esoteric ancient Chinese. The imperial edict abdicated the throne of the emperor to Wang Mang.The Western Han Dynasty, which lasted for 215 years, came to an end.Wang Mang named his regime the New Dynasty.

There is a phenomenon in Chinese history. Every time the regime is transferred, there will be a big melee of the regime change type. The ambitious or heroes each hold their own force and compete to devour each other. The sage king who won the most righteous country established his regime in the sea of ​​blood.Wang Mang broke this convention. Like Tian He of Qi State in the Warring States Period, he took over the political power in a peaceful way. At the same time, he also created a program for powerful ministers to seize the throne. Many dynasties were established in accordance with the scriptures.The Western Han Dynasty disappeared in peace, and a new dynasty was born in peace. When the two dynasties handed over, there was no bloodshed.

Wang Mang is a giant of the Confucian school. He established a huge empire with a single scholar. This is the only time in Chinese history.His purpose of seizing power is different from that of Liu Bang. Liu Bang and his like are just to become emperors and kings and satisfy their selfish desires.Wang Mang has his political ambitions. He wants to gain more power so that he can practice Confucianism in politics one by one and create an ideal happy world.He believed that in ancient society, everyone was equal, but later, they competed with each other, and inequality occurred.The rich have a lot of land, the poor have nothing.Men are reduced to slaves, and women are reduced to handmaidens.Fortunately, they are still free. The father and son couple worked hard all year round in farming, but they couldn't get enough to eat.In order to improve this injustice and eradicate the crimes that caused it, Wang Mang's new government immediately implemented a series of new social policies as follows:

1. State-owned land: private persons are not allowed to buy and sell, and the ancient well field system that was abolished 1,200 years ago will be restored.For a family with less than eight members, the arable land shall not exceed 900 mu. Any land beyond that shall be confiscated or distributed directly by the landlord to his neighbors or family members. 2. Redistribution of cultivated land: Farmers (tenant farmers) without land will be allocated land by the government.The principle is 100 mu for a couple. If it is less than 100 mu, the government will make up for it. 3 Freeze the slave system: Although it is not abolished immediately, all slaves and maidservants are prohibited from continuing to trade, so as to limit the scope and number of slaves from expanding, so that it will eventually disappear naturally.

4. Forced labor: All unemployed vagrants will be fined one bolt of cloth per year. Those who cannot pay will be forced to work by the government. During the period of labor, the government will provide them with food and clothing. Fifthly, the monopoly system was implemented: wine monopoly, salt monopoly, and ironware monopoly, and the central government uniformly issued currency (any rich man in the past could make silver money, and the new government withdrew this authorization).The natural resources in the mountains and waters are all owned by the state and exploited by the government. Sixth, establish a loan system: people can borrow from the government for sacrifices or funeral needs, and no interest is charged.However, for loans to operate agricultural and commercial businesses, the government charges one-tenth of the principal and interest of the net profit.

Seventh, implement a planned economy: the government controls prices to prevent businessmen from manipulating the market, so as to eliminate inequality between rich and poor.Daily necessities such as grain, cloth and silk are purchased by the government at cost when the supply exceeds demand.When demand exceeds supply, the government immediately sells them to prevent rising prices. Eighth, collection of income tax: All industries and commerce, including fishing and hunting, divination, doctors, hotels, and women's family silkworm weaving, used to be free to operate, and now the new government imposes an income tax of one-tenth of the net profit.The government uses this revenue as money for loans or to stabilize prices.

From these measures, we can see that what Wang Mang is engaged in is an earth-shattering and comprehensive social reform. Socialism, which only emerged in the nineteenth century, was conceived and practiced in China as early as the first century. 221 year change of dynasty Wang Mang's social reform was a great measure, but he failed completely, and his life and his dynasty were lost along with it.We can attribute him to the following five reasons for his failure: First, Wang Mang is a loyal follower of the Confucian school, and the basic spirit of the Confucian school is to respect the ancients.So Wang Mang's eyes are not looking forward, but looking backward.He treated the social ills he diagnosed by thinking that as long as he took the ancient medicines used in the ancient Confucian books, he could be cured.Land redistribution, of course, is very good, but Wang Mang insisted on restoring the well fields, but he couldn't do it at all.The fact that his feet were going forward and his eyes were looking back, alone, doomed him to stumble.

Second, that era did not have the technical ability to promote such a huge reform, such as loan interest and income tax, which are one-tenth of "net profit", which involves complicated cost accounting, and I am afraid that few people were competent at that time.At the same time, even with such talents, Wang Mang needs an organized group of cadres to implement.But what he relies on is only administrative orders, and all the responsibilities are placed on the administrative officials, and most of the administrative officials are corrupt and shameless (note that this is a serious traditional Chinese disease, which was not improved until the 20th century).As a result, the blueprint of good governance turned into an act of tyranny, and civil unrest broke out like a prairie fire.

Third, Wang Mang has no way to control the counterattack of those who have lost their vested interests.State ownership of land makes landlords resentful, the prohibition of slave trading makes slave owners and slave traders resentful, forced labor makes nobles and some local ruffians resentful, and the prohibition of minting money makes rich people resentful.Such resentment easily overshadows the cheers and gratitude of those who benefited from the reform.Whenever there is an opportunity, fight back against reform. The fourth is Wang Mang's mechanical superstition that the system is omnipotent. He believes that "after the system is established, the world will naturally be peaceful."He spent most of his time reforming the system. What's worse, he used the red tape unique to the Confucian school to change official names and place names without hesitation. All "modern" names were abolished and all "ancient" names were restored.Changed so much that no one can remember.This kind of reform should be unnecessary, but Wang Mangmo followed the Confucian theory of "rectification of names" and was very serious, and it was in these small incidents that he pressed the button of the chain reaction of big failures.Most of the chiefs of the Southwestern Yi tribes were confiscated by the government of the Western Han Dynasty as princes.King Juding refused to accept it (Juting State, Guangnan, Yunnan), and first rebelled.Wang Mang also changed the golden seal (Xiongnu Shanyu Seal) issued by the Western Han government to the Xiongnu Khanate Shanyu into the "New Xiongnu Shanyu Seal".The emperor's seal is called "xi", and "zhang" is just the seal of ordinary people. Wuzhu left it like a mouth and was angry, so he severed ties with China.The large-scale crusades and wars between the north and the south, the conscription of soldiers and food, caused turmoil and famine, which caused riots like Chen Sheng and Wu Guang everywhere. Fifth Wang Mang is a scholar and an economic thinker, but not a politician.Politicians will never think that they are smarter than anyone else, but Wang Mang just thinks that he is so, so he can't tolerate suggestions that differ from him, and stubbornly insists on his superior opinion.Therefore, he adopted a head-on policy against the resistance of the Juding Kingdom and the Huns Khanate.The situation was further aggravated by the high-pressure policy adopted against the mutated people who were plundered due to hunger. The great melee of dynasty change that had been avoided by Wang Mang still appeared after he came to power.This long-term bloodshed started from Lu Mu, the old lady of the Lu family, who revolted in A.D. 17, to the short-lived separatist regime in A.D. 37, when Han Emperor Lu Fang fled to the Xiongnu, and the Eastern Han Dynasty reunified China. It continued for two consecutive years. eleven years. We have selected some important careerists and heroes who rebelled in the previous ten years and listed them in the following table: Listed in the above table are only those who have risen in the past ten years.In the next ten years, there were several mob groups known as "Bronze Horse Thief" and "Five School Thieves" that continued to rise. Each group has assembled a force of over 100,000 million people. The whole country is full of mob groups. The camps and regimes established by the group, such as Wang Xin occupying Xiabang (Weinan, Shaanxi), and Jiang Zhen occupying Baling (East Xi'an, Shaanxi). After Liu Yong died, his son Liu Xian succeeded Liangwang. After Po Xiao died, His son Kaichun succeeded him as king. On Chinese soil, there was a scuffle. The establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty Civil upheavals in the past dynasties in China can be divided into five categories in nature.The first category is the anti-violent masses who forced the people to rebel, like Lu Mu and Deng Feng.Lu's mother's son was framed by the county magistrate of Haiqu and died in unjust imprisonment. She dispersed her family property, made friends with strong men, attacked and killed the county magistrate of Haiqu, and then took a boat into the sea and became a "pirate".Deng Feng was originally Liu Xiu's general, but when he asked for leave to return to his hometown and discovered Liu Xiu's army's crimes of rape, burning and killing, he called on the people to resist.The second category is the hungry masses, like Wang Kuang, a green forest soldier. The government cannot take care of them, so they have to take care of themselves.They fled to places where it was easier to survive, and gathered to rob the rich of food and property.Famine plays an important role in Chinese history, and it is the driving force behind great turmoil and great revolution.The third type is self-defense alliances. In order to avoid rape and burning by Liu Xiu’s army, county towns and villages often join forces to defend themselves with arms. As capital for cooperation with the government, such as Dou Rong.The fourth category is the counterattack of those with vested interests, such as Liu Wang, Liu Yong, and Liu Xuan, who were originally the royal family surnamed Liu in the Western Han Dynasty, but were reduced to civilians due to the rise of the new government. power.The fifth category is careerists, such as Gongsun Shu and Liu Xiu, who want to be emperors.Small ambitions such as Li Zidu and Ai Zeng just want to dominate in one aspect. Only politicians can correctly handle the issue of civil uprisings, Wang Mang will not.He has a superstitious belief in the power of the police and the army, and believes that only prisons and massacres can eradicate the rebellion.The result is more and more intense civil change.In the 23rd year of the Era, the group of mutated people headed by Liu Xuan captured the impenetrable Chang'an (the new dynasty changed Chang'an's name to Chang'an).Wang Mang was killed, and the new dynasty collapsed. The regime lasted only fifteen years.A social reform that could have been praised turned into a tragedy and ended in bloodshed. After Wang Mang's death, people all over the country were frightened by Liu Xuan's emperor blood and the prestige of killing Wang Mang, and unanimously supported him as the emperor of China.This is a rare miracle in a millennium. The chaotic and messy huge empire was restored to order in an instant.It is a pity that the Han government built by Liu Xuan was composed of a group of ignorant people.Three months ago they were shouting and screaming in the wilderness, and three months later they suddenly became the leaders of the country. They have not yet been trained to lead.As a result, civil upheavals in various places have sprung up again.This miraculous regime, from 23 to 25 A.D., barely supported it for three years.Liu Penzi, the leader of the mutiny known as "Red Eyebrows" (they painted their eyebrows red to distinguish between the enemy and us), captured Chang'an, and Liu Xuan was killed. As a result of the melee, Liu Xiu, one of the leaders of the turned people, won the final victory.In the second and fifth years of the Era, he proclaimed himself emperor; he used force to wipe out the other mob groups one by one, and once again unified China, establishing his capital in Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan).He called the dynasty he established still the Han Dynasty, which, like Liu Xuan, meant the revival of the collapsed Western Han Dynasty.But because he established Luoyang as his capital, historians call it the Eastern Han Dynasty, and posthumously call the dynasty established by Liu Bang the Western Han Dynasty. The twenty-one-year melee ended in the 37th year of the Era, but the damage it caused to China was not easy to recover.We compare the pre-war and post-war population declines in several important areas and compare the lists to see the severity of the disaster. Most of these reduced populations died of starvation, disease, or massacres.The rest died in battle or fled.Dynasty change melee has always been a cyclical catastrophe in Chinese history.We are deeply saddened by the thousands of souls who perished, especially those poor children and helpless women. Restoration of the Four Hun Khanates The Xiongnu Khanate turned against the new dynasty, which triggered Wang Mang's military action.In the tenth year after the Era, Wang Mang mobilized an army of 300,000 and sent 12 generals to divide the troops into 12 groups and go out at the same time.However, before the assembly was completed, the Hun Khanate launched a large-scale attack on China's borders, causing destructive damage.So Wang Mang continued to conscript troops and food from the rear, and transported them thousands of miles. The soldiers were old and weak, and they died or fled. When the new dynasty fell, it should be a good opportunity for the revival of the Huns Khanate.However, natural disasters and man-made disasters made them not only unable to grasp this good opportunity, but even weaker.In the mid-1940s, the Xiongnu Khanate suffered severe drought for several consecutive years, with thousands of miles of barren land and no grass growing.The Wuhuan tribe, a new and powerful enemy in the east, continued to invade. The sphere of influence of the Xiongnu shrank to Mongolia's Harhelin and the south area. A large number of people and animals died, and the national power declined.To make matters worse, by the 48th year of the A.D., the eight major tribes in the south elected another prince as Chanyu, also known as Hanxie II Chanyu.This Huhanxie II Shanyu also returned to China and asked for protection.So the Huns Khanate split into two again, the Southern Huns Khanate surrendered to China, and the Northern Huns Khanate continued to fight against China. In the 1950s, the Northern Huns Khanate attacked the Southern Huns Khanate. The Southern Huns could not resist and asked China for help.The Chinese government took three measures: 1. All the people and livestock belonging to the eight tribes belonging to Hu Hanxie II were moved to the Great Wall, so that they could cultivate in the area of ​​Xihe Meiji (Zungar Banner, Inner Mongolia).2. China specially set up the Xiongnu Assisting Commander (General of the Xiongnu Zhonglang) to jointly handle the internal and foreign affairs of the Xiongnu with Shan Yu.3. Separately set up the Northern Frontier Commander (General Du Liao) and Manbai (southeast of Dalat Banner, Inner Mongolia) to prevent the northern and southern Huns from reuniting, and to prevent the northern Huns from attacking the southern Huns.Of course, the Northern Xiongnu Khanate was unwilling to be reconciled, and continued to make surprise attacks southward, so that the counties and counties along the border in northern China had to close their city gates during the day. (1) After the 1960s, China's national strength was restored and it began to counterattack the Northern Huns.In 1973, General Dou Gu left Jiuquan (Jiuquan, Gansu Province) and marched westward until Tianshan Mountains. He occupied Yiwulu (Hami, Xinjiang), one of the most fertile cultivated lands in the Northern Huns Khanate, and stayed there to cultivate.Another general, Geng Bing, left Zhangye (Zhangye, Gansu) and marched northward for 300 kilometers until he reached Sanmulou Mountain (Gongzeke Mountain, Mongolia).In 1985, seventy-three small tribes from the Northern Huns Khanate defected to the Southern Huns Khanate.In 1987, the newly grown Xianbei tribe located in the north of the Wuhuan tribe (the upper reaches of the West Liao River in Inner Mongolia) also invaded the Northern Huns. The Northern Huns were defeated in the battle. Youliu Shanyu was killed. A total of 280,000 people from eight tribes entered the Great Wall and surrendered to the Southern Huns Khanate. Taking advantage of the internal and external difficulties of the Northern Huns, China promptly organized the Zhongdian Allied Forces with the Southern Huns to deal the heaviest blow.In 1989, the Chinese general Dou Xian left Shuofang (Dengkou, Inner Mongolia), Deng Hong, the commander of the frontier defense of the northern border (General Du Liao), left Wuyuan (Baotou, Inner Mongolia), and the southern Xiongnu's Hunlan corpse expelled the marquis Shanyu from Manyi Valley ( North of Guyang, Inner Mongolia), joined forces at Zhuoxie Mountain (Gobi Altai Mountains, Mongolia), marched northward, penetrated 1,500 kilometers into the vast desert group, and arrived at Jiluo Mountain (Gurbanchahan Mountain, Mongolia), and finally captured the Northern Huns main force.The main force of the Northern Huns collapsed under the strong attack of China. The Northern Huns Shanyu (his name was not recorded in history) fled westward. Thirteen thousand people under the prince were killed, and more than 200,000 people from 81 tribes surrendered .Dou Xian erected a stele on Yanran Mountain (Hangai Mountain, Mongolia) to commemorate this unprecedented victory. Two years later (1991), Dou Xian sent generals Geng Kui and Ren Shang to live in Yansai (Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia) in an attempt to wipe out the Northern Huns Khanate in one fell swoop.Geng Kui's army advanced rapidly and surrounded the Northern Huns under the Jinwei Mountain (Altai Mountain in Mongolia), and the Northern Huns collapsed again.More than 5,000 people under the empress dowager and prince were all captured.Only Bei Shanyu broke through in the melee and fled westward. ——This battle is important to China, but it is even more important to the Western world.The remaining tribes of the Northern Huns Khanate could not gain a foothold in Mobei, so they had to go into exile westward.Three hundred years later, in the fourth century, it finally invaded the northern shore of the Black Sea, causing a domino-style migration of peoples.The Visigoth tribe, who originally lived on the northern shore of the Black Sea, invaded the upper reaches of the Danube westward.The Vandal tribe, who originally lived in the upper reaches of the Danube, invaded the Roman Empire westward.The Roman Empire was unable to resist these barbaric peoples who came from mountains and seas, and finally fell. After the Northern Huns Khanate moved westward, only the Southern Huns Khanate was left, which will always be a subject of China. ——The Huns Khanate (also known as the Southern Huns Khanate) continued to exist in form for more than a hundred years, but it was no longer important in Chinese history.In 216, its last head of state, Hu Chuquan Shanyu, went from the then Wangting Pingyang (Linfen, Shanxi) to Yecheng (Linzhang, Hebei) to pay a visit to Cao Cao, the prime minister of China at that time, and Cao Cao left him behind.He ordered the division of the Hun Khanate into five divisions, and each division established a governor directly under the central government of China, and Shan Yu's title was abolished.This huge country, which was once magnificent and established for about 430 years, finally came to an end. Class 5 Chao reconnects to the Western Regions China was unable to look west because it was caught in a chaotic battle for regime change.The Western Regions (Xinjiang) went away from China like a kite with a broken string.The Shache Kingdom (Xinjiang Shache) is ambitious and wants to take this opportunity to unify the Western Regions by force and continue to attack other countries.In 1945, 18 kingdoms, including Cheshi Houguo (Jimsar, Xinjiang), Shanshan (Ruoqiang, Xinjiang), and Yanqi (Yanqi, Xinjiang), jointly sent princes to Luoyang as hostages, requesting China to send a governor (duhu) .However, after the Great Melee, China's population dropped sharply and its national strength was insufficient, while the Hun Khanate in the north was still strong. The Eastern Han government had to reject their request and send the prince back to China.When the countries heard the news, they were very panicked and suggested to the governor of Dunhuang: "China does not send a governor, we can't force it. But please allow the princes to live in Dunhuang temporarily, which means that China has not abandoned us. The governor is here at any time. Hope It can deter the invasion of Shache." However, next year (April 6), the princes could not bear the loneliness of Dunhuang and fled back to their home countries one after another.Only then did the Shache Kingdom find out that China would not send a governor, and was very happy. The invasion became more intense, defeating the Shanshan Corps, and beheading the King of Kucha.The Kingdom of Shanshan asked China to send a governor again, and warned: "If China does not send a governor, we will not be able to resist Shache, and we can only ask the Xiongnu Khanate for protection." The Eastern Han government replied: "China really has no power to help, please your country Decide on the national policy." The countries had no choice but to surrender to the Xiongnu. In this way, after twenty-eight years. In 1973 of this century, China began to attack the Huns in the north. The general Dou Gu went deep into the Tianshan Mountains, resettled the reclamation area in Yiwulu (Hami, Xinjiang), and sent one of his generals, Banchao, to the Western Regions (Xinjiang) .The power of the Northern Huns was already deeply rooted at this time. Ban Chao first arrived in the Kingdom of Shanshan. Shanshan welcomed them very much at first, but soon became indifferent. This phenomenon made Ban Chao aware that something must happen.His subordinates reprimanded him: "Don't be nervous. Is it true that a country has no other work all its life, but only accompanies Chinese envoys?" Ban Chao said: "Otherwise, intelligent people can observe the crisis before it happens, What's more, the crisis has already happened. I judged that the envoys of the Huns must have arrived, and the king of Shanshan was in a state of panic. He didn't know whether he should follow China or continue to follow the Huns?" So he asked the receptionist falsely: "How many days have the envoys of the Huns been here? Where?" The receptionist said in surprise: "I have been here for three days, and I live fifteen kilometers away from here." Ban Chao summoned all his subordinates—only 36 people in total—to study countermeasures.Everyone said: "We are in a critical moment, and life and death are at your disposal." Ban Chao said: "If you don't enter the tiger's den, how can you catch tiger cubs. Now there is only one way. We attack the Huns envoys by night, wipe them all out, and make the Shanshan Kingdom To offend the Xiongnu, we must rely on China." So that night, a surprise attack was made on the Huns' tent, and more than 130 people from the Xiongnu envoys were buried in the fire pit.The king of Shanshan was really shocked, and he was willing to send the prince as a hostage to submit to China.At this time, the Khotan Kingdom (Hetian, Xinjiang) had replaced the Shache Kingdom as the hegemony, and the Northern Huns Khanate sent envoys there.After Banchao arrived, King Khotan's reception was not warm, and his wizard colluded with the Huns' envoy, performing a god-possessed body and saying: "Don't be friendly with China. The Chinese envoy has a yellow horse. Kill it and sacrifice it to me." Tian ordered his prime minister to ask Ban Chao for a horse. Ban Chao readily agreed, but asked the wizard to take the horse away himself.Sure enough, the wizard came, and Ban Chao beheaded him, tied up the prime minister, and whipped him hundreds of times.The king of Khotan was terrified, so he killed the envoys of the Northern Huns Khanate and surrendered to China.The Kingdom of Kucha (Kucha, Xinjiang) is the closest to the Northern Huns Khanate. Relying on the power of the Huns, they attacked and killed the king of the Shule Kingdom (Kashgar, Xinjiang), and appointed a general from Kucha as the king.Ban Chao sent Tian Li, his general, as an envoy to Shule, but Tuti of course rejected China's friendship.So Tian Li made a surprise move and took Douti abducted and imprisoned.Ban Chao also rushed to Shule, and appointed Yule, the nephew of the old king, as king.All the countries in the Western Regions and South Roads surrendered. Next year (July 4th), the Chinese general Dou Gu attacked Cheshi, and the former kingdom (Jiaohe City, Turpan, Xinjiang) and the latter kingdom (Wutu Valley, Jimsar, Xinjiang) surrendered successively.At this time, China officially dispatched Chen Mu to serve as the Governor (General Protector) of the Western Regions, stationed in the Wulei Kingdom (northeast of Luntai, Xinjiang), where the former Governor's Mansion was located.The Northern Xiongnu Khanate was very angry at China's series of successes. Next year (July 5th), it launched a massive counterattack. It attacked the Chinese reclamation area in Cheshi twice, but failed to win a decisive victory.However, its allies Yanqi Kingdom (Xinjiang Yanqi), Yuli Kingdom (Xinjiang Bohu) and Qiuci Kingdom raided the governor's mansion and killed Chen Mu. The Chinese reclamation corps stationed in Cheshi Kingdom had to retreat.At this time, the new Chinese emperor Liu Kou came to the throne, frustrated by the heavy setbacks in the Western Regions, and changed his policy.Next year (July 6), it was ordered to abandon the Western Regions (Xinjiang), revoke the governor, and recall all Chinese envoys and all defense troops. Ban Chao, who was stationed in the distant Shule Kingdom, was also recalled.Before he left, the whole country in Shule panicked. General Li Kou said: "China abandons us, and we will become slaves of Kucha again." He committed suicide.Ban Chao reluctantly walked to the Khotan Kingdom, and the king cried bitterly and hugged the horse's legs: "We depend on China, just like a baby depends on its parents. The envoys must not leave." So Ban Chao decided to stay in disobedience and return to the Shule Kingdom.But in just a few days, two cities on the Shule border have surrendered to Kucha.Ban Chao rushed to attack and killed more than 600 people before taking back the two cities.The Eastern Han government of China allowed Ban Chao to stay and promoted him to governor of the Western Regions (Xinjiang) shortly thereafter. Under the leadership of Ban Chao, countries have turned their attention one after another.In 1994, he mobilized troops from various countries to launch a general attack on Beidao, captured King Yanqi and King Yuli alive, and brought them to the place where Chen Mu was stationed, where he died, and beheaded them as a sacrifice.Twenty years have passed since Chen Mu's death. ——Another murderer, King Kucha, luckily died of illness. Finally, in A.D. 97, Ban Chao sent one of his generals, Gan Ying, as an envoy to the Roman Empire (Great Qin).Gan Ying is a coward. He headed west, but he didn't know where he was, so he turned back.He said that he once arrived at a big sea, and the boatman told him: "If there is a favorable wind, you can get there in three months. If you encounter a headwind, you may have to sail for two years. Passengers need to bring food for at least three years. And in the vast sea, the last It makes people miss their hometown, and many people died on the way.” ——Some people say that the place Gan Ying went to is the Persian Gulf, but no matter how strong the wind is in the Persian Gulf, it will not reach Rome in three months.So the place may be Palestine, and if so, it proves that Shouying's report is not reliable.When he arrived in Palestine, it was the time when the Christian apostle St. Paul set out for Rome.Between Palestine and Rome, traffic is frequent.Gan Ying should not hide in the hotel and only listen to what the boatman said, not even going to the pier.Otherwise the bustle and bustle of the wharves would justify the ease of commuting.Ban Chao obviously chose the wrong person. If it was Ban Chao himself, or another general Tian Li, maybe the two great empires in the world at that time would have been in direct contact with each other since then.There is no need to wait for the 18th century after 1,700 years for cultural exchanges. Six Qiang Wars When China finally conquered the Xiongnu Khanate and restored sovereignty in the Western Regions (Xinjiang), the various tribes of the Qiang people scattered inside and outside the western borders of China broke out in war with the Eastern Han government after the middle of this century (1). The Qiang nationality and the Han nationality are ethnic groups with two bloodlines and two cultures.The Qiang people are mainly nomadic, very close to the Xiongnu people, and incompatible with the agricultural Han people in terms of lifestyle.However, the Qiang people were more backward than the Huns, and they were divided into more than a thousand large and small tribes, scattered in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Weishui River.They never knew how to unite with each other, but only knew how to kill each other, so they still couldn't gather a "big force" like the Huns, let alone establish a national organization. In the 1980s BC, China opened up territory to the Southwestern Yi and established Wudu County in Baima State (Xihe, Gansu Province).The four prefectures of Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Wuwei were established on the former site of the Hexi Corridor of the Huns Khanate.Two situations emerged: 1. The Chinese power inserted itself like a sharp knife between the Xiongnu Khanate and the Qiang people, separating them so that the Qiang people could not get assistance from the Huns.2. Under the political and military protection, the Han nationality actively migrated to the west and expelled the Qiang nationality from their original land.Except for a few tribes, most tribes moved westward successively, to the west or south of Qinghai Lake. At the beginning of the first century BC, one of the largest tribes of the Qiang nationality, the Xianling tribe, developed from Qinghai Lake to the east and north, entered the border of China, and crossed the river.In the 1930s, there was a large-scale assault on China. Fortunately, the general at that time, Zhao Chongguo, firmly opposed high pressure, adopted a soft policy, and implemented reclamation in the border areas, so the war subsided.For more than a hundred years, the Qiang and Han peoples lived in peace.However, the corruption of officials is increasing day by day. In the disputes between the Han nationality and the Qiang nationality, officials always favor the Han nationality because of accepting bribes.The Qiang people found out angrily that unless all the local government officials were killed, they would never be safe.As a result, riots were inevitable. In the 1950s of this century, the first uprising broke out, and it was bloody again and again.Important combat events are as follows: Qiang people's attack on the local government is a kind of armed resistance to tyranny, which can only be understood by illustrating the content of the facts with examples.In 1977, a low-level official in Anyi County (Qinghai Ping'an) raped a beautiful Qiang woman. Her husband had nowhere to appeal, so he killed the official, took his wife with him, and fled for his life.The magistrate of Anyi was furious. He believed that the Wu People's Congress had broken the law and discipline, so he led the army to hunt it down. As a result, the joint corps organized by the various tribes of the former ethnic groups resisted.In 1987, Zhang Gan, governor of the Western Qiang (Hu Qiang school lieutenant), accepted the surrender of the Miwu tribe and entertained them with a big banquet, but poisoned the wine and massacred more than 800 people.The brutal actions of such officials have prompted an even greater pushback.After constantly killing each other, the two sides finally developed into an unreasonable hatred.In 1992, Nie Shang, the governor of the Western Qiang at the time, made peace and allowed the Shaodang tribe to return to Xiaoyugu.The chief's grandmother thanked Nie Shang from entering the fortress, and Nie Shang personally sent her back, held a farewell banquet outside the fortress, and dispatched interpreter Tian Bang and five others to escort her back to the tribe.Unexpectedly, Chief Shaodang arrested five people including Tian Bang, skinned and dismembered their bodies, and then attacked Jincheng (northwest of Yongjing, Gansu). However, in this century (a), these are limited to minor conflicts.In each battle, the Qiang people had no more than a few thousand people, and the Eastern Han government had no more than 20,000 people. seven east west world In the ninth year (the new dynasty was established, the land was ordered to be owned by the state, and the slave trade was prohibited), the general of the Roman Empire, Vilas, led an army of 20,000 people and marched across the Rhine.Aminius, the chief of the Germanic tribes, faced off, and Veras was defeated. Only 200 people survived.From then on, the northern border of Rome was bounded by the Rhine River and could no longer expand. In 30 years (the sixth year of the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty), Jesus was crucified. In five or four years (four years after the Southern Huns Khanate moved to Xihe Meiji), the Roman emperor Claudius was poisoned to death by the mother of his adopted son Nero, and Nero succeeded to the throne. In 1957 (the death of Liu Xiu, the first emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty), Japan sent envoys to China, and the communication between China and Japan began. In 1968 (five years before Ban Chao passed the Western Regions), the Roman general Jalber captured the city of Rome from the Spanish army, and Emperor Nero committed suicide. Christians, and leave a bad taste through the ages).